Plants

24 pages, 1659 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Withanolide Production in the Withania Species: Advances in In Vitro Culture and Synthetic Biology Approaches

by Zishan Ahmad, Shareen, Irfan Bashir Ganie, Fatima Firdaus, Muthusamy Ramakrishnan, Anwar Shahzad and Yulong Ding

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152171 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1364

Abstract

Withanolides are naturally occurring steroidal lactones found in certain species of the Withania genus, especially Withania somnifera (commonly known as Ashwagandha). These compounds have gained considerable attention due to their wide range of therapeutic properties and potential applications in modern medicine. To meet [...] Read more.

Withanolides are naturally occurring steroidal lactones found in certain species of the Withania genus, especially Withania somnifera (commonly known as Ashwagandha). These compounds have gained considerable attention due to their wide range of therapeutic properties and potential applications in modern medicine. To meet the rapidly growing demand for withanolides, innovative approaches such as in vitro culture techniques and synthetic biology offer promising solutions. In recent years, synthetic biology has enabled the production of engineered withanolides using heterologous systems, such as yeast and bacteria. Additionally, in vitro methods like cell suspension culture and hairy root culture have been employed to enhance withanolide production. Nevertheless, one of the primary obstacles to increasing the production of withanolides using these techniques has been the intricacy of the biosynthetic pathways for withanolides. The present article examines new developments in withanolide production through in vitro culture. A comprehensive summary of viable traditional methods for producing withanolide is also provided. The development of withanolide production in heterologous systems is examined and emphasized. The use of machine learning as a potent tool to model and improve the bioprocesses involved in the generation of withanolide is then discussed. In addition, the control and modification of the withanolide biosynthesis pathway by metabolic engineering mediated by CRISPR are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Enhancing the Production of Secondary Metabolites in Plants)

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21 pages, 9728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maize, Peanut, and Millet Rotations Improve Crop Yields by Altering the Microbial Community and Chemistry of Sandy Saline–Alkaline Soils

by Liqiang Zhang, Jianguo Zhu, Yueming Zhang, Kexin Xia, Yuhan Yang, Hongyu Wang, Qiuzhu Li and Jinhu Cui

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2170; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152170 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1038

Abstract

Crop rotation increases crop yield, improves soil health, and reduces plant disease. However, few studies were conducted on the use of intensive cropping patterns to improve the microenvironment of saline soils. The present study thoroughly evaluated the impact of a three-year maize–peanut–millet crop [...] Read more.

Crop rotation increases crop yield, improves soil health, and reduces plant disease. However, few studies were conducted on the use of intensive cropping patterns to improve the microenvironment of saline soils. The present study thoroughly evaluated the impact of a three-year maize–peanut–millet crop rotation pattern on the crop yield. The rhizosphere soil of the crop was collected at maturity to assess the effects of crop rotation on the composition and function of microbial communities in different tillage layers (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) of sandy saline–alkaline soils. After three years of crop rotation, the maize yield and economic benefits rose by an average of 32.07% and 22.25%, respectively, while output/input grew by 10.26%. The pH of the 0–40 cm tillage layer of saline–alkaline soils decreased by 2.36%, organic matter rose by 13.44%–15.84%, and soil-available nutrients of the 0–20 cm tillage layer increased by 11.94%–69.14%. As compared to continuous cropping, crop rotation boosted soil nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism capacity by 8.61%–88.65%. Enrichment of Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota increased crop yield. Crop rotation increases microbial community richness while decreasing diversity. The increase in abundance can diminish competitive relationships between species, boost synergistic capabilities, alter bacterial and fungal community structure, and enhance microbial community function, all of which elevate crop yields. The obtained insights can contribute to achieving optimal management of intensive cultivation patterns and green sustainable development. Full article

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17 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementary Far-Red Light for Photosynthetic Active Radiation Differentially Influences the Photochemical Efficiency and Biomass Accumulation in Greenhouse-Grown Lettuce

by Haijie Dou, Xin Li, Zhixin Li, Jinxiu Song, Yanjie Yang and Zhengnan Yan

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2169; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152169 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1039

Abstract

Adding far-red (FR, 700–800 nm) light to photosynthetic active radiation (400–700 nm) proved to be a possible approach to increasing plant biomass accumulation for lettuce production in indoor vertical farms with artificial lighting as a sole-source lighting. However, how FR light addition influences [...] Read more.

Adding far-red (FR, 700–800 nm) light to photosynthetic active radiation (400–700 nm) proved to be a possible approach to increasing plant biomass accumulation for lettuce production in indoor vertical farms with artificial lighting as a sole-source lighting. However, how FR light addition influences plant growth, development, and metabolic processes and the optimal value of FR photon flux density for greenhouse-grown lettuce under sunlight are still unclear. This work aims to quantify the value of supplementary FR light with different intensities on lettuce morphological and physiological characteristics in a greenhouse. Lettuce ‘Dasusheng’ (Lactuca sativa L.) was grown in a greenhouse under seven light treatments, including white plus red LEDs with FR photon flux density at 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (WR, WR + FR10, WR + FR30, WR + FR50, WR + FR70, and WR + FR90, respectively), and lettuce grown with sunlight only was marked as natural light (NL). FR light addition improved the electron transport flux per cross section and performance index (PI_abs, PI_total) and decreased the changes in relative variable fluorescence of lettuce leaves compared to plants under NL. Specifically, the PI_abs of lettuce leaves were 41%, 41%, 38%, 33%, 26%, and 25% lower under control than in plants under treatments WR + FR90, WR + FR70, WR + FR50, WR + FR30, WR + FR10, and WR, respectively. Leaf number, leaf area, and biomass accumulation of lettuce followed a quadratic function with increasing FR light intensity and were the highest under treatment WR + FR50. The shoot fresh weight and dry weight of lettuce were increased by 111% and 275%, respectively, under treatment WR + FR50 compared to NL. The contents of vitamin C, reducing sugar, total soluble sugar, and starch in lettuce showed a similar trend with biomass accumulation. In conclusion, with commonly used photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 400–700 nm) around 200 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, supplementary FR light intensity of 30~50 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ was suggested to enhance the photochemistry efficiency, biomass accumulation, and carbohydrates’ contents in greenhouse-grown lettuce. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light and Its Influence on the Growth and Quality of Plants)

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15 pages, 3702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pectin Remodeling and Involvement of AtPME3 in the Parasitic Plant–Plant Interaction, Phelipanche ramosa–Arabidospis thaliana

by Cyril Grandjean, Christophe Veronesi, Christine Rusterucci, Charlotte Gautier, Yannis Maillot, Maïté Leschevin, Françoise Fournet, Jan Drouaud, Paulo Marcelo, Luciane Zabijak, Philippe Delavault, Philippe Simier, Sophie Bouton and Karine Pageau

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152168 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 801

Abstract

Phelipanche ramosa is a root parasitic plant fully dependent on host plants for nutrition and development. Upon germination, the parasitic seedling develops inside the infected roots a specific organ, the haustorium, thanks to the cell wall-degrading enzymes of haustorial intrusive cells, and induces [...] Read more.

