Inorganics

23 pages, 6950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Cleaning and Charge Transport Properties of Foils Coated with Acrylic Paint Containing TiO₂ Nanoparticles

by Sanja J. Armaković, Maria M. Savanović, Mirjana V. Šiljegović, Milica Kisić, Maja Šćepanović, Mirjana Grujić-Brojčin, Nataša Simić, Lazar Gavanski and Stevan Armaković

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010035 - 22 Jan 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2458

Abstract

The study comprehensively investigates the design and performance of self-cleaning surfaces fabricated by coating aluminum foil with an acrylic paint matrix enriched with different content of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The main goal was to assess the self-cleaning characteristics of the [...] Read more.

The study comprehensively investigates the design and performance of self-cleaning surfaces fabricated by coating aluminum foil with an acrylic paint matrix enriched with different content of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The main goal was to assess the self-cleaning characteristics of the surfaces obtained. This study employs scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the morphology of TiO₂-modified acrylic surfaces, revealing spherical particles. Raman spectroscopy elucidates signatures characterizing TiO₂ incorporation within the acrylic matrix, providing comprehensive insights into structural and compositional changes for advanced surface engineering. Alternating current (AC) impedance spectroscopy was used to assess selected charge transport properties of produced self-cleaning surfaces, allowing us to gain valuable insights into the material’s conductivity and its potential impact on photocatalytic performance. The self-cleaning properties of these tiles were tested against three frequently used textile dyes, which are considered to pose a serious environmental threat. Subsequently, improving self-cleaning properties was achieved by plasma treatment, utilizing a continuous plasma arc. The plasma treatment led to enhanced charge separation and surface reactivity, crucial factors in the self-cleaning mechanism. To deepen our comprehension of the reactive properties of dye molecules and their degradation dynamics, we employed a combination of density functional tight binding (DFTB) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This investigation lays the foundation for advancing self-cleaning materials with extensive applications, from architectural coatings to environmental remediation technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Ceramic Materials)

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24 pages, 5563 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tip of the Iceberg: A New Wave of Iron–Sulfur Cluster Proteins Found in Viruses

by Audrey L. Heffner and Nunziata Maio

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010034 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2603

Abstract

Viruses rely on host cells to replicate their genomes and assemble new viral particles. Thus, they have evolved intricate mechanisms to exploit host factors. Host cells, in turn, have developed strategies to inhibit viruses, resulting in a nuanced interplay of co-evolution between virus [...] Read more.

Viruses rely on host cells to replicate their genomes and assemble new viral particles. Thus, they have evolved intricate mechanisms to exploit host factors. Host cells, in turn, have developed strategies to inhibit viruses, resulting in a nuanced interplay of co-evolution between virus and host. This dynamic often involves competition for resources crucial for both host cell survival and virus replication. Iron and iron-containing cofactors, including iron–sulfur clusters, are known to be a heavily fought for resource during bacterial infections, where control over iron can tug the war in favor of the pathogen or the host. It is logical to assume that viruses also engage in this competition. Surprisingly, our knowledge about how viruses utilize iron (Fe) and iron–sulfur (FeS) clusters remains limited. The handful of reviews on this topic primarily emphasize the significance of iron in supporting the host immune response against viral infections. The aim of this review, however, is to organize our current understanding of how viral proteins utilize FeS clusters, to give perspectives on what questions to ask next and to propose important avenues for future investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron-Sulfur Clusters: Assembly and Biological Roles)

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12 pages, 2599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Large Area Growth of Silver and Gold Telluride Ultrathin Films via Chemical Vapor Tellurization

by Sara Ghomi, Alessio Lamperti, Mario Alia, Carlo Spartaco Casari, Carlo Grazianetti, Alessandro Molle and Christian Martella

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010033 - 17 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2139

Abstract

Developing a method for the growth of ultrathin metal chalcogenides, potentially targeting the two-dimensional (2D) limit, has a pivotal impact on various nanotechnological device applications. Here, we employed a vapor deposition scheme, based on tellurization, to induce the heterogenous chemical reaction between solid [...] Read more.

Developing a method for the growth of ultrathin metal chalcogenides, potentially targeting the two-dimensional (2D) limit, has a pivotal impact on various nanotechnological device applications. Here, we employed a vapor deposition scheme, based on tellurization, to induce the heterogenous chemical reaction between solid Ag and Au precursors, in the form of ultrathin films, and Te vapors. We characterized the morphological and structural properties of the grown tellurides by using atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The developed tellurization methodology provides a key advancement in the picture of growing ultrathin noble metal tellurides and holds great potential for applications in different technological fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Thermoelectric Materials)

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18 pages, 3008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organoplatinum Chemistry Related to Alkane Oxidation: The Effect of a Nitro Substituent in Ligands Having an Appended Phenol Group

by Anwar Abo-Amer, Mohamed E. Moustafa, Paul D. Boyle and Richard J. Puddephatt

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010032 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

The organoplatinum chemistry of the ligands 2-C₅H₄N-CH₂-NH-C₆H₃-2-OH-5-X (L1, X = H; L3, X = NO₂) and 2-C₅H₄N-CH=N-C₆H₃-2-OH-5-X (L2, [...] Read more.

The organoplatinum chemistry of the ligands 2-C₅H₄N-CH₂-NH-C₆H₃-2-OH-5-X (L1, X = H; L3, X = NO₂) and 2-C₅H₄N-CH=N-C₆H₃-2-OH-5-X (L2, X = H; L4, X = NO₂), which contain an appended phenol substituent, is described. Comparisons are made between the ligands with amine or imine groups (L1, L3 vs. L2, L4) and ligands with X = H or NO₂ (L1, L2 vs. L3, L4), and major differences are observed. Thus, on reaction with the cycloneophylplatinum(II) complex [{Pt(CH₂CMe₂C₆H₄)(μ-SMe₂)}₂], ligands L1, L2 and L4 give the corresponding platinum(II) complexes [Pt(CH₂CMe₂C₆H₄)(κ²-N,N′-L)], containing a Pt··HO hydrogen bond, whereas L3 gives a mixture of isomeric platinum(IV) hydride complexes [PtH(CH₂CMe₂C₆H₄)(κ³-N,N′,O-L3-H)], which are formed by oxidative addition of the phenol O-H bond and which react further with oxygen to give [Pt(OH)(CH₂CMe₂C₆H₄)(κ³-N,N′,O-L3-H)]. The differences in reactivity are proposed to be due to the greater acidity of the nitro-substituted phenol groups in L3 and L4 and to the greater ability of the deprotonated amine ligand L3 over L4 to stabilize platinum(IV) by adopting the fac-κ³-N,N′,O-L3-H coordination mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Organometallic Chemistry)

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18 pages, 2053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering Interactions Involved in Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography and Surface Plasmon Resonance for Validating the Analogy between Both Technologies

by Rachel Irankunda, Jairo Andrés Camaño Echavarría, Cédric Paris, Katalin Selmeczi, Loïc Stefan, Sandrine Boschi-Muller, Laurence Muhr and Laetitia Canabady-Rochelle

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010031 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2041

Abstract

Various peptides can be obtained through protein enzymatic hydrolysis. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is one of the methods which can be used to separate metal chelating peptides (MCPs) in a hydrolysate mixture. In this context, this work aims to understand deeply [...] Read more.

