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Inorganics
Volume 12
Issue 9
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Inorganics, Volume 12, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 26 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): There is an urgent need to develop more effective antifungal agents, and compounds that combine functional antifungal groups with metals are promising candidates. We have prepared a range of new azole-containing tertiary amine compounds from three N-alkylamine azole skeletons appended with a 2,4-dihalogenobenzene function and one of five different metal-binding motifs: pyridine, quinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-methoxyphenol and 4-bromophenol. The copper(II) binding of these azole compounds was studied in regard to their solution equilibria and comparative copper(II)-binding ability. The activity of all these compounds was also evaluated against the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Our results convey important insights about structure–activity relationships that will guide the future design of more effective metal-binding antifungal compounds. View this paper
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12 pages, 4667 KiB  
Article
Multistimuli Luminescence and Anthelmintic Activity of Zn(II) Complexes Based on 1H-Benzimidazole-2-yl Hydrazone Ligands
by Alexey Gusev, Elena Braga, Alexandr Kaleukh, Michail Baevsky, Mikhail Kiskin and Wolfgang Linert
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090256 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Three novel Zn(II) mononuclear complexes with the general formula ZnL2Cl2 (L = 2-(4-R-phenylmethylene)benzimidazol-2-hydrazines; R-H (1), R-CH3 (2), and R-OCH3 (3)) were synthesized and fully characterized by various means. These complexes demonstrate excitation-dependent emission, which is detected by a [...] Read more.
Three novel Zn(II) mononuclear complexes with the general formula ZnL2Cl2 (L = 2-(4-R-phenylmethylene)benzimidazol-2-hydrazines; R-H (1), R-CH3 (2), and R-OCH3 (3)) were synthesized and fully characterized by various means. These complexes demonstrate excitation-dependent emission, which is detected by a change in the emission color (from blue to green) upon an increase in the excitation wavelength. Moreover complex 1 shows reversible mechanochromic luminescence behavior due to the reversible loss of solvated methanol molecules upon the intense grinding of crystals. In addition, 1 exhibits vapochromic properties, which originate from the adsorption methanol vapor on the crystal surface. The strengthening of anthelmintic activity at the transition from free hydrazones to zinc-based complexes is shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)
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28 pages, 5321 KiB  
Article
An Investigation of Lanthanum Recovery from an Aqueous Solution by Adsorption (Ion Exchange)
by Michael Chan, Huu Doan and Trong Dang-Vu
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090255 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 785
Abstract
Lanthanum (La(III)) is one of the high-demand rare earth elements with applications in various products. However, La(III) in mining waste streams and electronic waste also poses environmental and health concerns. Therefore, the recovery of La(III) in the waste is needed. In the present [...] Read more.
Lanthanum (La(III)) is one of the high-demand rare earth elements with applications in various products. However, La(III) in mining waste streams and electronic waste also poses environmental and health concerns. Therefore, the recovery of La(III) in the waste is needed. In the present study, the adsorption of La(III) with Dowex 50W-X8, Amberchrom50WX4, Amberlyst 15, and Amberchrom 50WX2 was evaluated using a shaker water bath. Dowex 50W-X8 was found to be the best adsorbent and was used to investigate the effect of the shaker speed (RPM = 50–150), adsorbent dosage (1.0–4.0 g), pH (2.0–7.0), and temperature (20–40 °C) on adsorption. La(III) adsorption was found to increase with the shaker speed, as expected. On the other hand, the adsorption capacity decreased with the adsorbent amount. Also, the highest La(III) adsorption was observed at pH = 6.0. La(III) percentage removal did not vary significantly with a temperature from 20 °C to 40 °C. However, the first-order kinetic rate constant decreased moderately with increases in temperature. The adsorption of La(III) by Dowex 50-X8 followed the Freundlich isotherm model better than the Langmuir model. In addition, the adsorption kinetics were represented well by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Moreover, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy changes were found to be negative, indicating an exothermic and thermodynamically favorable adsorption process. Full article
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22 pages, 2686 KiB  
Article
Novel Tricarbonylrhenium-Anthrapyrazole Complexes with DNA-Binding and Antitumor Properties: In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Studies with 99mTc-Analogue
by Georgios Paparidis, Melpomeni Akrivou, George Psomas, Ioannis S. Vizirianakis, Antonios Hatzidimitriou, Catherine Gabriel, Dimosthenis Sarigiannis and Dionysia Papagiannopoulou
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090254 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 887
Abstract
Organometallic complexes of fac-tricarbonylrhenium have been shown to exhibit anticancer properties. Anthrapyrazole anticancer agents act as DNA intercalators and topoisomerase IIα inhibitors, leading to double-strand breaks (DBS) and cell cycle arrest. This work involves the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel fac [...] Read more.