Phelipanche ramosa is a root parasitic plant fully dependent on host plants for nutrition and development. Upon germination, the parasitic seedling develops inside the infected roots a specific organ, the haustorium, thanks to the cell wall-degrading enzymes of haustorial intrusive cells, and induces modifications in the host’s cell walls. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is susceptible to P. ramosa; thus, mutants in cell wall metabolism, particularly those involved in pectin remodeling, like Atpme3-1, are of interest in studying the involvement of cell wall-degrading enzymes in the establishment of plant–plant interactions. Host–parasite co-cultures in mini-rhizotron systems revealed that parasite attachments are twice as numerous and tubercle growth is quicker on Atpme3-1 roots than on WT roots. Compared to WT, the increased susceptibility in AtPME3-1 is associated with reduced PME activity in the roots and a lower degree of pectin methylesterification at the host–parasite interface, as detected immunohistochemically in infected roots. In addition, both WT and Atpme3-1 roots responded to infestation by modulating the expression of PAE- and PME-encoding genes, as well as related global enzyme activities in the roots before and after parasite attachment. However, these modulations differed between WT and Atpme3-1, which may contribute to different pectin remodeling in the roots and contrasting susceptibility to P. ramosa. With this integrative study, we aim to define a model of cell wall response to this specific biotic stress and indicate, for the first time, the role of PME3 in this parasitic plant–plant interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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14 pages, 11637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Root Transcriptomes against Clubroot Disease Pathogens in a Resistant Chinese Cabbage Cultivar (Brassica rapa cv. ‘Akimeki’)

by Eun-Seok Oh, Hyeonseon Park, Kwanuk Lee, Donghwan Shim and Man-Ho Oh

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2167; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152167 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 982

Abstract

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the diseases that causes major economic losses in cruciferous crops worldwide. Although prevention strategies, including soil pH adjustment and crop rotation, have been used, the disease’s long persistence and devastating impact continuously remain in [...] Read more.

Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is one of the diseases that causes major economic losses in cruciferous crops worldwide. Although prevention strategies, including soil pH adjustment and crop rotation, have been used, the disease’s long persistence and devastating impact continuously remain in the soil. CR varieties were developed for clubroot-resistant (CR) Chinese cabbage, and ‘Akimeki’ is one of the clubroot disease-resistant cultivars. However, recent studies have reported susceptibility to several Korean pathotypes in Akimeki and the destruction of the resistance to P. brassicae in many Brassica species against CR varieties, requiring the understanding of more fine-tuned plant signaling by fungal pathogens. In this study, we focused on the early molecular responses of Akimeki during infection with two P. brassicae strains, Seosan (SS) and Hoengseong2 (HS2), using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Among a total of 2358 DEGs, 2037 DEGs were differentially expressed following SS and HS2 infection. Gene ontology (GO) showed that 1524 and 513 genes were up-regulated following SS and HS2 inoculations, respectively. Notably, the genes of defense response and jasmonic acid regulations were enriched in the SS inoculation condition, and the genes of water transport and light intensity response were enriched in the HS2 inoculation condition. Moreover, KEGG pathways revealed that the gene expression set were related to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) mechanisms. The results will provide valuable information for developing CR cultivars in Brassica plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms Regulating Vegetable Crops Growth under Stressful Conditions)

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16 pages, 4997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Flowering Stage in Japonica Rice Variety Jiahe212 by Using CRISPR/Cas9 System

by Dengmei He, Ran Zhou, Chenbo Huang, Yanhui Li, Zequn Peng, Dian Li, Wenjing Duan, Nuan Huang, Liyong Cao, Shihua Cheng, Xiaodeng Zhan, Lianping Sun and Shiqiang Wang

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2166; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152166 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 864

Abstract

The flowering period of rice significantly impacts variety adaptability and yield formation. Properly shortening the reproductive period of rice varieties can expand their ecological range without significant yield reduction. Targeted genome editing, like CRISPR/Cas9, is an ideal tool to fine-tune rice growth stages [...] Read more.

The flowering period of rice significantly impacts variety adaptability and yield formation. Properly shortening the reproductive period of rice varieties can expand their ecological range without significant yield reduction. Targeted genome editing, like CRISPR/Cas9, is an ideal tool to fine-tune rice growth stages and boost yield synergistically. In this study, we developed a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex genome-editing vector containing five genes related to three traits, Hd2, Ghd7, and DTH8 (flowering-stage genes), along with the recessive rice blast resistance gene Pi21 and the aromatic gene BADH2. This vector was introduced into the high-quality japonica rice variety in Zhejiang province, Jiahe212 (JH212), resulting in 34 T₀ plants with various effective mutations. Among the 17 mutant T₁ lines, several displayed diverse flowering dates, but most exhibited undesirable agronomic traits. Notably, three homozygous mutant lines (JH-C15, JH-C18, and JH-C31) showed slightly earlier flowering dates without significant differences in yield-related traits compared to JH212. Through special Hyg and Cas marker selection of T₂ plants, we identified seven, six, and two fragrant glutinous plants devoid of transgenic components. These single plants will serve as sib lines of JH212 and potential resources for breeding applications, including maintenance lines for indica–japonica interspecific three-line hybrid rice. In summary, our research lays the foundation for the creation of short-growth-period CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility, CMS) lines, and also provides materials and a theoretical basis for indica–japonica interspecific hybrid rice breeding with wider adaptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Breeding and Germplasm Improvement of Rice—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 20873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochelatin Synthase: An In Silico Comparative Analysis in Cyanobacteria and Eukaryotic Microalgae

by Michele Ferrari, Matteo Marieschi, Radiana Cozza and Anna Torelli

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2165; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152165 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 919

Abstract

Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides involved in metal detoxification, not genetically encoded but enzymatically synthesized by phytochelatin synthases (PCSs) starting from glutathione. The constitutive PCS expression even in the absence of metal contamination, the wide phylogenetic distribution and the similarity between PCSs [...] Read more.

Phytochelatins (PCs) are small cysteine-rich peptides involved in metal detoxification, not genetically encoded but enzymatically synthesized by phytochelatin synthases (PCSs) starting from glutathione. The constitutive PCS expression even in the absence of metal contamination, the wide phylogenetic distribution and the similarity between PCSs and the papain-type cysteine protease catalytic domain suggest a wide range of functions for PCSs. These proteins, widely studied in land plants, have not been fully analyzed in algae and cyanobacteria, although these organisms are the first to cope with heavy-metal stress in aquatic environments and can be exploited for phytoremediation. To fill this gap, we compared the features of the PCS proteins of different cyanobacterial and algal taxa by phylogenetic linkage. The analyzed sequences fall into two main, already known groups of PCS-like proteins. Contrary to previous assumptions, they are not classed as prokaryotic and eukaryotic sequences, but rather as sequences characterized by the alternative presence of asparagine and aspartic/glutamic acid residues in proximity of the catalytic cysteine. The presence of these enzymes with peculiar features suggests differences in their post-translational regulation related to cell/environmental requirements or different cell functions rather than to differences due to their belonging to different phylogenetic taxa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants and Algae)

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12 pages, 4434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agronomic and Technical Evaluation of Herbicide Spot Spraying in Maize Based on High-Resolution Aerial Weed Maps—An On-Farm Trial

by Alicia Allmendinger, Michael Spaeth, Marcus Saile, Gerassimos G. Peteinatos and Roland Gerhards

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2164; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152164 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 840

Abstract

Spot spraying can significantly reduce herbicide use while maintaining equal weed control efficacy as a broadcast application of herbicides. Several online spot-spraying systems have been developed, with sensors mounted on the sprayer or by recording the RTK-GNSS position of each crop seed. In [...] Read more.