Various peptides can be obtained through protein enzymatic hydrolysis. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is one of the methods which can be used to separate metal chelating peptides (MCPs) in a hydrolysate mixture. In this context, this work aims to understand deeply the interactions in IMAC and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in order to validate experimentally the analogy between both technologies and to be further able to perform IMAC modeling in the next work using peptide sorption isotherm parameters obtained from SPR. Indeed, chromatography modeling can be used to predict separation of MCPs in IMAC and the knowledge of peptide sorption isotherm obtained from SPR is a crucial step. For this purpose, 22 peptides were selected and investigated in IMAC using HisTrap X-Ni²⁺ and HiFliQ NTA-Ni²⁺ columns and were also studied in SPR as well. Results showed that peptides with histidine residues had good affinity to Ni²⁺, while the high positive charge of peptides was responsible of ionic interactions. Further, most of the peptides with good retention time in IMAC showed a good affinity in SPR as well, which validated experimentally the SPR-IMAC analogy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Inorganics)

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24 pages, 5061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Successful Removal of Safranine T Dye from Aqueous Solutions

by Zahrah Alhalili and Ehab A. Abdelrahman

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010030 - 15 Jan 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2032

Abstract

Safranine T dye causes health problems such as skin and respiratory irritations. Hence, the safranine T dye was efficiently removed from aqueous media employing a simply synthesized manganese ferrite (MnFe₂O₄) nanoadsorbent. The synthesis of manganese ferrite nanoparticles was carried [...] Read more.

Safranine T dye causes health problems such as skin and respiratory irritations. Hence, the safranine T dye was efficiently removed from aqueous media employing a simply synthesized manganese ferrite (MnFe₂O₄) nanoadsorbent. The synthesis of manganese ferrite nanoparticles was carried out by the pechini sol–gel approach using tartaric acid to serve as a chelating agent in addition to 1,2-propanediol to serve as a crosslinker. The TEM analysis showed that the shape of MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles is semi-spherical, with an average particle size of 19.32 nm that coincides well with that measured from the XRD (18.89 nm). Further, the several factors that influenced the removal process of safranine T dye were examined, such as time, dye concentration, pH, and temperature. The ideal experimental conditions that achieved the highest safranine T dye removal percentage are pH 8, 80 min, and 298 K. The maximum adsorption capacity of MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles towards safranine T dye equals 334.45 mg/g. The removal process of safranine T dye by manganese ferrite nanoparticles was chemical, exothermic, and well defined through the Langmuir equilibrium sorption isotherm in addition to the pseudo-second-order model. The synthesized manganese ferrite nanoparticles have the ability to be reused many times without losing their efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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28 pages, 3165 KiB

Open AccessReview

Survey of Main Group Metals and Metalloids in Cancer Treatment

by Irena Kostova

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010029 - 12 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2457

Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death among all major diseases. Metal-based complexes are considered as the most promising vital part in the existing arsenal of cytotoxic candidates used in cancer therapy and diagnostics. The efforts of many scientific groups [...] Read more.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death among all major diseases. Metal-based complexes are considered as the most promising vital part in the existing arsenal of cytotoxic candidates used in cancer therapy and diagnostics. The efforts of many scientific groups resulted in the development of numerous metal-based compounds featuring different biologically active organic ligands in order to modulate their bioactivity. Along with the main representatives as potential therapeutic agents, such as the complexes Pt(II)/Pt(IV), Pd(II), Ru(II)/Ru(III), Ag(I), Au(I)/Au(III), Ti(IV), V(IV) and Ga(III), many other transition metal and lanthanide complexes possessing antiproliferative activity are widely discussed in the literature. However, such drugs remain outside the scope of this review. The main purpose of the current study is to review the potential activity of main group metal- and metalloid-based complexes against the most common cancer cell types, such as carcinomas (lung, liver, breast, kidney, gastric, colorectal, bladder, ovarian, cervical, prostate, etc.); sarcomas; blastomas; lymphomas; multiple myeloma; and melanoma. Overcoming the long disregard of organometallic compounds of metals and metalloids from the main groups, a growing number of emerging anticancer agents remarkably prove this field offers an extensive variety of new options for the design of innovative unexplored chemopharmaceutics. Moreover, some of the metal complexes and organometallic compounds from these elements can exhibit entirely different, specific modes of action and biological targets. Obviously, exploitation of their distinct properties deserves more attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rational Design of Pharmacologically Active Metal-Based Compounds)

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13 pages, 3585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polymorphism of Bis(benzimidazole)bis(thiocyanato-N)cobalt(II) and Its Relevance to Studies of the Chief Color Test for Cocaine

by Raychelle Burks, Francoise M. Amombo Noa and Lars Öhrström

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010028 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

Cobalt(II) thiocyanate-based tests are routinely used to screen cocaine products, with the formation of a blue species interpreted as a positive response. Two popular candidates for the origin of the blue color are an ionic coordination compound, frequently referred to as an ion [...] Read more.