Organometallic complexes of fac-tricarbonylrhenium have been shown to exhibit anticancer properties. Anthrapyrazole anticancer agents act as DNA intercalators and topoisomerase IIα inhibitors, leading to double-strand breaks (DBS) and cell cycle arrest. This work involves the synthesis and biological evaluation of novel fac-tricarbonyl-rhenium complexes with anthrapyrazole derivatives. The anthrapyrazole moiety was synthesized from 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, and three ligands L1, L2 and L3 were prepared. Ligand L1 coordinates via the phenolic O and pyrazole N as bidentate chelator forming the fac-[Re(CO)3(κ2-N,O)(MeOH)]-type complex, ReL1. Ligand L2 contains a pendant picolylamine N,N′-chelating system, forming the bidentate fac-[Re(CO)3(κ2-N,N′)Br]-type complex, ReL2. Ligand L3 contains a pendant picolylaminomonoacetic acid chelating system, forming a tridentate fac-[Re(CO)3(κ3-N,N′,O)]-type complex, ReL3. Complex ReL4 contains a picolylamine chelator, forming a complex with structure fac-[Re(CO)3(κ2-N,N′)Br], which was synthesized as a model for ReL2, and its coordination mode was resolved by X-ray crystallography. The complexes were characterized spectroscopically, and their biological properties were evaluated in vitro, in terms of DNA binding as well as for the cytotoxicity against CT-26 tumor cell line. Tumor cell cytotoxicity was high for ligand L2 and complex ReL2, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.36 and 0.64 μΜ, respectively. The most promising complex ReL2 was evaluated further by the preparation of its congener γ-emitting technetium-99m radio-complex, 99mTcL2. The in vitro uptake in CT26 tumor cells and the in vivo uptake in CT26 tumor-bearing mice of 99mTcL2 was determined, and its pharmacokinetic profile was established. These data indicate that the 99mTc complex has suitable properties to enter tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, and therefore ReL2 is promising for further evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activity of Metal Complexes)
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10 pages, 250 KiB  
Review
Preventing Dental Caries with Calcium-Based Materials: A Concise Review
by Jieyi Chen, Yuqing Zhang, Iris Xiaoxue Yin, Ollie Yiru Yu, Alice Kit Ying Chan and Chun Hung Chu
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090253 - 19 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1921
Abstract
This concise review provides an update on the use of calcium-based materials for the prevention of dental caries. Some calcium-based materials promote remineralization and neutralize bacterial acids, disrupting cariogenic biofilms and inhibiting bacterial growth. Medical Subject Headings of [Dental Caries] and [Calcium] were [...] Read more.
This concise review provides an update on the use of calcium-based materials for the prevention of dental caries. Some calcium-based materials promote remineralization and neutralize bacterial acids, disrupting cariogenic biofilms and inhibiting bacterial growth. Medical Subject Headings of [Dental Caries] and [Calcium] were adopted to search publications. Information related to the aim of this review was extracted and summarized. Common calcium-based materials are calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, calcium fluoride and casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP). Calcium phosphate is commonly used in toothpaste. It provides calcium and phosphate ions, enhances the incorporation of fluoride into caries lesions and increases mineral density. Hydroxyapatite is a form of calcium phosphate that is chemically similar to the mineral found in teeth. It can be applied on teeth to prevent caries. Calcium carbonate can be found in toothpastes. It neutralizes bacterial acids and acts as a calcium reservoir during remineralization. Calcium fluoride is found in dental products and promotes remineralization as a source of fluoride, which can be incorporated into tooth enamel, forming fluorapatite and increasing resistance to caries. CPP-ACP is derived from milk proteins. It contains calcium and phosphate, which help to remineralize tooth enamel. CPP-ACP inhibits cariogenic bacteria. It also interacts with bacterial biofilms and disrupts their formation. These calcium-based materials can be used to boost the preventive effect of fluorides or, alternatively, as a therapy for caries prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research and Application of Amorphous Materials)
13 pages, 4048 KiB  
Article
Portable Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Gold Microblobs-Optimized Screen-Printed Electrode for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis
by Melissa M. Giacomet, Paulo H. M. Buzzetti, Oscar O. S. Junior, Alessandro F. Martins, Elton G. Bonafe and Johny P. Monteiro
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090252 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 638
Abstract
The development of biosensors for determining the most diverse biomolecules is a constant focus of many research groups. There is a latent need to propose sensors that combine portability, simple measurements, and good analytical performance. Here, we propose an electrochemical immunosensor that is [...] Read more.