Spot spraying can significantly reduce herbicide use while maintaining equal weed control efficacy as a broadcast application of herbicides. Several online spot-spraying systems have been developed, with sensors mounted on the sprayer or by recording the RTK-GNSS position of each crop seed. In this study, spot spraying was realized offline based on georeferenced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images with high spatial resolution. Studies were conducted in four maize fields in Southwestern Germany in 2023. A randomized complete block design was used with seven treatments containing broadcast and spot applications of pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides. Post-emergence herbicides were applied at 2–4-leaf and at 6–8-leaf stages of maize. Weed and crop density, weed control efficacy (WCE), crop losses, accuracy of weed classification in UAV images, herbicide savings and maize yield were measured and analyzed. On average, 94% of all weed plants were correctly identified in the UAV images with the automatic classifier. Spot-spraying achieved up to 86% WCE, which was equal to the broadcast herbicide treatment. Early spot spraying saved 47% of herbicides compared to the broadcast herbicide application. Maize yields in the spot-spraying plots were equal to the broadcast herbicide application plots. This study demonstrates that spot-spraying based on UAV weed maps is feasible and provides a significant reduction in herbicide use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Artificial Intelligence and Sensor Systems in Agriculture)

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16 pages, 8483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation of Haustorium Protoplasts Optimized by Orthogonal Design for Transient Gene Expression in Phelipanche aegyptiaca

by Xiaojian Zeng, Xiaolei Cao, Qiuyue Zhao, Siyuan Hou, Xin Hu, Zheyu Yang, Tingli Hao, Sifeng Zhao and Zhaoqun Yao

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2163; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152163 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 814

Abstract

The efficient protoplast transient transformation system in plants is an important tool to study gene expression, metabolic pathways, and various mutagenic parameters, but it has not been established in Phelipanche aegyptiaca. As a root parasitic weed that endangers the growth of 29 [...] Read more.

The efficient protoplast transient transformation system in plants is an important tool to study gene expression, metabolic pathways, and various mutagenic parameters, but it has not been established in Phelipanche aegyptiaca. As a root parasitic weed that endangers the growth of 29 species of plants in 12 families around the world, there is still no good control method for P. aegyptiaca. Even the parasitic mechanisms of P. aegyptiaca and the related genes regulating parasitism are not yet understood. In this study, by comparing the factors related to protoplast isolation and transfection, we developed the optimal protocol for protoplast isolation and transfection in Phelipanche aegyptiaca haustorium. The optimal protoplast yield and activity were 6.2 × 10⁶ protoplasts/g fresh weight [FW] and 87.85%, respectively, by using 0.5 mol/L mannitol, enzyme concentrations of 2.5% cellulase R-10 and 0.8% Macerozyme R-10 at 24 °C for 4 h. At the same time, transfection efficiency of protoplasts was up to 78.49% when using 30 μg plasmid, 40% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration, 24 °C incubation temperature, and 20 min transfection time. This is the first efficient protoplasts’ isolation and transient transformation system of Phelipanche aegyptiaca haustorium, laying a foundation for future studies on the gene function and mechanisms of haustorium formation in parasitic plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Anatomy and Cell Biology)

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10 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Shaolinia: A Fossil Link between Conifers and Angiosperms

by Xin Wang and Li-Jun Chen

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152162 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1549

Abstract

The flowering plants (angiosperms) are the dominant and defining group of the Earth ecosystems today. However, from which group and by what way flowers, especially their gynoecia (the key characteristic organs of angiosperms), are derived have been key questions in botany, and have [...] Read more.

The flowering plants (angiosperms) are the dominant and defining group of the Earth ecosystems today. However, from which group and by what way flowers, especially their gynoecia (the key characteristic organs of angiosperms), are derived have been key questions in botany, and have remained unanswered despite botanists’ efforts over centuries. Such an embarrassing situation can be attributed to the lack of plants with partially enclosed ovules, which are supposed fill a position between gymnosperms and angiosperms. Here, we report a fossil plant that has apparent coniferous vegetative and reproductive characters but has a single seed partially wrapped by the subtending bract. Such a morphology suggests that a carpel of some angiosperms is equivalent to a lateral appendage (a bract plus its axillary seed) of this fossil. Such a non-traditional interpretation of the homology of angiosperm carpels is compatible with various new progresses made in botany and is in line with Tomlinson’s recent hypothesis. Together with other fossil evidence reported recently, it appears that gynoecia in angiosperms are derived in multiple ways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflorescence Architecture and Development in Plants)

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17 pages, 5423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological, Physiological, and Photosynthetic Differences of Tartary Buckwheat Induced by Post-Anthesis Drought

by Hang Yuan, Qiang Wang, Anyin Qi, Shuang Li, Yan Hu, Zhiming Hu, Laichun Guo, Chenggang Liang, Wurijimusi Li, Changying Liu, Yanxia Sun, Liang Zou, Lianxin Peng, Dabing Xiang, Cheng Liu, Jingwei Huang and Yan Wan

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152161 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 794

Abstract

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) is a crop of significant interest due to its nutritional value and resilience to drought conditions. However, drought, particularly following flowering, is a major factor contributing to yield reduction. This research employed two distinct Tartary buckwheat [...] Read more.

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn) is a crop of significant interest due to its nutritional value and resilience to drought conditions. However, drought, particularly following flowering, is a major factor contributing to yield reduction. This research employed two distinct Tartary buckwheat genotypes to investigate the effects of post-anthesis drought on growth and physicochemical characteristics. The study aimed to elucidate the response of Tartary buckwheat to drought stress. The findings indicated that post-anthesis drought adversely impacted the growth, morphology, and biomass accumulation of Tartary buckwheat. Drought stress enhanced the maximum photosynthetic capacity (Fv/Fm) and light protection ability (NPQ) of the ‘Xiqiao-2’ genotype. In response to drought stress, ‘Dingku-1’ and ‘Xiqiao-2’ maintained osmotic balance by accumulating soluble sugars and proline, respectively. Notably, ‘Xiqiao-2’ exhibited elevated levels of flavonoids and polyphenols in its leaves, which helped mitigate oxidative damage caused by drought. Furthermore, rewatering after a brief drought period significantly improved plant height, stem diameter, and biomass accumulation in ‘Dingku-1’. Overall, ‘Xiqiao-2’ demonstrated greater long-term tolerance to post-anthesis drought, while ‘Dingku-1’ was less adversely affected by short-term post-anthesis drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of Plant Responses to Heat and Drought Stress II)

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15 pages, 3335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Description of Two New Species of Stauroneis Ehrenberg (Naviculales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Russian Far East Using an Integrative Approach

by Veronika B. Bagmet, Shamil R. Abdullin, Vyacheslav Yu. Nikulin, Arthur Yu. Nikulin, Tatiana Y. Gorpenchenko and Andrey A. Gontcharov

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152160 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Stauroneis (Naviculales, Bacillariaceae) are widespread, mostly in fresh-water habitats, and account for 343 species. They are described mainly on the basis of morphology and morphometric traits. These characteristics vary during life cycles and may overlap between species, making their identification difficult. We isolated [...] Read more.