Cobalt(II) thiocyanate-based tests are routinely used to screen cocaine products, with the formation of a blue species interpreted as a positive response. Two popular candidates for the origin of the blue color are an ionic coordination compound, frequently referred to as an ion pair, of the general form (HL)₂[Co(SCN)₄] or the coordination compound [CoL₂(SCN)₂], where L represents select nitrogenous bases. Given the high number of nitrogenous bases documented to yield false positives for cobalt(II) thiocyanate-based tests, a reasonable hypothesis is that both candidates are possible but their preferential formation depends on the specific nitrogenous bases screened. This hypothesis was tested through the crystallographic and spectroscopic analysis of reaction products of cocaine hydrochloride, lidocaine monohydrate hydrochloride, and benzimidazole exposed to a classic cobalt(II) thiocyanate reagent. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the blue product isolated from benzimidazole test vessels is a coordination compound, with comparative ultraviolet–visible and Raman spectroscopy validating that blue precipitates collected from cocaine hydrochloride and lidocaine monohydrate hydrochloride reaction containers are ionic coordination compounds. Peaks corresponding to π-π* transitions in UV-vis at around 320 nm (cocaine hydrochloride: 320 nm, lidocaine hydrochloride: 323 nm) shift to a higher wavelength of 332 nm for the coordinated benzimidazole, and the broader d-d transitions at 550–630 nm show both a shift and change in envelope for benzimidazole coordinated with cobalt(II). The compound is a new polymorph of bis(benzimidazole)bis(thiocyanato-N)Cobalt(II), γ-[Co(Hbzim)₂(SCN)₂] (Hbzim = benzimidazole), and the differences in the intermolecular interactions to the two previous polymorphs were clarified by graph set analysis and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Furthermore, the coordination of aromatic nitrogen bases (such as benzimidazole) with Co(II) and aliphatic bases was compared by analyzing the Cambridge Structural Database, and the aromatic bases were found to have a shorter Co-N bond length compared to the aliphatic bases by around 0.02 Å. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Coordination Chemistry)

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12 pages, 2926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Neutral Pyridine-Pyrazole-Based N^N*N^N Ligand as a Tetradentate Chromophore for Diverse Transition Metal Cations

by Tobias Theiss, María Victoria Cappellari, Jutta Kösters, Alexander Hepp and Cristian A. Strassert

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010027 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2032

Abstract

Herein, the synthesis and the structural as well as the photophysical characterization of five transition metal complexes bearing a neutral pyridine-pyrazole-based N^N*N^N ligand (L) acting as a tetradentate chelator are reported. The luminophore can be synthesized via two different pathways. An [...] Read more.

Herein, the synthesis and the structural as well as the photophysical characterization of five transition metal complexes bearing a neutral pyridine-pyrazole-based N^N*N^N ligand (L) acting as a tetradentate chelator are reported. The luminophore can be synthesized via two different pathways. An alkyl chain with a terminal tert-butyl moiety was inserted on the bridging nitrogen atom to enhance the solubility of the complexes in organic solvents. Due to the neutral character of L, metal ions with different charges and electronic configurations can be chelated. Thus, complexes with Pt(II) (C1), Ag(I) (C2), Zn(II) (C3), Co(II) (C4) and Fe(II) (C5) were synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments showed that complex C2 exhibits a completely different structure in the crystalline state if compared with C3 and C5, i.e., depending on the chelated cation. The UV-vis absorption and the NMR spectra showed that the complexes dissociate in liquid solutions, except for the Pt(II)-based coordination compound. Therefore, the photophysical properties of the complexes and of the ligand were studied in the solid state. For the Pt(II)-based species, a characteristic metal-perturbed ligand-centered phosphorescence was traceable, both in dilute solutions as well as in the solid state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Coordination Chemistry)

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29 pages, 9236 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Use of Intracellular Chelation and Non-Iron Metals to Program Ferroptosis for Anticancer Application

by Oscar Claudio-Ares, Jeileen Luciano-Rodríguez, Yolmarie L. Del Valle-González, Selene L. Schiavone-Chamorro, Alex J. Pastor, Javier O. Rivera-Reyes, Carmen L. Metzler, Lizandra M. Domínguez-Orona, Brenda Lee Vargas-Pérez, Rachid Skouta and Arthur D. Tinoco

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010026 - 8 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2807

Abstract

The discovery of regulated cell death (RCD) revolutionized chemotherapy. With caspase-dependent apoptosis initially being thought to be the only form of RCD, many drug development strategies aimed to synthesize compounds that turn on this kind of cell death. While yielding a variety of [...] Read more.

The discovery of regulated cell death (RCD) revolutionized chemotherapy. With caspase-dependent apoptosis initially being thought to be the only form of RCD, many drug development strategies aimed to synthesize compounds that turn on this kind of cell death. While yielding a variety of drugs, this approach is limited, given the acquired resistance of cancers to these drugs and the lack of specificity of the drugs for targeting cancer cells alone. The discovery of non-apoptotic forms of RCD is leading to new avenues for drug design. Evidence shows that ferroptosis, a relatively recently discovered iron-based cell death pathway, has therapeutic potential for anticancer application. Recent studies point to the interrelationship between iron and other essential metals, copper and zinc, and the disturbance of their respective homeostasis as critical to the onset of ferroptosis. Other studies reveal that several coordination complexes of non-iron metals have the capacity to induce ferroptosis. This collective knowledge will be assessed to determine how chelation approaches and coordination chemistry can be engineered to program ferroptosis in chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series in “Featuring Ligands and Their Applications in Coordination Chemistry”)

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20 pages, 6442 KiB

Open AccessReview

Investigating Iron-Sulfur Proteins in Infectious Diseases: A Review of Characterization Techniques

by Md Kausar Raza, Vivian Robert Jeyachandran and Sania Bashir

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010025 - 7 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3120

Abstract

Iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters, comprising coordinated iron and sulfur atoms arranged in diverse configurations, play a pivotal role in redox reactions and various biological processes. Diverse structural variants of [Fe-S] clusters exist, each possessing distinct attributes and functions. Recent discovery of [Fe-S] clusters in [...] Read more.

Iron-sulfur [Fe-S] clusters, comprising coordinated iron and sulfur atoms arranged in diverse configurations, play a pivotal role in redox reactions and various biological processes. Diverse structural variants of [Fe-S] clusters exist, each possessing distinct attributes and functions. Recent discovery of [Fe-S] clusters in infectious pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and in viruses, such as rotavirus, polyomavirus, hepatitis virus, mimivirus, and coronavirus, have sparked interest in them being a potential therapeutics target. Recent findings have associated these [Fe-S] cluster proteins playing a critical role in structural and host protein activity. However, for a very long time, metalloenzymes containing iron-sulfur clusters have been prone to destabilization in the presence of oxygen, which led to a delayed understanding of [Fe-S] proteins compared to other non-heme iron-containing proteins. Consequently, working with [Fe-S] proteins require specialized equipment, such as anaerobic chambers to maintain cofactor integrity, and tools like ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Mössbauer spectroscopy and electrochemical characterization. Many of these [Fe-S] cluster proteins have been misannotated as Zinc-binding proteins when purified aerobically. Moreover, the assembly of these iron-sulfur cluster cofactors have not been fully understood since it is a multi-step assembly process. Additionally, disruptions in this assembly process have been linked to human diseases. With rapid advancements in anaerobic gloveboxes and spectroscopic techniques, characterization of these [Fe-S] cluster-containing proteins that are essential for the pathogens can open up new avenues for diagnostics and therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron-Sulfur Clusters: Assembly and Biological Roles)

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14 pages, 2861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solvent Influence in the Synthesis of Lead(II) Complexes Containing Benzoate Derivatives

by José A. Ayllón, Oriol Vallcorba and Concepción Domingo

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010024 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

A series of lead(II) complexes incorporating benzoate derivative ligands was prepared: [Pb(2MeOBz)₂]_n (1), [Pb(2MeOBz)₂(H₂O)]_n (2), [Pb₂(1,4Bzdiox)₄(DMSO)]_n (3), [Pb(1,4Bzdiox)₂(H₂O)]_n ( [...] Read more.