The development of biosensors for determining the most diverse biomolecules is a constant focus of many research groups. There is a latent need to propose sensors that combine portability, simple measurements, and good analytical performance. Here, we propose an electrochemical immunosensor that is fully portable and energy-independent for diagnosing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Initially, disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) were covered by gold microblobs (AuMBs), which were synthesized amperometrically from Au3+ ions. Then, the SPE-AuMBs were coated with cysteamine, which allowed the N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated SARS-CoV-2 antigen (spike protein) to be immobilized. The antigen-activated electrode was used to detect COVID-19 antibodies from current measurements obtained by differential pulse voltammetry. The AuMBs synthesis time was optimized, and the presence of gold structures improved the electrochemical responses of the SPE. It was possible to quantitatively determine antibodies in the concentration range of 0.25 to 10 µg mL−1. This range includes concentrations found in biological fluids from patients at any stage of the disease. An analysis took approximately the same time as traditional rapid nasal tests (20 min) and costed less, considering all the steps necessary to prepare a disposable antigen-functionalized SPE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Inorganic Biomaterials for Molecular Sensing and Biomedical Applications)
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18 pages, 3144 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Study of the Effects of Different Coordination Atoms (O/S/N) on Crystal Structure, Stability, and Protein/DNA Binding of Ni(II) Complexes with Pyridoxal-Semi, Thiosemi, and Isothiosemicarbazone Ligand Systems
by Violeta Jevtovic, Aleksandra Rakić, Odeh A. O. Alshammari, Munirah Sulaiman Alhar, Tahani Alenezi, Violeta Rakic and Dušan Dimić
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090251 - 17 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 679
Abstract
Nickel transition metal complexes have shown various biological activities that depend on the ligands and geometry. In this contribution, six Ni(II) nitrate complexes with pyridoxal-semi, thiosemi, and isothiosemicarbazone ligands were examined using theoretical chemistry methods. The structures of three previously reported complexes ([Ni(PLSC)(H [...] Read more.
Nickel transition metal complexes have shown various biological activities that depend on the ligands and geometry. In this contribution, six Ni(II) nitrate complexes with pyridoxal-semi, thiosemi, and isothiosemicarbazone ligands were examined using theoretical chemistry methods. The structures of three previously reported complexes ([Ni(PLSC)(H2O)3]∙2NO3−, [Ni(PLTSC)2] ∙2NO3−∙H2O, and [Ni(PLITSC)(H2O)3]∙2NO3−) were investigated based on Hirshfeld surface analysis, and the most important stabilization interactions in the crystal structures were outlined. These structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)(H,C,N,O,(S))/LanL2DZ(Ni) level of theory, and the applicability was checked by comparing theoretical and experimental bond lengths and angles. The same level of theory was applied for the optimization of three additional structures, ([Ni(PLSC)2]2+, [Ni(PLTSC)(H2O)3]2+, and [Ni(PLITSC)2]2+). The interactions between selected ligands and Ni(II) were examined using the Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) approaches. Particular emphasis was placed on interactions between oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen donor atoms and Ni(II). Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and the DNA-binding properties of these complex cations were assessed using molecular docking simulations. The presence of water molecules and various substituents in the thermodynamics of the processes was demonstrated. The results showed significant effects of structural parameters on the stability and reactivity towards important biomolecules. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Diversity: Synthesis, Conformations, and Bioactivity)
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12 pages, 2658 KiB  
Article
Research on Modification of Oxygen-Producing Adsorbents for High-Altitude and Low-Pressure Environments
by Ye Li, Huiqing Yue, Quanli Zhang, Dumin Yan, Ziyi Li, Zhiwei Liu, Yingshu Liu, Yongyan Wang, Shifeng Wang and Xiong Yang
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090250 - 14 Sep 2024
Viewed by 669
Abstract
In oxygen production on plateaus, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) oxygen production is currently the most commonly used oxygen production method. In plateau regions, low pressure leads to a decrease in adsorbent nitrogen–oxygen separation performance, which affects the performance of PSA oxygen production, so [...] Read more.