Stauroneis (Naviculales, Bacillariaceae) are widespread, mostly in fresh-water habitats, and account for 343 species. They are described mainly on the basis of morphology and morphometric traits. These characteristics vary during life cycles and may overlap between species, making their identification difficult. We isolated two strains of naviculoid diatoms and examined them using an integrative approach (phylogenetic, morphological, ultrastructural data, and life cycle). Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast rbcL gene data showed affinity of the new strains to the genus Stauroneis. Our algae share morphological features typical of Stauroneis but differ from similar species in minimal valve length measurements, valve apex shape, and minimal number of striae in 10 μm. Two strains are distinct from each other in maximal valve length and width, partially valve shape, the number of areolae in 10 μm, and cingulum structure. It was revealed that the strains reproduce via isogamy. Three species delimitation methods (ASAP, PTP, and GMYC) also confirmed that the two closely related new strains represent distinct species. Based on molecular data and phenotypic traits examined within the framework of an integrative approach, we describe two new isolates as Stauroneis urbani sp. nov. and Stauroneis edaphica sp. nov. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)

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16 pages, 3712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plants Restoration Drives the Gobi Soil Microbial Diversity for Improving Soil Quality

by Lizhi Wang, Junyong Ma, Qifeng Wu, Yongchao Hu and Jinxiao Feng

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2159; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152159 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 901

Abstract

Desertification and salt stress are major causes of terrestrial ecosystem loss worldwide, and the Gobi, representing a salt-stressed area in inland China, has a major impact on the ecosystems and biodiversity of its surrounding environment. The restoration of the Gobi Desert is an [...] Read more.

Desertification and salt stress are major causes of terrestrial ecosystem loss worldwide, and the Gobi, representing a salt-stressed area in inland China, has a major impact on the ecosystems and biodiversity of its surrounding environment. The restoration of the Gobi Desert is an important way to control its expansion, but there are few studies on the evaluation of restoration. In this study, soils under different restoration scenarios, namely, soils in restored areas (R1, R2), semi-restored areas (SR1, SR2), and unrestored control areas (C1, C2), were used to investigate differences in microbial diversity and physicochemical properties. The results showed that the soil was mainly dominated by particles of 4–63 μm (26.45–37.94%) and >63 μm (57.95–72.87%). Across the different restoration levels, the soil pH (7.96–8.43) remained basically unchanged, salinity decreased from 9.23–2.26 to 0.24–0.25, and water content remained constant (10.98–12.27%) except for one restored sample in which it was higher (22.32%). The effective Al, Cu, and Zn in the soil increased, but only slightly. Total organic matter (TOM) decreased from 3.86–5.20% to 1.31–1.47%, and total organic nitrogen (TON) decreased from 0.03–0.06% to 0.01–0.02%, but the difference in total organic carbon (TOC) was not significant. High-throughput testing revealed that the bacterial population of the restored area was dominated by A4b (6.33–9.18%), MND1 (4.94–7.39%), and Vicinamibacteraceae (7.04–7.39%). Regarding archaea, samples from the restored areas were dominated by Marine Group II (76.17–81.49%) and Candidatus Nitrososphaera (6.07–9.75%). PCoA showed that the different restoration levels were the main cause of the differences between the samples. Additionally, salinity was the dominant factor that induced this difference, but it was inhibited by the restoration and targeted enrichment of some of these functional genera. Desert restoration should therefore focus on conserving water rather than adding nutrients. Planting salt- and drought-tolerant vegetation will contribute to the initial restoration of the desert and the restoration of the microbiological content of the soil as it migrates over time, creating a cycle of elements. Restoration stimulates and enhances the microbial diversity of the soil via beneficial microorganisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Managing and Regulating Plant (Vegetation)–Environment (Soil-Affected Land, Coastal Zone and Arid Areas) Interactions for a Better Eco-Environment and Sustainable Productivity)

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21 pages, 1921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Solanum lycopersicum Resilience: Bacterial Cellulose Alleviates Low Irrigation Stress and Boosts Nutrient Uptake

by Noelia De la Cruz Gómez, César Poza-Carrión, Lucía Del Castillo-González, Ángel Isidro Martínez Sánchez, Ana Moliner, Inmaculada Aranaz and Marta Berrocal-Lobo

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2158; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152158 - 4 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

The use of natural-origin biomaterials in bioengineering has led to innovative approaches in agroforestry. Bacterial cellulose (BC), sharing the same chemical formula as plant-origin cellulose (PC), exhibits significantly different biochemical properties, including a high degree of crystallinity and superior water retention capacity. Previous [...] Read more.

The use of natural-origin biomaterials in bioengineering has led to innovative approaches in agroforestry. Bacterial cellulose (BC), sharing the same chemical formula as plant-origin cellulose (PC), exhibits significantly different biochemical properties, including a high degree of crystallinity and superior water retention capacity. Previous research showed that natural-origin glucose-based chitin enhanced plant growth in both herbaceous and non-herbaceous plants. In this study, we produced BC in the laboratory and investigated its effects on the substrate and on Solanum lycopersicum seedlings. Soil amended with BC increased root growth compared with untreated seedlings. Additionally, under limited irrigation conditions, BC increased global developmental parameters including fresh and dry weight, as well as total carbon and nitrogen content. Under non-irrigation conditions, BC contributed substantially to plant survival. RNA sequencing (Illumina^®) on BC-treated seedlings revealed that BC, despite its bacterial origin, did not stress the plants, confirming its innocuous nature, and it lightly induced genes related to root development and cell division as well as inhibition of stress responses and defense. The presence of BC in the organic substrate increased soil availability of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and potassium (K), correlating with enhanced nutrient uptake in plants. Our results demonstrate the potential of BC for improving soil nutrient availability and plant tolerance to low irrigation, making it valuable for agricultural and forestry purposes in the context of global warming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Responses to Environmental Stress)

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15 pages, 5516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ice-Ice Disease Prevalence and Intensity in Eucheumatoid Seaweed Farms: Seasonal Variability and Relationship with the Physicochemical and Meteorological Parameters

by Albaris B. Tahiluddin and Ertugrul Terzi

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2157; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152157 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 984

Abstract

Since its initial report in the Philippines in 1981, ice-ice disease (IID) remains a substantial threat to the sustainability of eucheumatoid seaweed production. However, comprehensive investigations into the prevalence, intensity, and potential relationships with physicochemical and meteorological parameters are limited, particularly in open-sea [...] Read more.

Since its initial report in the Philippines in 1981, ice-ice disease (IID) remains a substantial threat to the sustainability of eucheumatoid seaweed production. However, comprehensive investigations into the prevalence, intensity, and potential relationships with physicochemical and meteorological parameters are limited, particularly in open-sea farms. This is the first study to conduct a 12-month monitoring of IID prevalence and intensity in eucheumatoid seaweed farms in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. The research aimed to elucidate seasonal variations and potential associations with physicochemical and meteorological parameters. The findings revealed significant seasonal variations in IID prevalence, with a higher incidence observed during the dry season compared to the wet season. Additionally, deep-water farms exhibited significantly higher prevalence and ice-ice spot numbers per bundle compared to shallow-water farms. Furthermore, Kappaphycus striatus displayed a significantly greater ice-ice spot length per bundle compared to K. alvarezii. Notably, no interaction effects were observed among season, species, and depth. Interestingly, while no correlations were found between ice-ice disease and most measured physicochemical and meteorological parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, water current velocity, wind speed) or nutrient concentrations (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite), an inverse correlation (p < 0.05) emerged between ammonium levels and IID intensity parameters (number and length of ice-ice spot per bundle). Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between monthly rainfall and IID intensity. These findings offer valuable insights into the dynamics of IID in open-sea eucheumatoid seaweed (Kappaphycus) farming, highlighting the influence of seasonality, depth, and species susceptibility, as well as the relationship between IID severity and ammonium levels and rainfall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aquatic Plant Biology 2023)

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25 pages, 1798 KiB

Open AccessReview

Kiwifruit in the Omics Age: Advances in Genomics, Breeding, and Beyond

by Mian Faisal Nazir, Jinpeng Lou, Yu Wang, Shuaiyu Zou and Hongwen Huang

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2156; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152156 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1181

Abstract

The kiwifruit, Actinidia genus, has emerged as a nutritionally rich and economically significant crop with a history rooted in China. This review paper examines the global journey of the kiwifruit, its genetic diversity, and the role of advanced breeding techniques in its cultivation [...] Read more.