A series of lead(II) complexes incorporating benzoate derivative ligands was prepared: [Pb(2MeOBz)₂]_n (1), [Pb(2MeOBz)₂(H₂O)]_n (2), [Pb₂(1,4Bzdiox)₄(DMSO)]_n (3), [Pb(1,4Bzdiox)₂(H₂O)]_n (4), [Pb(Pip)₂(H₂O)]_n (5), and [Pb(Ac)(Pip)₂(MeOH)]_n (6) (2MeOBz: 2-methoxybenzoate; 1,4Bzdiox: 1,4-benzodioxan-5-carboxylate; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide; Ac: acetate; Pip: piperonylate; MeOH: methanol). All compounds were characterized via elemental analysis, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and powder XRD. In addition, the crystal structures of some compounds were elucidated. Compounds 1 and 2, involving 2-methoxybenzoate, were closely related, only differing in the presence of one extra aqua ligand found for the latter. However, this implies key changes in the studied properties, e.g., 2 shows solid-state luminescence that displays a different color as a function of the crystal orientation, while 1 does not. The crystal structure of 2 revealed a 1D coordination polymer. A similar relationship was found between compounds 3 and 4, incorporating 1,4-benzodioxan-5-carboxylate. In this pair, only 4, with aqua ligands, displayed a greenish-yellow-color solid-state luminescence. Furthermore, two new lead(II) piperonylate complexes, 5 and 6, were obtained from the reaction between lead(II) acetate and piperonylic acid. In water, all acetate ligands in the metal precursor were displaced and [Pb(Pip)₂(H₂O)]_n (5) was isolated, while in methanol, a mixed acetate–piperonylate complex, [Pb(Ac)(Pip)₂(MeOH)]_n (6), was precipitated. Considering only conventional Pb-O bonds, the crystal structure of 6 was described as a 1D coordination polymer, although, additionally, the chains were associated via tetrel bonds, defining an extended 2D architecture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

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14 pages, 4315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activity of Platinum-Based Cathode Electrocatalysts in Oxygen Redaction for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Influence of the Ionomer Content

by Anastasia Alekseenko, Sergey Belenov, Dmitriy Mauer, Elizaveta Moguchikh, Irina Falina, Julia Bayan, Ilya Pankov, Danil Alekseenko and Vladimir Guterman

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010023 - 2 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2119

Abstract

Studying the ORR activity of platinum-based electrocatalysts is an urgent task in the development of materials for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. The catalytic ink composition and the formation technique of a thin layer at the RDE play a significant role in studying ORR [...] Read more.

Studying the ORR activity of platinum-based electrocatalysts is an urgent task in the development of materials for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. The catalytic ink composition and the formation technique of a thin layer at the RDE play a significant role in studying ORR activity. The use of a polymer ionomer in the catalytic ink provides viscosity as well as proton conductivity. Nafion is widely used as an ionomer for research both at the RDE and in the MEA. The search for ionomers is a priority task in the development of the MEA components to replace Nafion. The study also considers the possibility of using the LF4-SK polymer as an alternative ionomer. The comparative results on the composition and techniques of applying the catalytic layer using LF4-SK and Nafion ionomers are presented, and the influence of the catalytic ink composition on the electrochemical characteristics of commercial platinum–carbon catalysts and a highly efficient platinum catalyst based on an N-doped carbon support is assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry)

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14 pages, 5425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of ZnO-Doped Nitrogen-Carbon Materials Derived from Polyamide-Imide for Propane Dehydrogenation

by Huahua Zhao, Tingyu Ji, Yanping Wu, Huanling Song, Jianfeng Wu and Lingjun Chou

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010022 - 2 Jan 2024

Viewed by 6162

Abstract

A series of ZnO-doped nitrogen-carbon materials (xZnO-N-C) with ZnO contents of 5–40% are prepared by a vacuum curing–carbonization strategy using polyamide-imide as the N-C source and zinc nitrate as the metal source for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). 20ZnO-N-C exhibits outstanding initial activity (propane conversion [...] Read more.

A series of ZnO-doped nitrogen-carbon materials (xZnO-N-C) with ZnO contents of 5–40% are prepared by a vacuum curing–carbonization strategy using polyamide-imide as the N-C source and zinc nitrate as the metal source for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). 20ZnO-N-C exhibits outstanding initial activity (propane conversion of 35.2% and propene yield of 24.6%) and a relatively low deactivation rate (0.071 h⁻¹) at 600 °C. The results of detailed characterization show that small ZnO nanoparticles (5.5 nm) with high dispersion on the catalyst can be obtained by adjusting the ZnO loading. Moreover, more nitrogen-based species, especially ZnN_x species, are formed on 20ZnO-N-C in comparison with 20ZnO-N-C-air prepared via curing carbonization without vacuum, which may contribute to the higher product selectivity and catalytic stability of 20ZnO-N-C. The active sites for the PDH reaction on the catalyst system are proposed to be C=O species and Zn²⁺ species. Moreover, the carbon deposition and the aggregation of ZnO nanoparticles are the causes of activity loss on this catalyst system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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11 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Formation of ZIF-8 Crystal Thin Films on the Surface of a Zinc Ion-Doped Polymer Substrate

by Takaaki Tsuruoka, Kaito Araki, Kouga Kawauchi, Yohei Takashima and Kensuke Akamatsu

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010021 - 1 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1905

Abstract

Thin films of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) on polymer substrates and MOF/polymer mixed-matrix membranes play crucial roles in advancing the field of gas separation membranes. In this paper, we present a novel method for the direct formation of continuous ZIF-8 crystal films on a [...] Read more.