In oxygen production on plateaus, pressure swing adsorption (PSA) oxygen production is currently the most commonly used oxygen production method. In plateau regions, low pressure leads to a decrease in adsorbent nitrogen–oxygen separation performance, which affects the performance of PSA oxygen production, so it is particularly important to enhance adsorbent nitrogen–oxygen separation performance. In this paper, Li-LSX (lithium low-silicon aluminum X zeolite molecular sieve) adsorbents were modified using the liquid phase ion exchange method, and five kinds of modified adsorbents were obtained, namely AgLi-LSX, CaLi-LSX, ZnLi-LSX, CuLi-LSX, and FeLi-LSX, respectively. The influences of different metal ions and modification time lengths on the adsorbent nitrogen adsorption and nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficients were analyzed. Through theoretical calculations, the nitrogen and oxygen adsorption and separation performances of the modified adsorbents at different altitudes and low adsorption pressures were investigated. It is shown that the nitrogen adsorption capacity of the AgLi-LSX-1 adsorbent obtained from the modification experiment reaches 27.92 mL/g, which is 3.24 mL/g higher than that of Li-LSX; the nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficients of S1 and S2 are 19.24 and 7.54 higher, respectively; and the nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficients of S4 are 20.85 and 7.54 higher than those of Li-LSX, respectively. With the increase in altitude from 50 m to 5000 m, the nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficient of the AgLi-LSX-1 adsorbent increased rapidly from 20.85 to 57, and its nitrogen–oxygen separation coefficient S4 exceeded that of the Li-LSX adsorbent to reach 47.61 at an altitude of 4000 m. Therefore, the modified adsorbent AgLi-LSX-1 in this paper can enhance the performance of the PSA oxygen process for oxygen production in plateau applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Composites for Gas Separation)
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2 pages, 153 KiB  
Editorial
Recent Advances in Biological and Catalytic Applications of Metal Complexes
by Jose Manuel Mendez-Arriaga
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090249 - 13 Sep 2024
Viewed by 585
Abstract
The use of metals in biological [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Biological and Catalytic Applications of Metal Complexes)
14 pages, 3237 KiB  
Article
NMR-Based Structural Insights on Folic Acid and Its Interactions with Copper(II) Ions
by Arian Kola and Daniela Valensin
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090248 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 590
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) is an essential vitamin involved in crucial metabolic processes, while copper(II) ions play significant roles in various biological functions. This study aims to investigate the interaction between FA and Cu2+ using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy [...] Read more.
Folic acid (FA) is an essential vitamin involved in crucial metabolic processes, while copper(II) ions play significant roles in various biological functions. This study aims to investigate the interaction between FA and Cu2+ using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy under different pH levels and concentrations. The research employed detailed NMR analysis to explore how Cu2+ binds to FA, focusing on changes in chemical shifts, diffusion coefficients, and copper-induced paramagnetic effects. The key findings reveal that Cu2+ predominantly coordinates with the pteridine ring (PTE) of FA, with minimal involvement from the glutamic acid (Glu) moiety. The interaction is strongly concentration-dependent: at lower FA concentrations, Cu2+ binds effectively to the PTE ring, while at higher concentrations, intermolecular interactions among FA molecules hinder copper binding. The study also observed pronounced paramagnetic effects on the PTE and p-aminobenzoic acid protons, with negligible effects on Glu signals. These results provide new insights into the structural characteristics of FA-Cu2+ complexes, contributing to a better understanding of their biochemical interactions and implications for folate metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Inorganics)
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16 pages, 1471 KiB  
Review
Synthesis and Study of Correlated Phase Transitions of CrN Nanoparticles
by Khan Alam
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090247 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 626
Abstract
Chromium nitride is an important transition metal nitride for studying fundamental properties and for advanced technological applications. It is considered a model system for exploring structural, electronic, and magnetic transitions. These transitions occur at 275 ± 10 K and appear to be coupled; [...] Read more.
Chromium nitride is an important transition metal nitride for studying fundamental properties and for advanced technological applications. It is considered a model system for exploring structural, electronic, and magnetic transitions. These transitions occur at 275 ± 10 K and appear to be coupled; however, many discrepant studies on these transitions can be found in the published literature. The underlying reasons for these controversies are suspected to be the CrN nanoparticles preparation methods, strains, impurities, stoichiometry, nanoparticle size, characterization methods, and ambient conditions for characterizing them. This article is focused on the review of the nanoparticle synthesis methods and the use of these nanoparticles for studying structural, electronic, and magnetic transitions. The focus is mainly on the experimental methods, while theoretical simulations are briefly reviewed at the end of the article. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition)
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12 pages, 2675 KiB  
Article
Thermal Shock Resistance of Commercial Oxide-Bonded Silicon Carbide Reticulated Foams under Concentrated Solar Radiation at PSA: A Feasibility Study
by Fernando de Almeida Costa Oliveira, José Galindo, José Rodríguez, Inmaculada Cañadas and Jorge Cruz Fernandes
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090246 - 11 Sep 2024
Viewed by 600
Abstract
Volumetric ceramic receivers can be regarded as a promising technology to heat air above 1000 °C for solar thermal electricity production. In this study, the thermal shock behavior of commercial 10 ppi (A) and 20 ppi (B) oxide-bonded silicon carbide (ob-SiC) reticulated porous [...] Read more.