The kiwifruit, Actinidia genus, has emerged as a nutritionally rich and economically significant crop with a history rooted in China. This review paper examines the global journey of the kiwifruit, its genetic diversity, and the role of advanced breeding techniques in its cultivation and improvement. The expansion of kiwifruit cultivation from China to New Zealand, Italy, Chile and beyond, driven by the development of new cultivars and improved agricultural practices, is discussed, highlighting the fruit’s high content of vitamins C, E, and K. The genetic resources within the Actinidia genus are reviewed, with emphasis on the potential of this diversity in breeding programs. The review provides extensive coverage to the application of modern omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, which have revolutionized the understanding of the biology of kiwifruit and facilitated targeted breeding efforts. It examines both conventional breeding methods and modern approaches, like marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, mutation breeding, and the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 technology for precise trait enhancement. Special attention is paid to interspecific hybridization and cisgenesis as strategies for incorporating beneficial traits and developing superior kiwifruit varieties. This comprehensive synthesis not only sheds light on the current state of kiwifruit research and breeding, but also outlines the future directions and challenges in the field, underscoring the importance of integrating traditional and omics-based approaches to meet the demands of a changing global climate and market preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Domestication and Genetics of Horticultural Plants)

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17 pages, 2205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variation Analysis of Starch Properties in Tartary Buckwheat and Construction of Near-Infrared Models for Rapid Non-Destructive Detection

by Liwei Zhu, Fei Liu, Qianxi Du, Taoxiong Shi, Jiao Deng, Hongyou Li, Fang Cai, Ziye Meng, Qingfu Chen, Jieqiong Zhang and Juan Huang

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2155; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152155 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 678

Abstract

Due to the requirements for quality testing and breeding Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaerth), it is necessary to find a method for the rapid detection of starch content in Tartary buckwheat. To obtain samples with a continuously distributed chemical value, stable Tartary [...] Read more.

Due to the requirements for quality testing and breeding Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tartaricum Gaerth), it is necessary to find a method for the rapid detection of starch content in Tartary buckwheat. To obtain samples with a continuously distributed chemical value, stable Tartary buckwheat recombinant inbred lines were used. After scanning the near-infrared spectra of whole grains, we employed conventional methods to analyze the contents of Tartary buckwheat. The results showed that the contents of total starch, amylose, amylopectin, and resistant starch were 532.1–741.5 mg/g, 176.8–280.2 mg/g, 318.8–497.0 mg/g, and 45.1–105.2 mg/g, respectively. The prediction model for the different starch contents in Tartary buckwheat was established using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with chemometrics. The Kennard–Stone algorithm was used to split the training set and the test set. Six different methods were used to preprocess the spectra in the wavenumber range of 4000–12,000 cm⁻¹. The Competitive Adaptive Reweighted Sampling algorithm was then used to extract the characteristic spectra, and the prediction model was built using the partial least squares method. Through a comprehensive analysis of each parameter of the model, the best model for the prediction of each nutrient was determined. The correlation coefficient of calibration (Rc) and the correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) of the best models for total starch and amylose were greater than 0.95, and the Rc and Rp of the best models for amylopectin and resistant starch were also greater than 0.93. The results showed that the NIRS-based prediction model fulfilled the requirement for the rapid determination of Tartary buckwheat starch, thus providing an effective technical approach for the rapid and non-destructive testing of starch content in the food science and agricultural industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Spectral Techniques in Plant Physiology)

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15 pages, 3484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined BSA-Seq and RNA-Seq to Identify Potential Genes Regulating Fruit Size in Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.)

by Huarong Fang, Shishi Huang, Ruirui Li, Peng Wang, Qingwei Jiang, Chuan Zhong, Yanjuan Yang and Wenjin Yu

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152154 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 803

Abstract

Fruit size is a crucial agronomic trait in bottle gourd, impacting both yield and utility. Despite its significance, the regulatory mechanism governing fruit size in bottle gourd remains largely unknown. In this study, we used bottle gourd (small-fruited H28 and large-fruited H17) parent [...] Read more.

Fruit size is a crucial agronomic trait in bottle gourd, impacting both yield and utility. Despite its significance, the regulatory mechanism governing fruit size in bottle gourd remains largely unknown. In this study, we used bottle gourd (small-fruited H28 and large-fruited H17) parent plants to measure the width and length of fruits at various developmental stages, revealing a single ‘S’ growth curve for fruit expansion. Paraffin section observations indicated that both cell number and size significantly influence bottle gourd fruit size. Through bulked segregant analysis and combined genotype–phenotype analysis, the candidate interval regulating fruit size was pinpointed to 17,747,353 bp–18,185,825 bp on chromosome 9, encompassing 0.44 Mb and including 44 genes. Parental fruits in the rapid expansion stage were subjected to RNA-seq, highlighting that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to cell wall biosynthesis, sugar metabolism, and hormone signaling. Transcriptome and resequencing analysis, combined with gene function annotation, identified six genes within the localized region as potential regulators of fruit size. This study not only maps the candidate interval of genes influencing fruit size in bottle gourd through forward genetics, but also offers new insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying this trait through transcriptome analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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47 pages, 2874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethnobotany around the Virovitica Area in NW Slavonia (Continental Croatia)—Record of Rare Edible Use of Fungus Sarccoscypha coccinea

by Ivana Vitasović-Kosić, Dominik Berec, Łukasz Łuczaj, Riccardo Motti and Josip Juračak

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2153; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152153 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 995

Abstract

Slavonia is the most developed agricultural region in Croatia. With rich and fertile soils that have enabled the cultivation of a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and cereals, Slavonia has always met the food needs of its population. Today, the biocultural diversity of [...] Read more.