Thin films of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) on polymer substrates and MOF/polymer mixed-matrix membranes play crucial roles in advancing the field of gas separation membranes. In this paper, we present a novel method for the direct formation of continuous ZIF-8 crystal films on a polymer substrate doped with Zn²⁺. Our approach involves ion exchange between the doped zinc ions within the substrate and sodium ions in the presence of a CH₃COONa additive, as well as interfacial complexation with eluted zinc ions and 2-methylimidazole (2-MeIM). The key factors affecting the formation of ZIF-8 crystals on the substrate were the concentrations of CH₃COONa and 2-MeIM. A time-course analysis revealed that the nucleation rate during the early stages of the reaction significantly affected the surface morphology of the resulting ZIF-8 crystal films. Specifically, a higher nucleation rate led to the formation of continuous small ZIF-8 crystal films. This innovative approach enables the fabrication of densely packed, uniform ZIF-8 crystal films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)

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26 pages, 7229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probing the Electronic Structure of Dinuclear Carbon-Rich Complexes Containing an Octa-3,5-diene-1,7-diyndiyl Bridging Ligand

by Michael R. Hall, Stephen A. Moggach and Paul J. Low

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010020 - 1 Jan 2024

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Abstract

One electron oxidation of the monometallic alkenylacetylide complexes [Ru{C≡CC(R)=CH₂}(dppe)Cp*] (1) and [Ru{C≡CC(R)=CH₂}Cl(dppe)₂] (2) (R = Ph (a); R = 4-MeS-C₆H₄ (b)) generates in each case a [...] Read more.

One electron oxidation of the monometallic alkenylacetylide complexes [Ru{C≡CC(R)=CH₂}(dppe)Cp*] (1) and [Ru{C≡CC(R)=CH₂}Cl(dppe)₂] (2) (R = Ph (a); R = 4-MeS-C₆H₄ (b)) generates in each case a dinuclear bis(allenylidene) complex [{Ru}₂{μ-C=C=C(R)–CH₂–H₂C–(R)C=C=C}][PF₆]₂ ({Ru} = Ru(dppe)Cp* ([3a,b][PF₆]₂); {Ru} = RuCl(dppe)₂ ([4a,b][PF₆]₂), containing an unsaturated ethane bridge between both allenylidene moieties. Deprotonation of this ethane bridge results in the formation of the previously reported octa-3,5-diene-1,7-diyndiyl-bridged bimetallic species [{Ru}₂{μ-C≡CC(R)=CH–HC=(R)CC≡C}] ({Ru} = Ru(dppe)Cp* (5a,b); {Ru} = RuCl(dppe)₂ (6a,b). The isolation of these complexes illustrates a general synthetic route to these conjugated bimetallic species from monomeric alkenylacetylide precursors. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical investigations evince the ready formation of the representative redox series [5a]ⁿ⁺, and TD-DFT calculations performed on optimised structures featuring the simplified {Ru(dmpe)Cp} coordination sphere [{Ru(dmpe)Cp}₂{μ-C≡CC(Ph)=HC–CH(Ph)CC≡C}]ⁿ⁺ ([5a^†]ⁿ⁺) (n = 0, 1, 2) reveal significant delocalisation of the unpaired charge in the formally mixed-valent species (n = 1), consistent with Class III assignment within the Robin–Day classification scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Organometallic Chemistry)

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15 pages, 3672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of an Aryl-Semicarbazone-Based Cu(II) Complex for DNA and BSA Interaction and Anti-Cancer Activity against Human Cervix Uteri Carcinoma

by Ribhu Maity, Biplab Manna, Swapan Maity, Kalyanmoy Jana, Tithi Maity, Mohd Afzal, Nayim Sepay and Bidhan Chandra Samanta

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010019 - 1 Jan 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

The current study provides an in-depth analysis of the biological properties of a Cu(II) complex (C₂₂H₂₄Cu₂N₆O₁₀) obtained from an aryl-semicarbazone ligand derived (L) from the condensation of 2,4-dihydroxy acetophenone and semicarbazide. The binding [...] Read more.

The current study provides an in-depth analysis of the biological properties of a Cu(II) complex (C₂₂H₂₄Cu₂N₆O₁₀) obtained from an aryl-semicarbazone ligand derived (L) from the condensation of 2,4-dihydroxy acetophenone and semicarbazide. The binding behavior of this complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein was explored using a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. The results suggest that the complex binds with CT-DNA via a partial intercalation, and hydrophobic interaction. However, the complex binds to BSA protein predominantly through hydrogen bonding or van der Waals interactions rather than hydrophobic interactions. The molecular docking methodology was carried out to substantiate the experimental finding. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity study was conducted on human cervix uteri carcinoma (SiHa cancerous cell) lines upon exposure to the complex, and the findings reveal a considerable decrease in cell viability, when compared to the control. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological potential of the Cu(II) complex and its potential as an anti-cancer agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rational Design of Pharmacologically Active Metal-Based Compounds)

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11 pages, 2836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of a Laminated Actuator with Excellent Linearity Using Ground Potassium Sodium Niobate-Based Ceramic Sheets

by Youming Zhang, Qiang Hang, Dongxi Zheng, Fei Lin and Caifeng Chen

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010018 - 31 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

Linearity is an important factor that affects actuator accuracy. However, the high nonlinearity of KNN piezoelectric ceramics restricts their application in actuators. In this study, we used grinding stress to improve the linearity of ceramic chips, and used them to fabricate a laminated [...] Read more.

Linearity is an important factor that affects actuator accuracy. However, the high nonlinearity of KNN piezoelectric ceramics restricts their application in actuators. In this study, we used grinding stress to improve the linearity of ceramic chips, and used them to fabricate a laminated actuator. The ceramic sheets were ground to a thickness of 0.5 mm. During grinding, some areas of the ceramic changed from tetragonal to orthorhombic, owing to the grinding stress. The piezoelectric constant (d₃₃) increased from 198 to 268 pC/N. Notably, the linearity of the ceramics improved. Seven pieces of ground ceramics were bound, to fabricate a laminated multilayer actuator with a total thickness of 3.5 mm. A DC voltage was applied to the actuator, and the displacement was measured. The displacement reached 0.73 μm under a low driving voltage of 200 V. A linear regression analysis of the displacement–voltage relationship was performed, obtaining the regression equation of the actuator. The linearity correlation coefficient was approximately 0.9903, implying that the actuator exhibits a high accuracy. The grinding stress improved the linearity, together with the piezoelectric properties of the ceramic chips, thus improving the actuator accuracy. This research will promote the application of KNN piezoelectric ceramics in actuators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Phase-Change, Resistive, Ferroelectric Materials and Their Applications)

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14 pages, 5358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Environmentally Friendly BiVO₄@SiO₂ Encapsulated Yellow Pigment with Remarkable Thermal and Chemical Stability

by Renhua Chen, Xiaozhen Zhang, Rui Tao, Yuhua Jiang, Huafeng Liu and Lanlan Cheng

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010017 - 30 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1795

Abstract

The preparation of environmentally friendly inorganic encapsulated pigments with a bright color and sufficient stability provides an effective strategy for expanding their applications in plastic, paint, glass, and ceramic decoration. The challenges facing the use of such pigments include the formation of a [...] Read more.