Volumetric ceramic receivers can be regarded as a promising technology to heat air above 1000 °C for solar thermal electricity production. In this study, the thermal shock behavior of commercial 10 ppi (A) and 20 ppi (B) oxide-bonded silicon carbide (ob-SiC) reticulated porous ceramic (RPC) foams was evaluated using the SF60 solar furnace at Plataforma Solar de Almería. The foams were subjected to well-controlled temperature cycles ranging from 800 to 1000, 1200, 1300 or 1400 °C, for 25, 100, and 150 cycles. The extent of the damage after thermal shock was determined by crushing tests. The damage was found to be critically dependent on both the bulk density and cell size. Decreasing both the bulk density and cell size resulted in better thermal shock resistance. The B foam exhibited approximately half the stress degradation compared to the A foam when exposed to a temperature difference of 600 K (in the range of 800 to 1400 °C) and subjected to 150 cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Inorganic Materials 2024)
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10 pages, 1261 KiB  
Communication
The Structural Aspects of Mutually Trans-X-Cu(I)-X (X = OL, NL, CL, PL, SL, SeL, Cl or Br) Complexes
by Milan Melník, Veronika Mikušová and Peter Mikuš
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090245 - 6 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 596
Abstract
The structural parameters for sixty mutually trans-(X-Cu(I)-X) (X = OL, NL, CL, PL, SL, SeL, Cl or Br, where OL, NL, CL, PL, SL, and SeL are ligands L with respective donor atoms O, N, C, P, S and Se) complexes were analyzed [...] Read more.
The structural parameters for sixty mutually trans-(X-Cu(I)-X) (X = OL, NL, CL, PL, SL, SeL, Cl or Br, where OL, NL, CL, PL, SL, and SeL are ligands L with respective donor atoms O, N, C, P, S and Se) complexes were analyzed and classified. Within the studied group, there are two types of complexes; the by far most common one is based on coordination, and another one is organometalics based on only C-donor atoms. Linear and bent geometric possibilities exist for coordination number two. The former is dominant in the structures of mutually trans -X–Cu(I)-X. In general, there are three preparative procedures; the most common is the direct reaction of a copper(I) salt with the ligands in a non-aqueous solution (mostly acetonitrile). Copper(I) complex cations can be isolated from salts with larger anions. Unidentate ligands occupy two coordination sites, which results in the linear arrangement. The X–Cu(I)–X angles are between 172.3° and 180°. Overall, it is observed that the mean Cu–X distance increases the covalent radius of the ligating atom in the sequence 1.849 Å (O, 0.73 Å) < 1.886 Å (N, 0.75 Å) < 1.900 Å (C, 0.77 Å) < 2.104 Å (Cl, 0.99 Å) < 2.137 Å (S, 1.02 Å) < 2.236 Å (P, 1.06 Å) < 2.244 Å (Br, 1.14 Å) < 2.260 Å (Se, 1.17 Å). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)
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12 pages, 5596 KiB  
Article
ZnO and ZnO/Ce Powders as Tribocatalysts for Removal of Tetracycline Antibiotic
by Dobrina Ivanova, Hristo Kolev, Bozhidar I. Stefanov and Nina Kaneva
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090244 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 858
Abstract
Research on tribocatalysis, which involves the triboelectric effect, is based on the concept that friction between dissimilar materials can generate charges capable of initiating catalytic reactions. This phenomenon holds significant potential for the degradation of wastewater contaminants in the environment. In this study, [...] Read more.
Research on tribocatalysis, which involves the triboelectric effect, is based on the concept that friction between dissimilar materials can generate charges capable of initiating catalytic reactions. This phenomenon holds significant potential for the degradation of wastewater contaminants in the environment. In this study, pure and Ce-modified (2 mol%) ZnO powders were investigated as tribocatalysts for the degradation of doxycycline (DC), a tetracycline antibiotic, in the absence of light. The research demonstrates that friction between the catalyst, the beaker, and the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) magnetic rod induces charge transfer at their interfaces, leading to the breakdown of pollutants. Additionally, doxycycline degradation was observed at three different stirring speeds (100, 300, and 500 rpm). The results confirmed the tribocatalytic effect, showing that DC degradation increases with higher stirring speeds. Using ZnO and ZnO/Ce powders, maximum degradations of 80% and 55%, respectively, were achieved in 24 h at a stirring speed of 500 rpm. The findings of this study suggest that these samples can effectively degrade contaminants in water through the application of mechanical energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Catalyst Discovery, Design and Synthesis)
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15 pages, 5450 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized g-C3N4/BiOI Bifunctional Heterojunction for Enhanced Photocatalytic Removal of Tartrazine and PEC Oxygen Evolution Reaction
by Sridharan Balu, Harikrishnan Venkatesvaran, Chien-Chih Wang, Joon Ching Juan and Thomas Chung-Kuang Yang
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090243 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 704
Abstract
A Z-scheme heterojunction photo(electro)catalyst was fabricated by coupling sulfonic acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride (SA-g-CN) with bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). The SA-g-CN component was prepared via wet-impregnation, while BiOI was synthesized through a hydrothermal method. Comprehensive characterization elucidated the structural and morphological properties of the [...] Read more.