Slavonia is the most developed agricultural region in Croatia. With rich and fertile soils that have enabled the cultivation of a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and cereals, Slavonia has always met the food needs of its population. Today, the biocultural diversity of local varieties and semi-natural vegetation has irretrievably disappeared. Our aim was to document the remaining local knowledge of plant use in this area through in-depth semi-structured interviews, which were conducted in 2022–2023. All possible aspects of the use of plants and fungi were recorded as food, animal feed, medicine, construction, jewelry, rituals and ceremonies, dyes, etc. The names and uses of local plant varieties were also recorded. The results show 1702 entries—a total of 296 plant taxa from 76 families and 28 fungi from 16 families. The most frequently named plants were: Urtica dioica, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa canina, and Sambucus nigra. The plants with the greatest variety of uses were Morus alba, Rosmarinus officinalis, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays. Interesting uses were identified. The leaves of the ornamental plant Hosta sieboldiana are still used today as food for wrapping meat with rice, the aquatic plant Trapa natans is eaten like chestnuts, and Pteridium aquilinum was once consumed as a vegetable. In addition, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sambucus ebulus were given to horses to prevent and avoid blood poisoning. Some forest species had a special significance and were revered or favored. The most frequently mentioned edible fungi were Boletus sp., Cantharellus cibarius, and Lactarius piperatus. Auricularia auricula-judae is the only species stated to have been used exclusively as a raw snack. Evidence of edible use of Sarccoscypha coccinea, which was reported as traditionally consumed in the past, was of particular interest. Despite the modernization and agricultural nature of the region, many interesting uses of plants and fungi were identified. Further efforts should be directed towards documenting this knowledge to facilitate its dissemination in the communities that possess it, or at least to preserve it for future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology)

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27 pages, 2982 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Antioxidative and Metabolic Responses in Canola: Strategies with Wood Distillate and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash for Improved Growth under Abiotic Stress

by Emad M. Hafez, Yan Gao, Khadiga Alharbi, Wei Chen, Nevien Elhawat, Tarek Alshaal and Hany S. Osman

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2152; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152152 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 860

Abstract

In the context of increasing agricultural challenges posed by soil salinity and drought stress, the main importance of the present study was to evaluate some novel treatments for improving canola productivity and resilience by applying wood distillate (WD) in combination with bagasse ash [...] Read more.

In the context of increasing agricultural challenges posed by soil salinity and drought stress, the main importance of the present study was to evaluate some novel treatments for improving canola productivity and resilience by applying wood distillate (WD) in combination with bagasse ash (SBA). A two-year field experiment using a split plot design was conducted and evaluated several physiological and biochemical parameters under different irrigation regimes conducted at 80% and 50% field capacity. While there were considerable moderation effects of SBA and WD on soil salinity, expressed as exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), under both well-irrigated and drought conditions, more importantly, the ESP was reduced to 31% under drought stress with combined WD and SBA applications over any single factor. WD and SBA treatments of canola leaves showed reduced Na content with increased K levels, and the plants maintained physiological attributes—chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and relative water content—to the level of controls of well-irrigation. Besides, they significantly alleviated oxidative stress by decreasing the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage (EL) levels and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Nonenzymatic antioxidants such as total soluble sugars (TSS), total soluble proteins (TSP), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) were significantly increased under stress conditions with a special accent on combined treatment, whereas the levels of proline and GB that increased in alignment with drought reduced under the combined application. Various growth parameters of plants like plant height, number of branches, and siliques per plant were significantly improved with WD and SBA under drought stress. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation further confirmed the relationships among these parameters and thus underpinned that WD and SBA can evoke a synergistic effect to enhance growth promotion and stress tolerance in canola. This, therefore, infers that the combined application of WD and SBA can be key, offering very high potential as viable options to better canola productivity under adverse environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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16 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Going or Returning to Nature? Wild Vegetable Uses in the Foraging-Centered Restaurants of Lombardy, Northern Italy

by Naji Sulaiman, Dauro M. Zocchi, Sara Bonafede, Chiara Nanni, Renata Sõukand and Andrea Pieroni

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152151 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1015

Abstract

Wild vegetables (WVs) have been an essential source of human nutrition since ancient times. Foraging is a millennia-old practice that has gained more attention recently and is becoming fashionable, especially in restaurants in urban areas, as they attract customers who see WVs as [...] Read more.

Wild vegetables (WVs) have been an essential source of human nutrition since ancient times. Foraging is a millennia-old practice that has gained more attention recently and is becoming fashionable, especially in restaurants in urban areas, as they attract customers who see WVs as an innovative sensory element and specialty food. Some cooks have used very few WVs for decades, but most chefs have only recently introduced them in their modern restaurants. Our study aims to have a deeper understanding of the diversity of WVs used by restaurants in the Lombardy region in Northern Italy and to know how they are introduced onto different menus, as well as the source of knowledge and the innovation paths related to the use/introduction of WVs in the selected sample of restaurants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 restaurant managers, chefs, and their professional foragers in the Lombardy region in Northern Italy in 2022; fifty-four wild plant taxa were recorded to be used in the considered restaurants. The collected data were analyzed to understand the current situation and the potential developments of this practice by exploring the reasons/motivations that underpin the inclusion of WVs in restaurants. A broad spectrum of restaurants was considered to evaluate the potential differences in handling and sourcing these ingredients. The results demonstrated that this trend has mainly been driven by attempts to revitalize traditional cuisines and to generate a positive impact on health, but the actual culinary preparations based upon WVs are often original and remarkably diverge from the Italian food ethnobotanical heritage. Moreover, concerns related to the environmental sustainability of these practices have been addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology)

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21 pages, 4600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Fates of Water and Nitrogen on an Open-Field Intensive Vegetable System under an Expert-N System with EU-Rotate_N Model in North China Plain

by Yuan Sun, Shaoqing Chen, Puyu Feng, Qing Chen and Kelin Hu

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152150 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 610

Abstract

Nitrate leaching, greenhouse gas emissions, and water loss are caused by conventional water and fertilizer management in vegetable fields. The Expert-N system is a useful tool for recommending the optimal nitrogen (N) fertilizer for vegetable cultivation. To clarify the fates of water and [...] Read more.

Nitrate leaching, greenhouse gas emissions, and water loss are caused by conventional water and fertilizer management in vegetable fields. The Expert-N system is a useful tool for recommending the optimal nitrogen (N) fertilizer for vegetable cultivation. To clarify the fates of water and N in vegetable fields, an open-field vegetable cultivation experiment was conducted in Dongbeiwang, Beijing. This experiment tested two irrigation treatments (W1: conventional and W2: optimal) and three fertilizer treatments (N1: conventional, N2: optimal N rate by Expert-N system, and N3: 80% optimal N rate) on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.), amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The EU-Rotate_N model was used to simulate the fates of water and N in the soil. The results indicated that the yields of amaranth and spinach showed no significant differences among all the treatments in 2000 and 2001. However, cauliflower yield under the W1N2 and W1N3 treatments obviously reduced in 2001. Compared with the W1 treatment, W2 reduced irrigation amount by 27.9–29.8%, water drainage by over 76%, increased water use efficiency by 5–17%, and irrigation water use efficiency by 29–45%. Nitrate leaching was one of the main pathways in this study, accounting for 8.4% of the total N input; compared to N1, the input of fertilizer N under the N2 and N3 treatments decreased by over 66.5%, consequently reducing gaseous N by 48–72% and increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by 17–37%. Additionally, compared with the W1 treatments, gaseous N loss under the W2 treatments was reduced by 18–26% and annual average NUEs increased by 22–29%. The highest annual average NUEs were under W2N3 (169.6 kg kg⁻¹) in 2000 and W2N2 (188.0 kg kg⁻¹) in 2001, respectively. We found that optimizing fertilizer management allowed subsequent crops to utilize residual N in the soil. Therefore, we suggest that the W2N3 management should be recommended to farmers to reduce water and N loss in vegetable production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Nitrogen Management in Soil-Crop System II)

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14 pages, 811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Logging-Related Soil Disturbance on Pioneer Tree Regeneration in Mixed Temperate Forests

by Farzam Tavankar, Rachele Venanzi, Mehrdad Nikooy, Angela Lo Monaco, Rodolfo Picchio and Ramin Naghdi

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2149; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152149 - 3 Aug 2024

Viewed by 708

Abstract

The recovery of soil properties and the proper growth of natural tree regeneration are key elements for maintaining forest productivity after selective logging operations. This study was conducted on the soil properties and natural growth of two pioneer seedling species of alder and [...] Read more.