The preparation of environmentally friendly inorganic encapsulated pigments with a bright color and sufficient stability provides an effective strategy for expanding their applications in plastic, paint, glass, and ceramic decoration. The challenges facing the use of such pigments include the formation of a dense protective coating with the required endurance, the relatively weak color of the encapsulated pigments, and the preferable inclusion particle size. Environmentally friendly BiVO₄ is regarded as a very promising pigment for multiple coloring applications due to its brilliant yellow color with high saturation. However, its poor thermal and chemical stability greatly limit the application of BiVO₄. Herein, we report a sol–gel method to synthesize inorganic BiVO₄@SiO₂ yellow pigment with a core–shell structure. By controlling the synthesis conditions, including the particle size and dispersion of BiVO₄ and the calcination temperature, a BiVO₄@SiO₂ encapsulated pigment with excellent chromatic properties was achieved. The obtained environmentally friendly BiVO₄@SiO₂ pigment with encapsulation modification has a comparable color-rendering performance to BiVO₄, and it has a high thermal stability at 700 °C, excellent acid resistance, and good compatibility in plastics. The present research is expected to expand the application of yellow BiVO₄ pigment in harsh environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Inorganic Materials)

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21 pages, 2446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model Halogen-Bonded Network as a Potential Tube-like Host for Li⁺: A DFT Study

by Rubén D. Parra

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010016 - 30 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2029

Abstract

The formation of a halogen-bonded network using four NHX-(CH₂)₃-NX-(CH₂)₃-NHX molecules (X = Cl, Br, or I) is investigated using DFT. The self-assembly of the four basic motifs results in a tube-like structure with C_4h [...] Read more.

The formation of a halogen-bonded network using four NHX-(CH₂)₃-NX-(CH₂)₃-NHX molecules (X = Cl, Br, or I) is investigated using DFT. The self-assembly of the four basic motifs results in a tube-like structure with C_4h symmetry, with one halogen-bonded network located at each end of the structure and one at its center. Each halogen-bonded network has four quasi-planar N-X···N interactions with binding energies that increase with the size of X. The structure is found to bind Li⁺ at each of the halogen-bonded networks, albeit more strongly at its center. The binding of Li⁺ is driven by halogen atom lone pairs that produce a rich electron density orthogonal to the halogen bond. The presence and strength of the interactions are further examined using AIM and NBO calculations. Lastly, IRC calculations are performed to examine the transitions between the Li⁺ complex minima and, thus, the potential for transporting the metal ion from one end of the tube to the other. Based on the tetrameric structure, a model intramolecular structure is built and considered as a potential host for Li⁺. In this case, the central intermolecular N-X···N network is replaced by an intramolecular Si-C≡C-Si network. Interestingly, both intermolecular and intramolecular structures exhibit similar Li⁺ binding abilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Organometallic Chemistry)

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25 pages, 3711 KiB

Open AccessReview

Paramagnetic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: The Toolkit

by Leonardo Querci, Letizia Fiorucci, Enrico Ravera and Mario Piccioli

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010015 - 29 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2623

Abstract

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the ideal tool to address the structure, reactivity and dynamics of both inorganic and biological substances. The knowledge of nuclear spin interaction and spin dynamics is increasingly consolidated, and this allows for tailoring pulse sequences. When dealing [...] Read more.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the ideal tool to address the structure, reactivity and dynamics of both inorganic and biological substances. The knowledge of nuclear spin interaction and spin dynamics is increasingly consolidated, and this allows for tailoring pulse sequences. When dealing with paramagnetic systems, several decades of research have led to the development of rule-of-the-thumb criteria for optimizing the experiments, allowing for the detection of nuclei that are in very close proximity to the metal center. In turn, the observation of these systems, coupled with the development of robust and accessible quantum chemical methods, is promising to provide a link between the spectra and the structural features through the interpretation of the electronic structure. In this review, we list the challenges encountered and propose solutions for dealing with paramagnetic systems with the greatest satisfaction. In our intentions, this is a practical toolkit for optimizing acquisition and processing parameters for routine experiments aimed at detecting signals influenced by the hyperfine interaction. The implications of paramagnetic shift and line broadening are examined. With this endeavor, we wish to encourage non-expert users to consider the application of paramagnetic NMR to their systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Bioinorganic Chemistry)

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12 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Self-Adhesive Resin Cement Film Thickness on the Shear Bond Strength of Lithium Disilicate Ceramic–Cement–Tooth Triplex

by Ghada Alrabeah, Faisal Binhassan, Sultan Al Khaldi, Ahmed Al Saleh, Khaled Al Habeeb, Saqib Anwar and Syed Rashid Habib

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010014 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2087

Abstract

Cement film thickness may have an impact on the shear bond strength (SBS) of lithium disilicate dental ceramics luted to human enamel with resin cement. The objective of this study was to evaluate SBS of lithium disilicate ceramics adhered to enamel using resin [...] Read more.

Cement film thickness may have an impact on the shear bond strength (SBS) of lithium disilicate dental ceramics luted to human enamel with resin cement. The objective of this study was to evaluate SBS of lithium disilicate ceramics adhered to enamel using resin cement at different thicknesses. In total, 50 ceramic specimens (3 × 3 × 3 mm) and 50 premolar teeth were prepared and randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10 each). Ceramic specimens were designed with five cement film thicknesses (50 μm; 100 μm; 150 μm; 200 μm; and 300 μm). Teeth surfaces (4 × 4 mm) were prepared with a high-speed handpiece mounted on a dental surveyor. Ceramic specimens were cemented to teeth with resin cement (3M^TM RelyX^TM U200, Resin-Self-Adhesive-Cement). The specimens were then thermocycled for 6000 cycles with a 30 s dwell time and a 5 s transfer time in water (5 °C and 55 °C). A Universal-Testing-Machine was used to measure SBS (MPa). Statistical analysis in SPSS included Anova and Tukey’s tests. The SBSs of ceramics adhered to teeth revealed significantly different values across all test groups (p = 0.000). The findings showed that as cement layer thickness increased, so did the SBS. The cement spaces at 50 and 300 μm had the lowest SBS (9.40 + 1.15 MPa) and maximum SBS (21.98 + 1.27 MPa), respectively. The SBS of the lithium disilicate ceramic luted to natural human enamel increased along with the cement layer thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Ceramic Materials)

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19 pages, 8076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Surface Modification Characteristics and Charge–Discharge Mechanism of Natural Serpentinite Ore Secondary Battery

by Jun-Ren Zhao, Kuan-Jen Chen, Fei-Yi Hung, Yung-Yi Tsai and Po-Ting Wu

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010013 - 27 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1606

Abstract

This study conducts low-vacuum sulfidation to form a sulfidation layer on the serpentinite-derived magnesium iron silicate, thereby enhancing its electrochemical properties. Results show (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ calcined at 900 °C has the best crystallinity, and the cubic FeS₂ is synthesized on [...] Read more.