A Z-scheme heterojunction photo(electro)catalyst was fabricated by coupling sulfonic acid-modified graphitic carbon nitride (SA-g-CN) with bismuth oxyiodide (BiOI). The SA-g-CN component was prepared via wet-impregnation, while BiOI was synthesized through a hydrothermal method. Comprehensive characterization elucidated the structural and morphological properties of the resulting composite. The SA-g-CN/BiOI exhibited exceptional performance in both photocatalytic degradation of tartrazine (TTZ) and photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Notably, 98.26% TTZ removal was achieved within 60 min of irradiation, while an OER onset potential of 0.94 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a high photocurrent density of 6.04 mA were recorded under AM 1.5G illumination. Band energy calculations based on Mott–Schottky measurements confirmed the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction, which facilitated efficient charge separation and transfer, thereby enhancing catalytic activity. These findings establish the SA-g-CN/BiOI composite as a promising candidate for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Catalysis Applications)
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20 pages, 1823 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Copper(II) Binding, and Antifungal Activity of Tertiary N-Alkylamine Azole Derivatives
by Teresa Pissarro, Cláudia Malta-Luís, Luana Ferreira, Catarina Pimentel and Luís M. P. Lima
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090242 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 569
Abstract
The rise in antifungal resistance among medically important fungi causing severe infectious diseases has underscored the urgent need for developing more effective antifungal agents. Growing evidence suggests that compounds combining functional antifungal groups with metals are promising candidates and may well be the [...] Read more.
The rise in antifungal resistance among medically important fungi causing severe infectious diseases has underscored the urgent need for developing more effective antifungal agents. Growing evidence suggests that compounds combining functional antifungal groups with metals are promising candidates and may well be the key to addressing this global challenge. In this work, a range of new azole-containing tertiary amine compounds were prepared from three N-alkylamine azole skeletons appended with a 2,4-dihalogenobenzene function and one of the five different metal-binding motifs pyridine, quinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 2-methoxyphenol, and 4-bromophenol. The copper(II) binding of these azole compounds was studied by spectrophotometric titrations in buffered aqueous medium to determine the metal binding equilibria and to comparatively characterize the copper(II)-binding ability of the compounds. The activity of all compounds against the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida glabrata was also evaluated, allowing us to draw important conclusions about structure–activity relationships that will guide the future design of more effective metal-binding antifungal compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal-Based Compounds: Relevance for the Biomedical Field)
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11 pages, 8759 KiB  
Article
An Investigation of the Interface between Transition Metal Oxides (MnOx, FeOx, CoOx and NiOx)/MoO3 Composite Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reactions
by Karmegam Dhanabalan, Mrunal Bhosale, Ganesan Sriram, Thangarasu Sadhasivam and Tae Hwan Oh
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090241 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 867
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of a multicomponent metal oxide electrocatalyst that increases the activity of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We synthesized transition metal oxides (MnOx, FeOx, CoOx, and NiOx) with MoO3 heterostructures [...] Read more.
This study presents the synthesis of a multicomponent metal oxide electrocatalyst that increases the activity of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We synthesized transition metal oxides (MnOx, FeOx, CoOx, and NiOx) with MoO3 heterostructures through a solid-state reaction approach at low cost. In comparison to the other compositions, CoOx garnered higher attention and demonstrated superior performance on account of its large surface area and varied crystal facets. The MnOx-MoO3, FeOx-MoO3, CoOx-MoO3, and NiOx-MoO3 compositions attained an overpotential of 390 mV, 350 mV, 310 mV, and 340 mV, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline solution. The performance of OER was enhanced in CoOx-MoO3 at 10 mA cm−2, while FeOx-MoO3 exhibited a lower current density at 100 mA cm−2 than other metal oxides. The CoOx-MoO3 material exhibited a favorable crystal interface transition due to the presence of MoO3 oxide. For the first time, we report on the MoO3-to-(MnOx, FeOx, CoOx, and NiOx) interface crystal transition and the active surface area for OER catalytic activity in water-splitting processes. This investigation intends to develop an electrocatalyst that is capable of producing hydrogen with the use of heterostructure metal oxides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed Metal Oxides II)
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12 pages, 19537 KiB  
Article
Growth, Spectroscopic Characterization and Continuous-Wave Laser Operation of Er,Yb:GdMgB5O10Crystal
by Konstantin N. Gorbachenya, Elena A. Volkova, Victor V. Maltsev, Victor E. Kisel, Diana D. Mitina, Elizaveta V. Koporulina, Nikolai N. Kuzmin, Ekaterina I. Marchenko and Vladimir L. Kosorukov
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090240 - 31 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 557
Abstract
A transparent Er3+,Yb3+:GdMgB5O10 single crystal with dimensions up to 24 × 15 × 12 mm was grown successfully by the high-temperature solution growth on dipped seeds technique from K2Mo3O10-based solvent. [...] Read more.
