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Fibers, Volume 2, Issue 3 (September 2014) – 6 articles , Pages 187-263

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1452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supramolecular Structure and Renaturation of a (1→3)-β-d-Glucan Compared with Curdlan and Scleroglucan

by Ana Isabel Puertas, Mª Teresa Dueñas and Cristina Marieta

Fibers 2014, 2(3), 255-263; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2030255 - 22 Sep 2014

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6441

Abstract

A (1→3)-β-d-Glucan produced by Lactobacillus suebicus CUPV221 strain was investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TM-AFM), to compare its supramolecular structure and conformation with two commercial polysaccharides: curdlan and scleroglucan. It was found that the β-d-Glucan was a (1→3)(1→2)-β-d-Glucan and at room temperature formed three-dimensional networks by entanglements between strands, as does scleroglucan. However, (1→3)(1→2)-β-d-Glucan strands seemed to be more stiff than those of scleroglucan. It was also observed that curdlan samples deposited from 5 mM NaOH aqueous solution showed supermolecular assemblies, recognized in the literature as micelles, which are controlled by hydrophobic hydration. The (1→3)(1→2)-β-d-Glucan in alkaline aqueous solutions produced different supramolecular structures depending on pH, and at 0.4 M NaOH (pH 13.16), denaturation took place. After neutralizing the alkaline solution with HCl, the formation of short linear, circular, and hairpin structures was observed. Full article

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8217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Impregnated Inorganic Nanoparticles on the Properties of the Kenaf Bast Fibers

by Kaiwen Liang, Sheldon Q. Shi and Ge Wang

Fibers 2014, 2(3), 242-254; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2030242 - 22 Aug 2014

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10020

Abstract

The objective of this research was to evaluate the properties of the chemically retted kenaf bast fiber impregnated with the inorganic nanoparticles. High quality kenaf bast fibers were obtained from a chemical retting process. An in situ inorganic nanoparticle impregnation (INI) process was used to introduce the CaCO₃ nanoparticles into the retted kenaf bast fibers. It was found that some of the lignin-based components in the retted fibers were further removed during the INI treatment. From the characterization results, the inorganic nanoparticles CaCO₃, with different shapes and sizes, appeared at the surface of the impregnated fiber after treatment. Heterogeneous CaCO₃ nanoparticle distribution was observed on the INI treated fibers. The CaCO₃ contents were different at different locations along the impregnated fiber. The presence of CaCO₃ inorganic nanoparticles at the fiber surface increased the root mean square (RMS) surface roughness by 5.8% and decreased the hydrophilic nature of the retted fibers, evidenced by a 59.4% decrease in adhesion force between the fiber and hydrophilic AFM tip. In addition, the impregnation of CaCO₃ dramatically increased the Young’s modulus of the fiber by 344%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Fibers)

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109 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Fibrous Form Confers Unique Properties on Materials

by Stephen C. Bondy

Fibers 2014, 2(3), 240-241; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2030240 - 22 Aug 2014

Viewed by 4660

Abstract

The main distinguishing feature of the fiber is simply that it is a particle where the ratio of length to width ratio is very large. This provides connectivity between two relatively remote areas. Such linkage may confer strength through physical linkage or may relate primarily to information transfer. In the inorganic world, fibers can originate as a result of the process by which the solid material is condensed from the corresponding liquid form. Man-made fibrous materials are essentially polymers of a single or several molecular species repeated many times, or, in the case of metals, chains of elemental atoms. A host of man-made fibers have been developed in the last 50 years. A large range of uses has been found for these products. These include clothing, upholstery, fiber optic cables, filters, insulation, electromagnetic screening, and boat and aircraft construction. [...] Full article

1680 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bioceramic Nanofibres by Electrospinning

by Rajkamal Balu, Sivakumar Singaravelu and Naveen Nagiah

Fibers 2014, 2(3), 221-239; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2030221 - 22 Aug 2014

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9366

Abstract

Nanoscale three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds offer great promise for improved tissue integration and regeneration by their physical and chemical property enhancements. Electrospinning is a versatile bottom-up technique for producing porous 3D nanofibrous scaffolds that could closely mimic the structure of extracellular matrix. Much work has been committed to the development of this process through the years, and the resultant nanostructures have been subjugated to a wide range of applications in the field of bioengineering. In particular, the application of ceramic nanofibres in hard tissue engineering, such as dental and bone regeneration, is of increased research interest. This mini-review provides a brief overview of the bioceramic nanofibre scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning and highlights some of the significant process developments over recent years with their probable future trends and potential applications as biomedical implants. Full article

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322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Study of Linear Density, Tenacity, and Crystallinity of Cotton Fibers

by Yongliang Liu, Devron Thibodeaux and James Rodgers

Fibers 2014, 2(3), 211-220; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2030211 - 14 Jul 2014

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 8810

Abstract

An investigation of the relationships among fiber linear density, tenacity, and structure is important to help cotton breeders modify varieties for enhanced fiber end-use qualities. This study employed the Stelometer instrument, which is the traditional fiber tenacity reference method and might still be an option as a rapid screening tool because of its low cost and portable attributes. In addition to flat bundle break force and weight variables from a routine Stelometer test, the number of fibers in the bundle were counted manually and the fiber crystallinity (CI_IR) was characterized by the previously proposed attenuated total reflection-sampling device based Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) protocol. Based on the plots of either tenacity vs. linear density or fiber count vs. mass, the fibers were subjectively divided into fine or coarse sets, respectively. Relative to the distinctive increase in fiber tenacity with linear density, there was an unclear trend between the linear density and CI_IR for these fibers. Samples with similar linear density were found to increase in tenacity with fiber CI_IR. In general, Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS) fineness increases with fiber linear density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellulose Fibers)

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867 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of the Protein Corona in Fiber Structure-Activity Relationships

by Melanie Kucki, Jean-Pierre Kaiser, Martin J. D. Clift, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Alke Petri-Fink and Peter Wick

Fibers 2014, 2(3), 187-210; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib2030187 - 30 Jun 2014

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7600

Abstract

When nanomaterials enter biological fluids, they are immediately covered by biomolecules, particularly proteins, forming the so-called protein corona. The dynamic nature and complexity of the protein corona can impact upon the biological effects and distribution of nanomaterials with an organism. Therefore, the protein corona is an important factor in determining the biological impact of any nanomaterials. The protein adsorption pattern is determined by various factors, including the bio-fluids’ protein composition, the nanomaterials’ physicochemical properties, as well as the time and type of exposure. Predominantly, research has focused upon spherical nano-objects, however, due to their ever-increasing potential use within human based applications, and, therefore, heightening and inevitable exposure to the human body, little is known regarding how proteins interact with nanofibers. Therefore, the present review focuses on the current knowledge as to how the geometry of man-made (nano)fibers, carbon nanotubes (in comparison with asbestos fibers), affects their interaction with proteins within biological fluids. Summarizing state-of the art methodologies applied to dissect protein-binding signatures, it is further discussed whether the protein corona composition of fibrous and non-fibrous materials differ, as well as what impact the protein corona has on (nano)fiber uptake, intracellular distribution and their subsequent toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibres: Friend or Foe?)

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