This study conducts low-vacuum sulfidation to form a sulfidation layer on the serpentinite-derived magnesium iron silicate, thereby enhancing its electrochemical properties. Results show (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ calcined at 900 °C has the best crystallinity, and the cubic FeS₂ is synthesized on the surface of the orthorhombic magnesium iron silicate (MFS). Two distinct charge plateaus can be distinguished during the first charge process, and the discharge capacities increased significantly. This study confirms that the surface FeS₂ layer provides extra ion pathways, allowing more lithium/magnesium ions to be extracted and inserted in the serpentinite-derived magnesium iron silicate. Accordingly, the serpentinite electrode boasts straightforward exploitation with low-cost advantages and potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Energy Storage and Conversion)

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11 pages, 2461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Organic Spacer Cations with Different Chain Lengths on Quasi-Two-Dimensional Perovskite Properties

by Lei Zhang, Mingze Xia, Yuan Zhang, Li Song, Xiwei Guo, Yong Zhang, Yulei Wang and Yuanqin Xia

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010012 - 27 Dec 2023

Viewed by 2046

Abstract

In the past 20 years, perovskite-related research has attracted wide attention. The related research into two-dimensional/quasi-two-dimensional perovskite has propelled the research of perovskite materials to a new height. To improve the properties of quasi-2D perovskite, improve the stability of materials, and achieve specific [...] Read more.

In the past 20 years, perovskite-related research has attracted wide attention. The related research into two-dimensional/quasi-two-dimensional perovskite has propelled the research of perovskite materials to a new height. To improve the properties of quasi-2D perovskite, improve the stability of materials, and achieve specific functions, using different types, volumes, and lengths of organic spacers is an essential method. In this paper, quasi-2D perovskites with EDA (ethylene diammonium), PDA (1,3-propanediammonium), and BDA (1,4-butanediammonium) (m = 2–4) as organic spacers were prepared, and the effects of different organic spacers on the 2D perovskite were investigated. The results show that the length of the organic spacer significantly impacts the perovskite’s properties. A shorter organic spacer can effectively reduce the quantum confinement and dielectric confinement in perovskite. It should be noted that if the organic spacer is too short, the stability of the quasi-2D perovskite will be greatly reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Luminescent Materials)

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12 pages, 9378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Matrix to Optimize Cycling Stability of Lithium Ion Battery Anode from SiOx Materials

by Xuan Bie, Yawei Dong, Man Xiong, Ben Wang, Zhongxue Chen, Qunchao Zhang, Yi Liu and Ronghua Huang

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010009 - 25 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1965

Abstract

This study prepared silicon oxide anode materials with nitrogen-doped carbon matrices (SiO_x/C–N) through silicon-containing polyester thermal carbonization. Melamine was introduced as a nitrogen source during the experiment. This nitrogen doping process resulted in a porous structure in the carbon matrices, a [...] Read more.

This study prepared silicon oxide anode materials with nitrogen-doped carbon matrices (SiO_x/C–N) through silicon-containing polyester thermal carbonization. Melamine was introduced as a nitrogen source during the experiment. This nitrogen doping process resulted in a porous structure in the carbon matrices, a fact confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pyridinic and quaternary nitrogen, but mainly tertiary nitrogen, were generated, as shown via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical tests confirmed that, as anode materials for a lithium-ion battery, SiO_x/C–N provided better cycle stability, improved rate capability, and lower Li⁺ diffusion resistance. The best performance showed an activated capacity at 493.5 mAh/g, preserved at 432.8 mAh/g after the 100th cycle, with 87.7% total Columbic efficiency. Those without nitrogen doping gave 1126.7 mAh/g, 249.0 mAh/g, and 22.1%, respectively. The most noteworthy point was that, after 100 cycles, anodes without nitrogen doping were pulverized into fine powders (SEM); meanwhile, in the case of anodes with nitrogen doping, powders of a larger size (0.5–1.0 µm) formed, with the accumulation of surrounding cavities. We suggest that the formation of more prominent powders may have resulted from the more substantial nitrogen-doped carbon matrices, which prevented the anode from further breaking down to a smaller size. The volume expansion stress decreased when the powders decreased to nanosize, which is why the nanosized silicon anode materials showed better cycling stability. When the anodes were cracked into powders with a determined diameter, the stress from volume expansion decreased to a level at which the powders could preserve their shape, and the breakage of the powders was stopped. Hence, the diameters of the final reserved powders are contingent on the strength of the matrix. As reported, nitrogen-doped carbon matrices are more robust than those not doped with nitrogen. Thus, in our research, anodes with nitrogen-doped carbon matrices presented more large-diameter powders, as SEM confirmed. Anodes with nitrogen doping will not be further broken at a larger diameter. At this point, the SEI film will not show continuous breakage and formation compared to the anode without doping. This was validated by the lower deposition content of the SEI-film-related elements (phosphorous and fluorine) in the cycled anodes with nitrogen doping. The anode without nitrogen doping presented higher content, meaning that the SEI films were broken many times during lithiation/delithiation (EDS mapping). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials in Li–Ion Batteries)

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12 pages, 3584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glass Formation and Properties of Multicomponent Glasses of the As₂Se₃-Ag₂Te-GeTe System

by Ina Karadashka, Vladislava Ivanova, Valeri Jordanov and Veronika Karadjova

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010011 - 25 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Chalcogenide alloys of As₂Se₃-Ag₂Te-GeTe were synthesized using the melt-quenching technique. By the visual and XRD analyses, the state of obtaining alloys was proven (glass, crystalline, glass + crystalline), and the glass formation region in the system was [...] Read more.