A transparent Er3+,Yb3+:GdMgB5O10 single crystal with dimensions up to 24 × 15 × 12 mm was grown successfully by the high-temperature solution growth on dipped seeds technique from K2Mo3O10-based solvent. The grown crystal was characterized using PXRD, DSC and ATR techniques. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements and SEM analysis of the heat-treated solids revealed Er,Yb:GdMgB5O10 to be an incongruent melting compound with an onset point of 1087 °C. The absorption edge of the Er,Yb:GMBO sample is located in the region of 245 nm, which approximates a value of 4.8 eV. Absorption and emission spectra, and luminescence kinetics, were studied. The energy transfer efficiency from ytterbium to erbium ions was determined. The laser operation in continuous-wave mode was realized and output characteristics were measured. The maximal output power of 0.15 W with a slope efficiency of 11% was obtained at 1568 nm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Luminescent Materials)
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28 pages, 6795 KiB  
Review
Ruthenium-Based Sensors
by Bruno Therrien
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090239 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 546
Abstract
In the periodic table of the elements, ruthenium occupies an excellent position, just below iron. And like iron, it possesses several oxidation states, with +2 and +3 being the most common. Accordingly, ruthenium chemistry is extremely rich and well developed, and ruthenium complexes [...] Read more.
In the periodic table of the elements, ruthenium occupies an excellent position, just below iron. And like iron, it possesses several oxidation states, with +2 and +3 being the most common. Accordingly, ruthenium chemistry is extremely rich and well developed, and ruthenium complexes show excellent catalytic aptitude, tremendous redox capacity, and intriguing biological activity. However, in the design of sensors, the use of ruthenium complexes can be better exploited, as they possess valuable electro- and photochemical properties. Therefore, there is an opportunity here, and ruthenium-based complexes might become, one day, key players in sensing technology. Starting a new research project with ruthenium-based sensors ourselves, writing this review was essential to see the current state of research in the field, to better identify opportunities and to have an overview of state-of-the-art examples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coordination Chemistry)
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21 pages, 11601 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Carbon Nanotube Functionalization on Water Contaminated by Diesel and Benzoic Acid: A Comparison of Two Case Studies
by Pierantonio De Luca, Anastasia Macario, Luigi Madeo and Jànos B.Nagy
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090238 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 480
Abstract
This article simply aims to compare two case studies concerning the purification, using carbon nanotubes, of water contaminated by the following two different common pollutants: benzoic acid and diesel. In particular, the aim is to highlight how the different natures of both of [...] Read more.
This article simply aims to compare two case studies concerning the purification, using carbon nanotubes, of water contaminated by the following two different common pollutants: benzoic acid and diesel. In particular, the aim is to highlight how the different natures of both of the polluting molecules and the carbon nanotubes play a fundamental role in water treatment. These two pollutants were taken into consideration because of their different chemical natures: benzoic acid is a polar pollutant, while the molecules present in diesel are substantially nonpolar. The carbon nanotubes used were both functionalized and nonfunctionalized. Functionalization is a process that allows for the introduction of functional groups onto the surface of carbon nanotubes. In this research, carboxylic functionalization was performed, which allowed for the insertion of carboxylic groups through attacks with sulfuric and nitric acids. Thanks to the results obtained, it was possible to quantify the optimization of the purification process depending on the types of carbon nanotubes and polluting molecules considered. The functionalized nanotubes exhibited greater performances in the treatment of water contaminated by benzoic acid compared to the nonfunctionalized ones. Instead, in the treatment of water contaminated by diesel, a greater purification capacity was shown by the nonfunctionalized carbon nanotubes compared to the functionalized ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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12 pages, 5416 KiB  
Article
Tunable Electronic and Magnetic Properties of 3d Transition Metal Atom-Intercalated Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: A Density Functional Theory Study
by Yujie Liu, Guang Yang, Zhiwen He, Yanbiao Wang, Xianghong Niu, Sake Wang, Yongjun Liu and Xiuyun Zhang
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090237 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 754
Abstract
Currently, intercalation has become an effective way to modify the fundamental properties of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials. Using density functional theory, we systematically investigated the structures and electronic and magnetic properties of bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) intercalated with 3 [...] Read more.
Currently, intercalation has become an effective way to modify the fundamental properties of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials. Using density functional theory, we systematically investigated the structures and electronic and magnetic properties of bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) intercalated with 3d TM atoms (TM = Sc–Ni), TM@BL_MS2 (M = Mo, V). Our results demonstrate that all the studied TM@BL_MS2s are of high stability, with large binding energies and high diffusion barriers of TM atoms. Interestingly, most TM@BL_MoS2s and TM@BL_VS2s are found to be stable ferromagnets. Among them, TM@BL_MoS2s (TM = Sc, Ti, Fe, Co) are ferromagnetic metals, TM@BL_MoS2 (TM = V, Cr) and TM@BL_VS2 (TM = Sc, V) are ferromagnetic half-metals, and the remaining systems are found to be ferromagnetic semiconductors. Exceptions are found for Ni@BL_MoS2 and Cr@BL_VS2, which are nonmagnetic semiconductors and ferrimagnetic half-metals, respectively. Further investigations reveal that the electromagnetic properties of TM@BL_MoS2 are significantly influenced by the concentration of intercalated TM atoms. Our study demonstrates that TM atom intercalation is an effective approach for manipulating the electromagnetic properties of two-dimensional materials, facilitating their potential applications in spintronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Inorganic Semiconductor Materials, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 9835 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Microstructure and Electrical Properties of Sputtered ZnO Thin Films
by Adil Alshoaibi
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090236 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 766
Abstract
Thin films are the backbone of the electronics industry, and their widespread application in heat sensors, solar cells, and thin-film transistors has attracted the attention of researchers. The current study involves the deposition of a hetero-structured (ZnO/Zn/ZnO) thin film on a well-cleaned glass [...] Read more.