The recovery of soil properties and the proper growth of natural tree regeneration are key elements for maintaining forest productivity after selective logging operations. This study was conducted on the soil properties and natural growth of two pioneer seedling species of alder and maple which were on skid trails in the mixed beech forests of northern Iran. To examine the long-term effects, we randomly selected six skid trails, with two replicates established for each of three time periods since last use (10, 20, and 30 years ago). Random plots 4 m × 10 m in size, three plots on each skid trail and six plots on areas without soil compaction (control), were selected. Measurements included the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the growth, and the architectural and qualitative characteristics of the seedlings. The results showed that all the soil properties of the 10- and 20-year-old skid trails were significantly different from the control area (except for the soil moisture in the 20-year-old skid trail). The 30-year-old skid trail showed values of other soil properties which were not significantly different from the control area, except for the amounts of organic matter and soil nitrogen, which was less than the control. The skid trails had a negative effect on all of the growth, qualitative, and architectural indices of seedlings. The characteristics of seedlings were related to soil characteristics and had the highest correlation with the soil penetration resistance (R-value from −0.41 to −0.63 for stem growth, p < 0.05; −0.57 to −0.90 for root growth, p < 0.01; and −0.76 to −0.86 for biomass, p < 0.01). The correlation coefficient between soil penetration resistance and the Dickson quality index of alder and maple seedlings was, respectively, −0.74 and −0.72, p < 0.01. The negative effect of soil compaction on root growth (−27.69% for alder seedlings and −28.08% for maple seedlings) was greater than on stem growth (−24.11% for alder seedlings and −16.27% for maple seedlings). The amount of growth, qualitative, and architectural indices of alder seedlings were higher than that of maple seedlings. Although alder is a better choice as compared to maple seedling in the initial year, the results of our study show that it is recommended to plant both alder and maple on skid trails after logging operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Disturbance and Management)

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26 pages, 6984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Composition and Bioactivities of Some Hydrophytes: Antioxidant, Antiparasitic, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Properties and Mechanisms

by Fahad Alharthi, Hussam A. Althagafi, Ibrahim Jafri, Atif Abdulwahab A. Oyouni, Mohammed M. Althaqafi, Layla Yousif Abdullah Al-Hijab, Nawal E. Al-Hazmi, Somia M. Elagib and Deyala M. Naguib

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2148; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152148 - 2 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1087

Abstract

Few researches have explored the production of pharmaceuticals from aquatic plants. Therefore, this study explored, for the first time, the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of ten aquatic plants. Aquatic plant shoots from various Nile River canals were collected, dried, and ground for aqueous [...] Read more.

Few researches have explored the production of pharmaceuticals from aquatic plants. Therefore, this study explored, for the first time, the phytochemical composition and bioactivities of ten aquatic plants. Aquatic plant shoots from various Nile River canals were collected, dried, and ground for aqueous extract preparation. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity were assessed using DPPH assays. Extracts were tested for antiparasitic, antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities through standard in vitro assays, measuring IC₅₀ values, and evaluating mechanisms of action, including cell viability and high-content screening assays. The results showed that the aquatic plants were rich in pharmaceutical compounds. The antioxidant capacity of these extracts exceeded that of vitamin C. The extracts showed promising antiparasitic activity against pathogens like Opisthorchis viverrini and Plasmodium falciparum, with IC₅₀ values between 0.7 and 2.5 µg/mL. They also demonstrated low MICs against various pathogenic bacteria, causing DNA damage, increased plasma membrane permeability, and 90% biofilm inhibition. In terms of anticancer activity, extracts were effective against a panel of cancer cell lines, with Ludwigia stolonifera exhibiting the highest efficacy. Its IC₅₀ ranged from 0.5 µg/mL for pancreatic, esophageal, and colon cancer cells to 1.5 µg/mL for gastric cancer cells. Overall, IC₅₀ values for all extracts were below 6 µg/mL, showing significant apoptotic activity, increased nuclear intensity, plasma membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane permeability, and cytochrome c release, and outperforming doxorubicin. This study highlights the potential of aquatic plants as sources for new, safe, and effective drugs with strong antiparasitic, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacological Activity of Medicinal and Functional Plants)

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16 pages, 2264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Genetic Variability of Common and Tartary Buckwheat Genotypes Using Microsatellite Markers

by Želmíra Balážová, Lucia Čišecká, Zdenka Gálová, Zuzana Hromadová, Milan Chňapek, Barbara Pipan and Vladimir Meglič

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2147; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152147 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 657

Abstract

Buckwheat is a highly nutritional pseudocereal with antioxidant potential. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of 21 varieties of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and 14 varieties of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) using microsatellite markers. [...] Read more.

Buckwheat is a highly nutritional pseudocereal with antioxidant potential. The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability of 21 varieties of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) and 14 varieties of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) using microsatellite markers. By analyzing 21 SSR markers, an average of 11.6 alleles per locus were amplified and an average PIC value of 0.711 was determined. We determined the heterozygous status of the individuals and variability in the set using the SSR analysis on the basis of expected heterozygosity (He, 0.477), observed heterozygosity (Ho, 0.675), Shannon’s index (I, 0.820), and fixation indices (FST, FIS, FIT). Based on the SSR analyses, the lower level of expected heterozygosity in the analyzed set of Tartary buckwheat genotypes was observed compared to common buckwheat. With the help of a hierarchical cluster analysis using the UPGMA algorithm, Structure analysis, and PCoA analysis for the SSR markers, we divided the buckwheat varieties in the dendrogram into two main clusters according to the species. The AMOVA analysis showed that genetic variability between the individuals prevails in the analyzed set. The SSR technique proved to be a suitable tool for the determination of intra- and inter-varietal genetic variability and for analysis of diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity of Germplasm Resources in Cereals and Legumes)

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20 pages, 4586 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sterility Mosaic Disease of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth): Current Status, Disease Management Strategies, and Future Prospects

by B. R. Sayiprathap, A. K. Patibanda, Muttappagol Mantesh, Shridhar Hiremath, N. Sagar, C. N. Lakshminarayana Reddy, C. R. Jahir Basha, S. E. Diwakar Reddy, M. Kasi Rao, R. M. Nair and H. K. Sudini

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2146; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152146 - 2 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1232

Abstract

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is one of the important grain legume crops cultivated in the semi-arid tropics, playing a crucial role in the economic well-being of subsistence farmers. India is the major producer of pigeonpea, accounting for over 75% of the world’s [...] Read more.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is one of the important grain legume crops cultivated in the semi-arid tropics, playing a crucial role in the economic well-being of subsistence farmers. India is the major producer of pigeonpea, accounting for over 75% of the world’s production. Sterility mosaic disease (SMD), caused by Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) and transmitted by the eriophyid mite (Aceria cajani), is a major constraint to pigeonpea cultivation in the Indian subcontinent, leading to potential yield losses of up to 100%. The recent characterization of another Emaravirus associated with SMD has further complicated the etiology of this challenging viral disease. This review focuses on critical areas, including the current status of the disease, transmission and host-range, rapid phenotyping techniques, as well as available disease management strategies. The review concludes with insights into the future prospects, offering an overview and direction for further research and management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Pathology and Epidemiology for Grain, Pulses, and Cereal Crops)

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14 pages, 8410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of the Paeonia ostii P5CS Gene under Drought Stress

by Yuting Luan, Honglei An, Zijie Chen, Daqiu Zhao and Jun Tao

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152145 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 953

Abstract

With persistent elevation in global temperature, water scarcity becomes a major threat to plant growth and development, yield security, agricultural sustainability, and food production. Proline, as a key osmolyte and antioxidant, plays a critical role in regulating drought tolerance in plants, especially its [...] Read more.