Chalcogenide alloys of As₂Se₃-Ag₂Te-GeTe were synthesized using the melt-quenching technique. By the visual and XRD analyses, the state of obtaining alloys was proven (glass, crystalline, glass + crystalline), and the glass formation region in the system was established. The thermal characteristics of some samples were determined—temperatures of glass transition (T_g); crystallization (T_cr); and melting (T_m). The basic physicochemical parameters, such as density (d) and Vickers microhardness (HV), were measured. Compactness (C), as well as some thermomechanical characteristics, such as module of elasticity (E), volume (V_h), and formation energy (E_h) of micro-voids, were calculated, and the influence of the composition on these characteristics was investigated. The addition of silver telluride resulted in a decrease in T_g and HV values and an increase in d and V_h values. No thermochemical effects of crystallization or melting were detected in some of the alloys. The obtained results were in agreement with the available literature data for similar systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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4 pages, 190 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Fifth Element: The Current State of Boron Chemistry

by Marina Yu. Stogniy

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010010 - 25 Dec 2023

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Abstract

The fifth element of the Periodic Table is boron [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fifth Element: The Current State of Boron Chemistry)

19 pages, 6709 KiB

Open AccessReview

Li-Rich Mn-Based Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries: Progress and Perspective

by Weibin Guo, Zhangzhao Weng, Chongyang Zhou, Min Han, Naien Shi, Qingshui Xie and Dong-Liang Peng

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010008 - 24 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4437

Abstract

The development of cathode materials with high specific capacity is the key to obtaining high-performance lithium-ion batteries, which are crucial for the efficient utilization of clean energy and the realization of carbon neutralization goals. Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials (LRM) exhibit high specific capacity [...] Read more.

The development of cathode materials with high specific capacity is the key to obtaining high-performance lithium-ion batteries, which are crucial for the efficient utilization of clean energy and the realization of carbon neutralization goals. Li-rich Mn-based cathode materials (LRM) exhibit high specific capacity because of both cationic and anionic redox activity and are expected to be developed and applied as cathode materials for a new generation of high-energy density lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the difficulty of regulating anionic redox reactions poses significant challenges to LRM, such as low initial Coulombic efficiency, poor rate capability, and fast cycling capacity and voltage decay. To address the existing challenges of LRM, this review introduces their basic physicochemical characteristics in detail, analyzes the original causes of these challenges, focuses on the recent progress of the modification strategies, and then especially discusses the development prospects of LRM from different aspects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials for Energy Storage Devices)

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13 pages, 3419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metal Rich Metallaboranes: Synthesis, Structure and Bonding of pileo-[(Cp*Ru)₂M(CO)₃(µ-H)(µ-E)(µ₃-BH)B₂H₅] (M = Mo, W, E = CO, and M = Mn, E = H) Clusters

by Alaka Nanda Pradhan, Shippy Jaiswal, Marie Cordier, Jean-François Halet and Sundargopal Ghosh

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010007 - 23 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1833

Abstract

The synthesis and structural characterization of a series of heterotrimetallic ruthenaborane clusters are reported. The photolytic reaction of nido-[(Cp*Ru)₂(µ-H)₂B₃H₇] (nido-1) (Cp* = 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with [M(CO)₅·THF] (THF [...] Read more.

The synthesis and structural characterization of a series of heterotrimetallic ruthenaborane clusters are reported. The photolytic reaction of nido-[(Cp*Ru)₂(µ-H)₂B₃H₇] (nido-1) (Cp* = 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with [M(CO)₅·THF] (THF = tetrahydrofuran, M = Mo and W) yielded the heterotrimetallic clusters pileo-[(Cp*Ru)₂{M(CO)₃}(µ-CO)(µ-H)(µ₃-BH)B₂H₅], M = Mo (2), W (3) and the known arachno ruthenaboranes [1,2-(Cp*Ru)(Cp*RuCO)(µ-H)B₃H₈] (I) and [{Cp*Ru(CO)}₂B₂H₆] (II). In an attempt to synthesize the Mn-analog of 2 and 3, we performed a similar reaction of nido-1 with [Mn₂(CO)₁₀], which afforded the heterotrimetallic pileo-[(Cp*Ru){Mn(CO)₃}(µ-H)₂(µ₃-BH)B₂H₅] (4) cluster along with the reported trimetallic hydrido(hydroborylene) species [(Cp*Ru)₂{Mn(CO)₃}(µ-H)(µ-CO)₃(µ-BH)] (III). Ruthenaboranes 2, 3 and 4 are isoelectronic and isostructural. The geometry of 2–4 can be viewed as a triangle face-fused square pyramidal and tetrahedral geometry, in which the apical vertex of the tetrahedron is occupied by a µ₃–BH moiety. All of these pileo ruthenaborane clusters obey Mingos’ fusion formalism. Clusters 2–4 were characterized using multinuclear NMR, IR spectroscopies and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of clusters 2 and 4 confirmed their structures. Further, density functional theory (DFT) studies of these pileo ruthenaboranes have been carried out to investigate the nature of bonding, fusion and electronic structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Boron Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications)

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11 pages, 2569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Anisotropy Tailoring by 5d-Doping in (Fe,Co)₅SiB₂ Alloys

by Diana Benea

Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010006 - 22 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1484

Abstract

Band-structure calculations were performed using the spin-polarized relativistic Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (SPR-KKR) band-structure method, determining intrinsic magnetic properties, such as magnetic moments, magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), and Curie temperatures, of Fe_5−x−yCo_xM_ySiB₂ (M = Re, W) alloys. The general [...] Read more.

Band-structure calculations were performed using the spin-polarized relativistic Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (SPR-KKR) band-structure method, determining intrinsic magnetic properties, such as magnetic moments, magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), and Curie temperatures, of Fe_5−x−yCo_xM_ySiB₂ (M = Re, W) alloys. The general gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange–correlation potential and the atomic sphere approximation (ASA) were used in the calculations. Previous studies have shown that for Fe₅SiB₂, the easy magnetization direction is in-plane, but it turns axial for Co-doping in the range 1 < x ≤ 2.5 (y = 0). Furthermore, studies have shown that 5d-doping enhances the MAE by enabling the strong spin–orbit coupling of Fe–3d and M–5d states. The aim of the present theoretical calculations was to find the dependence of the anisotropy constant K₁ for combined Co- and M-doping, building a two-dimensional (2D) map of K₁ for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. Similar theoretical 2D maps for magnetization and Curie temperature vs. Co and M content (M = W and Re) were built, allowing for the selection of alloy compositions with enhanced values of uniaxial anisotropy, magnetization, and Curie temperature. The magnetic properties of the Fe_4.1W_0.9SiB₂ alloy that meet the selection criteria for axial anisotropy K₁ > 0.2 meV/f.u., Curie temperature T_c > 800 K determined by the mean-field approach, and magnetization µ₀M_s > 1 T are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Materials and Their Applications)

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