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Inorganics
Volume 10
Issue 2
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Inorganics, Volume 10, Issue 2 (February 2022) – 12 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Phosphinines are the phosphorus analogue of pyridines but are not as widely known or as readily synthesised. Along with their importance as examples of species containing multiple bonding between carbon and phosphorus, their use in homogeneous catalysis has been expanding. In this article, we have isolated an intermediate in their synthesis and a chelating complex with palladium(II). Appending diphenylphosphine substituents to phosphinines turns them into bidentate ligands, and the reaction with selenium has allowed us to explore the donor properties of these interesting and unconventional ligands. View this paper
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10 pages, 3256 KiB  
Article
Multivariate Linear Regression Models to Predict Monomer Poisoning Effect in Ethylene/Polar Monomer Copolymerization Catalyzed by Late Transition Metals
by Wei Zhao, Zhihao Liu, Yanan Zhao, Yi Luo and Shengbao He
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020026 - 21 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2482
Abstract
This study combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and multivariate linear regression (MLR) to analyze the monomer poisoning effect in ethylene/polar monomer copolymerization catalyzed by the Brookhart-type catalysts. The calculation results showed that the poisoning effect of polar monomers with relatively electron-deficient functional [...] Read more.
This study combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and multivariate linear regression (MLR) to analyze the monomer poisoning effect in ethylene/polar monomer copolymerization catalyzed by the Brookhart-type catalysts. The calculation results showed that the poisoning effect of polar monomers with relatively electron-deficient functional groups is weaker, such as ethers, and halogens. On the contrary, polar monomers with electron-rich functional groups (carbonyl, carboxyl, and acyl groups) exert a stronger poisoning effect. In addition, three descriptors that significantly affect the poisoning effect have been proposed on the basis of the multiple linear regression model, viz., the chemical shift of the vinyl carbon atom and heteroatom of polar monomer as well as the metal-X distance in the σ-coordination structure. It is expected that these models could guide the development of efficient catalytic copolymerization system in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cornerstones in Contemporary Inorganic Chemistry)
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9 pages, 1950 KiB  
Article
Reactivity of a Sterical Flexible Pentabenzylcyclopentadienyl Samarocene
by Niklas Reinfandt and Peter W. Roesky
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020025 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2404
Abstract
Reactivity studies of the classical divalent lanthanide compound [CpBz52Sm] (CpBz5 = pentabenzylcyclopentadienyl-anion) towards diphenyl dichalcogenides and d-element carbonyl complexes led to remarkable results. In the compounds obtained, a different number of Sm-C(phenyl) interactions and differently oriented benzyl groups were [...] Read more.
Reactivity studies of the classical divalent lanthanide compound [CpBz52Sm] (CpBz5 = pentabenzylcyclopentadienyl-anion) towards diphenyl dichalcogenides and d-element carbonyl complexes led to remarkable results. In the compounds obtained, a different number of Sm-C(phenyl) interactions and differently oriented benzyl groups were observed, suggesting—despite the preference of these interactions in [CpBz52Sm] described in previous studies—a flexible orientation of the benzyl groups and thus a variable steric shielding of the metal center by the ligand. The obtained compounds are either present as monometallic complexes (reduction of the dichalcogenides) or tetrametallic bridged compounds in the case of the d/f-element carbonyl complexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Lanthanide and Actinide Molecular Compounds)
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16 pages, 38123 KiB  
Article
Structural Insights into a Fusion Protein between a Glutaredoxin-like and a Ferredoxin-Disulfide Reductase Domain from an Extremophile Bacterium
by Flavien Zannini, Sandrine Mathiot, Jérémy Couturier, Claude Didierjean and Nicolas Rouhier
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020024 - 17 Feb 2022
Viewed by 2592
Abstract
In eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, ferredoxin–thioredoxin reductases (FTRs) are key proteins reducing several types of chloroplastic thioredoxins (TRXs) in light conditions. The electron cascade necessary to reduce oxidized TRXs involves a pair of catalytic cysteines and a [4Fe–4S] cluster present at the level of [...] Read more.
In eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, ferredoxin–thioredoxin reductases (FTRs) are key proteins reducing several types of chloroplastic thioredoxins (TRXs) in light conditions. The electron cascade necessary to reduce oxidized TRXs involves a pair of catalytic cysteines and a [4Fe–4S] cluster present at the level of the FTR catalytic subunit, the iron–sulfur cluster receiving electrons from ferredoxins. Genomic analyses revealed the existence of FTR orthologs in non-photosynthetic organisms, including bacteria and archaea, referred to as ferredoxin-disulfide reductase (FDR) as they reduce various types of redoxins. In this study, we describe the tridimensional structure of a natural hybrid protein formed by an N-terminal glutaredoxin-like domain fused to a FDR domain present in the marine bacterium Desulfotalea psychrophila Lsv54. This structure provides information on how and why the absence of the variable subunit present in FTR heterodimer which normally protects the Fe–S cluster is dispensable in FDR proteins. In addition, modelling of a tripartite complex based on the existing structure of a rubredoxin (RBX)–FDR fusion present in anaerobic methanogen archaea allows recapitulating the electron flow involving these RBX, FDR and GRX protein domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assembly and Reactivity of Iron–Sulfur Clusters)
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30 pages, 4444 KiB  
Review
Coumarins Synthesis and Transformation via C–H Bond Activation—A Review
by Katarzyna Szwaczko
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020023 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9523
Abstract
For several decades, coumarins have attracted considerable attention due to the fact of their application in diverse fields such as medical science and biomedical research as well as several industrial branches. Recently, many compounds containing the coumarin moiety have been intensively studied, mainly [...] Read more.
For several decades, coumarins have attracted considerable attention due to the fact of their application in diverse fields such as medical science and biomedical research as well as several industrial branches. Recently, many compounds containing the coumarin moiety have been intensively studied, mainly due to the fact of their biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidative, anti-HIV, vasorelaxant, antimicrobial, and anticancer. They are also widely used as fluorescent dyes and probes because of their great structural flexibility and large fluorescent quantum yields. For this reason, numerous attempts have been made to develop new and more practical methods for the synthesis of these compounds. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of coumarin synthesis methods by direct C–H bond activation in order to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art methods as well as the current limitations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bond Activation and Catalysis Using Main-Group Elements)
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7 pages, 1833 KiB  
Communication
Synthesis and Structure of a Ferrocenylsilane-Bridged Bisphosphine
by Takahiro Sasamori, Hiromu Ueno and Shogo Morisako
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020022 - 15 Feb 2022
Viewed by 2749
Abstract
A bisferrocenylsilane-bridged bisphosphine, i.e., a bisphosphine bridged by bis(1’-dicyclohexylphosphino-1-ferrocenyl)dimethoxysilane, was synthesized and structurally characterized. Its redox behavior was examined by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, which revealed two-step oxidation processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox-Active Ligand Complexes)
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2 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Inorganics in 2021
by Inorganics Editorial Office
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020021 - 11 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1409
Abstract
Rigorous peer-reviews are the basis of high-quality academic publishing [...] Full article
19 pages, 5831 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Physicochemical, Thermal and Antioxidative Properties of Zn(II) Coordination Compounds with Pyrazole-Type Ligand
by Berta Barta Holló, Mirjana M. Radanović, Marko V. Rodić, Sanja Krstić, Željko K. Jaćimović and Ljiljana S. Vojinović Ješić
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020020 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2491
Abstract
The reactions of pyrazole derivative, i.e., ethyl-5-amino-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (L) with zinc halogenides in methanolic solution and zinc nitrate and zinc acetate in acetonic solution are described. The formulae of synthesized compounds are ZnL2Cl2 (1), [ZnL [...] Read more.
The reactions of pyrazole derivative, i.e., ethyl-5-amino-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (L) with zinc halogenides in methanolic solution and zinc nitrate and zinc acetate in acetonic solution are described. The formulae of synthesized compounds are ZnL2Cl2 (1), [ZnL2Br2] (2), ZnL2I2·0.5MeOH (3), [Zn(L)2(H2O)4](NO3)2 (4), and {ZnL(OAc)2}2 (5). Two complexes are obtained in form of single crystals: [ZnL2Br2] (2) and [Zn(L)2(H2O)4](NO3)2 (4). Their crystal and molecular structure were determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The FTIR spectra of compounds prove the complex formation with all five zinc salts. The complexes are characterized by conductometric and thermoanalytical measurements, and their antioxidative activity was also tested by the scavenging effect on the DPPH radical. Conductometric results, solvolytic stability, and antioxidative activity of the compounds are in correlation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes with N-donor Ligands)
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13 pages, 2697 KiB  
Article
Silver(I) and Gold(I) Monothiocarbonate Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, Luminescence
by Welni Duminy, Michael N. Pillay and Werner E. van Zyl
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020019 - 9 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2525
Abstract
The monothiocarbonate ligand, [S(O)COR]−, is unusual and rare regarding its use in the formation of coordination compounds. Here, we report the synthesis and structures of the silver(I) and gold(I) monothiocarbonate complexes, [{Ag4(SC(O)OiPr)2(2,2′-bpy)4}(PF6 [...] Read more.