With persistent elevation in global temperature, water scarcity becomes a major threat to plant growth and development, yield security, agricultural sustainability, and food production. Proline, as a key osmolyte and antioxidant, plays a critical role in regulating drought tolerance in plants, especially its key biosynthetic enzyme, delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), which always positively responds to drought stress. As an important woody oil crop, the expansion of Paeonia ostii cultivation needs to address the issue of plant drought tolerance. Here, we isolated a PoP5CS gene from P. ostii, with an open reading frame of 1842 bp encoding 613 amino acids. PoP5CS expression progressively increased in response to increasing drought stress, and it was localized in the cytoplasm. Silencing of PoP5CS in P. ostii reduced drought tolerance, accompanied by decreased proline content, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and increased relative electrical conductivity (REC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Conversely, overexpression of PoP5CS in Nicotiana tabacum plants enhanced drought resistance, manifested by increased proline levels, reduced ROS accumulation, and lower REC and MDA contents. This study isolates PoP5CS from P. ostii and validates its role in regulating drought tolerance, providing valuable genetic resources and theoretical insights for the development of drought-resistant P. ostii cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth, Development, and Stress Response of Horticulture Plants)

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20 pages, 4328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pectobacterium punjabense Causing Blackleg and Soft Rot of Potato: The First Report in the Russian Federation

by Anna A. Vasilyeva, Peter V. Evseev, Alexandr N. Ignatov and Fevzi S.-U. Dzhalilov

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2144; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152144 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1593

Abstract

Phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Pectobacterium are responsible for several diseases that affect potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production worldwide, including blackleg and tuber soft rot. These bacteria are highly diverse, with over 17 different species currently identified. However, some of the recently [...] Read more.

Phytopathogenic bacteria of the genus Pectobacterium are responsible for several diseases that affect potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production worldwide, including blackleg and tuber soft rot. These bacteria are highly diverse, with over 17 different species currently identified. However, some of the recently described species, such as Pectobacterium punjabense, are still poorly understood. In this study, we focused on P. punjabense isolates collected from diseased potato tubers in Russia in 2021. Whole-genome sequencing was used to characterise the genomic diversity of the pathogen and determine the biochemical profiles of the isolated bacteria. The ability of these isolates to cause soft rot symptoms was tested. A comparative assessment of the potential pathogenicity of the Pectobacterium isolates was conducted by infecting potato tubers and measuring the accumulation of biomass in a liquid medium during cultivation at different temperatures. A TaqMan qPCR assay was developed for the highly sensitive and specific characterisation of P. punjabense strains, which can be used in diagnostic systems. This is the first report on P. punjabense causing potato disease in the Russian Federation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of Plant Bacterial Diseases)

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12 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Lithuanian Tomato Varieties and Hybrids Using Phenotypic Traits and Molecular Markers

by Audrius Radzevičius, Jūratė Bronė Šikšnianienė, Rasa Karklelienė, Danguolė Juškevičienė, Raminta Antanynienė, Edvinas Misiukevičius, Aurelijus Starkus, Vidmantas Stanys and Birutė Frercks

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152143 - 2 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate phenotypic traits and genetic diversity of the 13 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties and 6 hybrids developed at the Institute of Horticulture Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (LRCAF IH). For the molecular [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate phenotypic traits and genetic diversity of the 13 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties and 6 hybrids developed at the Institute of Horticulture Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (LRCAF IH). For the molecular characterisation, seven previously published microsatellite markers (SSR) were used. A24 and 26 alleles were detected in tomato varieties and hybrids, respectively. Based on the polymorphism information content (PIC) value, the most informative SSR primers for varieties were TMS52, TGS0007, LEMDDNa and Tom236-237, and the most informative SSR primers for hybrids were SSR248 and TMS52. In UPGMA cluster analysis, tomato varieties are grouped in some cases due to genetic relationships, as the same cluster cultivars ‘Viltis’ (the parent of cv. ‘Laukiai’) and ‘Aušriai’ (the progeny of cv. ‘Jurgiai’) are present. The grouping of all hybrids in the dendrogram is related to the parental forms, and it shows the usefulness of molecular markers for tomato breeding, as they can be used to trace the origin of hybrids and, eventually, varieties accurately. The knowledge about the genetic background of Lithuanian tomato cultivars will help plan targeted crosses in tomato breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Conservation of Vegetable Genetic Resources)

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20 pages, 4756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Exogenous Melatonin Promote the Seed Germination of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Salt Stress

by Jiajie Wang, Di Yan, Rui Liu, Ting Wang, Yijia Lian, Zhenzong Lu, Yue Hong, Ye Wang and Runzhi Li

Plants 2024, 13(15), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13152142 - 2 Aug 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Salt stress caused by high concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^- in soil is one of the most important abiotic stresses in agricultural production, which seriously affects grain yield. The alleviation of salt stress through the application of exogenous substances is important [...] Read more.

Salt stress caused by high concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl^- in soil is one of the most important abiotic stresses in agricultural production, which seriously affects grain yield. The alleviation of salt stress through the application of exogenous substances is important for grain production. Melatonin (MT, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an indole-like small molecule that can effectively alleviate the damage caused by adversity stress on crops. Current studies have mainly focused on the effects of MT on the physiology and biochemistry of crops at the seedling stage, with fewer studies on the gene regulatory mechanisms of crops at the germination stage. The aim of this study was to explain the mechanism of MT-induced salt tolerance at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels and to provide a theoretical basis for the resolution of MT-mediated regulatory mechanisms of plant adaptation to salt stress. In this study, we investigated the germination, physiology, and transcript levels of maize seeds, analyzed the relevant differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and examined salt tolerance-related pathways. The results showed that MT could increase the seed germination rate by 14.28–19.04%, improve seed antioxidant enzyme activities (average increase of 11.61%), and reduce reactive oxygen species accumulation and membrane oxidative damage. In addition, MT was involved in regulating the changes of endogenous hormones during the germination of maize seeds under salt stress. Transcriptome results showed that MT affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes, response to stress, and seed germination-related genes in maize seeds under salt stress and regulated the expression of genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism and phytohormone signal transduction pathways. Taken together, the results indicate that exogenous MT can affect the expression of stress response-related genes in salt-stressed maize seeds, enhance the antioxidant capacity of the seeds, reduce the damage induced by salt stress, and thus promote the germination of maize seeds under salt stress. The results provide a theoretical basis for the MT-mediated regulatory mechanism of plant adaptation to salt stress and screen potential candidate genes for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics—2nd Edition)

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Plants, Volume 13, Issue 15 (August-1 2024) – 162 articles

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