The monothiocarbonate ligand, [S(O)COR]−, is unusual and rare regarding its use in the formation of coordination compounds. Here, we report the synthesis and structures of the silver(I) and gold(I) monothiocarbonate complexes, [{Ag4(SC(O)OiPr)2(2,2′-bpy)4}(PF6)2]n (1) and [Au2{S(O)COiPr}2(dppe)]n (2), respectively. Both complexes are coordination polymers, with 1 being cationic and 2 neutral. The uniqueness of the ligand is that it is monoanionic and contains both a ‘hard’ O-donor ligand and a ‘soft’ S-donor ligand in a O-C-S manifold with, in principle, electron delocalization across the three atoms. However, for both complexes 1 and 2, it was found that the binding occurred exclusively through the S-donor atom, while the C=O portion remained dangling and was not involved in bonding. This bonding mode departs significantly from the symmetrical S-C-S type ligand such as dithiocarbamates. The structures were analysed and confirmed by NMR and X-ray crystallography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Dithiocarbamate Complexes: Versatile Ligands in Coordination Chemistry with Applications in Medicine, Materials Science, and Beyond)
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22 pages, 5372 KiB  
Article
Multi-Centered Solid-Phase Quasi-Intramolecular Redox Reactions of [(Chlorido)Pentaamminecobalt(III)] Permanganate—An Easy Route to Prepare Phase Pure CoMn2O4 Spinel
by Fernanda Paiva Franguelli, Éva Kováts, Zsuzsanna Czégény, Laura Bereczki, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Berta Barta Holló, Kende Attila Béres, Attila Farkas, Imre Miklós Szilágyi and László Kótai
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020018 - 4 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3164
Abstract
We synthesized and structurally characterized the previously unknown [Co(NH3)5Cl](MnO4)2 complex as the precursor of CoMn2O4. The complex was also deuterated, and its FT-IR, far-IR, low-temperature Raman and UV-VIS spectra were measured as [...] Read more.
We synthesized and structurally characterized the previously unknown [Co(NH3)5Cl](MnO4)2 complex as the precursor of CoMn2O4. The complex was also deuterated, and its FT-IR, far-IR, low-temperature Raman and UV-VIS spectra were measured as well. The structure of the complex was solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the 3D-hydrogen bonds were evaluated. The N-H…O-Mn hydrogen bonds act as redox centers to initiate a solid-phase quasi-intramolecular redox reaction even at 120 °C involving the Co(III) centers. The product is an amorphous material, which transforms into [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2, NH4NO3, and a todorokite-like solid Co-Mn oxide on treatment with water. The insoluble residue may contain {Mn4IIIMnIV2O12}n4n−, {Mn5IIIMnIVO12}n5n− or {MnIII6O12}n6n− frameworks, which can embed 2 × n (CoII and/or CoIII) cations in their tunnels, respectively, and 4 × n ammonia ligands are coordinated to the cobalt cations. The decomposition intermediates decompose on further heating via a series of redox reactions, forming a solid CoIIMIII2O4 spinel with an average size of 16.8 nm, and gaseous N2, N2O and Cl2. The CoMn2O4 prepared in this reaction has photocatalytic activity in Congo red degradation with UV light. Its activity strongly depends on the synthesis conditions, e.g., Congo red was degraded 9 and 13 times faster in the presence of CoMn2O4 prepared at 550 °C (in air) or 420 °C (under N2), respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes with N-donor Ligands)
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11 pages, 1459 KiB  
Article
Reactivity Studies of Phosphinines: The Selenation of Diphenyl-Phosphine Substituents and Formation of a Chelating Bis(Phosphinine) Palladium(II) Complex
by Peter A. Cleaves, Ben Gourlay, Robert J. Newland, Robert Westgate and Stephen M. Mansell
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020017 - 3 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2979
Abstract
Phosphinines and donor-substituted phosphinines are of recent interest due to their use in homogeneous catalysis. In this article, a Pd(II) bis(phosphinine) complex was characterised and phosphorus–selenium coupling constants were used to assess the donor properties of the diphenylphosphine substituents of phosphinine ligands to [...] Read more.
Phosphinines and donor-substituted phosphinines are of recent interest due to their use in homogeneous catalysis. In this article, a Pd(II) bis(phosphinine) complex was characterised and phosphorus–selenium coupling constants were used to assess the donor properties of the diphenylphosphine substituents of phosphinine ligands to promote their further use in catalysis. The selenation of 2,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-3,6-dimethylphosphinine (5) and 2-diphenylphosphino-3-methyl-6-trimethylsilylphosphinine (6) gave the corresponding phosphine selenides 8 and 9, respectively, leaving the phosphinine ring intact. Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed the oxidation of all the diphenylphosphine substituents with 1JP-Se coupling constants determined to be similar to SePPh3, indicating that the phosphinine rings were electronically similar to phenyl substituents. Solutions of 6 were found to react with oxygen slowly to produce the phosphine oxide 10 along with other by-products. The reaction of [bis{3-methyl-6-(trimethylsilyl)phosphinine-2-yl}dimethylsilane] (4) with [PdCl2(COD)] gave the chelating dichloropalladium(II) complex, as determined by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and an elemental analysis. The molecular structure of the intermediate 2 in the formation of 4,6-di(tert-butyl)-1,3,2-diazaphosphinine (3) was also determined, which confirmed the structure of the diazaphosphacycle P(Cl){N=C(tBu)CH=C(tBu)-N(H)}. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organometallic Chemistry)
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17 pages, 11265 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Precursor on the Synthesis of ZnO and Its Photocatalytic Activity
by Isaias Limón-Rocha, C. A. Guzmán-González, Luis M. Anaya-Esparza, R. Romero-Toledo, J. L. Rico, O. A. González-Vargas and A. Pérez-Larios
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020016 - 3 Feb 2022
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4757
Abstract
Zinc nitrate (ZnON) and zinc acetate (ZnOA) were used as precursors for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by the sol–gel method. The ZnO powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis diffuse [...] Read more.
Zinc nitrate (ZnON) and zinc acetate (ZnOA) were used as precursors for the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by the sol–gel method. The ZnO powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (UV–Vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), physisorption of nitrogen, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the other hand, the photocatalytic activity of the samples was tested in the degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) under UV-light irradiation. The ZnON and ZnOA showed polycrystalline irregular structures and rod-like morphology with mean sizes of 40 and 99 nm, respectively. The precursor type influenced the bandgap, crystallite size, surface area, total pore volume, and pore diameter. The XPS results showed high contents of C and N in the ZnO samples, and as a consequence, the solids present remarkable differences in the C/N, O/C, and O/Zn atomic ratios, which significantly influenced the physicochemical characteristics. The ZnON and ZnOA exhibit photocatalytic properties against 2,4-D (74.7 and 90.9%, respectively) and 2,4-DCP (78.4 and 86.7%, respectively) and better performance of ZnOA. These results are promising and indicate the potential to use this material as a photocatalyst to degrade organic pesticides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organometallic Chemistry)
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10 pages, 5888 KiB  
Article
Solvent-Free Method for Nanoparticles Synthesis by Solid-State Combustion Using Tetra(Imidazole)Copper(II) Nitrate
by Olga V. Netskina, Svetlana A. Mukha, Kirill A. Dmitruk, Arkady V. Ishchenko, Olga A. Bulavchenko, Alena A. Pochtar, Alexey P. Suknev and Oxana V. Komova
Inorganics 2022, 10(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10020015 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
The development of solvent-free techniques for nanoparticles synthesis is one of the challenges of Green chemistry. In this work, the principled opportunity to obtain copper-containing nanosized particles without use of any solvents was shown. The copper complexes were prepared as precursors by the [...] Read more.
The development of solvent-free techniques for nanoparticles synthesis is one of the challenges of Green chemistry. In this work, the principled opportunity to obtain copper-containing nanosized particles without use of any solvents was shown. The copper complexes were prepared as precursors by the melting-assisted solvent-free synthesis. The formation of tetra(imidazole)copper(II) nitrate complex was confirmed by XRD, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. It was noted that their thermal decomposition occurs in two stages: (I) the low-temperature step may be related to redox interaction between organic ligands and nitrate-anions; (II) the high-temperature step may be related to the oxidation of the products of incomplete imidazole decomposition. TEM and XRD studies of solid products of complex combustion have shown that they are oxides with particle size less than 40 nm. Thus, the combustion of [Cu(Im)4](NO3)2 complex under air can be considered as a new approach to prepare nanosized particles of copper oxides without the use of solvents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)
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