Thin films are the backbone of the electronics industry, and their widespread application in heat sensors, solar cells, and thin-film transistors has attracted the attention of researchers. The current study involves the deposition of a hetero-structured (ZnO/Zn/ZnO) thin film on a well-cleaned glass substrate using the DC magnetron sputtering technique. The samples were then annealed at 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 °C. The structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics of the annealed samples as well as one as-deposited sample were then examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and a Hall effect measuring apparatus. XRD analysis showed a hexagonal ZnO crystal structure for the samples annealed at 300 and 400 °C, whereas the samples annealed at 100 and 200 °C showed metallic zinc and hexagonal ZnO, and the crystallinity decreased for the sample annealed at 500 °C with pure hexagonal crystal symmetry. According to the AFM study, as the annealing temperature increases, the average roughness (Ra) decreases. Temperature has an inverse relationship with particle size. The optimal annealing temperature was determined to be 400 °C. Over this temperature range, the average roughness and particle size increased. Similarly, when Ra decreased, the conductivity increased and the resistance decreased. A fundamental difficulty is that the heating of the heterostructure to 400 °C melts the Zn-based intermediate layer, which alters the Zn phase and disrupts the sample homogeneity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances into Nanostructured Oxides, 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 1885 KiB  
Article
The Legacy of AAZTA—Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of Two AAZTA Structural Analogs
by Federico Forgione, Madalina Ranga, Fabio Travagin, Mariangela Boccalon, Zsolt Baranyai, Giovanni B. Giovenzana and Luciano Lattuada
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090235 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 568
Abstract
AAZTA (6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepinetetraacetic acid) is a mesocyclic chelating agent forming stable complexes with several metal ions. Over the past 20 years since its inception, AAZTA and its bifunctional derivatives have gained a growing role in several applications ranging from MRI contrast agents to diagnostics [...] Read more.
AAZTA (6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepinetetraacetic acid) is a mesocyclic chelating agent forming stable complexes with several metal ions. Over the past 20 years since its inception, AAZTA and its bifunctional derivatives have gained a growing role in several applications ranging from MRI contrast agents to diagnostics and nuclear medicine. The recent market restrictions applied to nitroethane preclude the easy preparation of AAZTA, prompting the search for a suitable alternative. In this work, we report the synthesis of two structural analogs (AAZTA-Bn and AAZTA-Et) from commercially available chemicals and the thermodynamic and kinetic study of their complexing ability towards selected metal ions. A comparison of the complexing properties of AAZTA-Bn and AAZTA-Et with the former AAZTA allows us to identify the possible heir of this efficient chelating agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular Coordination Complexes: Synthesis and Applications)
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16 pages, 2220 KiB  
Article
A New Azide-Bridged Polymeric Manganese (III) Schiff Base Complex with an Allylamine-Derived Ligand: Structural Characterization and Activity Spectra
by Aynaz Talebi, Mehdi Salehi, A. J. Lopes Jesus, Maciej Kubicki, Rui Fausto and Reza Golbedaghi
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090234 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 726
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and structural characterization of a novel azide-bridged polymeric manganese (III) Schiff base complex, using 2-((allylimino)methyl)-6-ethoxyphenol as a ligand. The crystal structure of the synthesized compound, elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, indicates that it crystallizes in the monoclinic [...] Read more.
This paper reports the synthesis and structural characterization of a novel azide-bridged polymeric manganese (III) Schiff base complex, using 2-((allylimino)methyl)-6-ethoxyphenol as a ligand. The crystal structure of the synthesized compound, elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, indicates that it crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c. The complex is found to display an octahedral geometry in which the central manganese Mn(III) coordinates with two bidentate donor Schiff base ligands via oxygen and nitrogen atoms. In addition, the metallic centers are linked together to form a one-dimensional chain bridged by end-to-end azide ligands. To offer a more thorough characterization of the synthesized compound, the study incorporates experimental data from FT-IR, UV-Vis, and cyclic voltammetry, alongside computational results from Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT calculations conducted for both the ligand and complex. The computational analyses provided valuable insights into the intrachain and interchain interactions within the crystal structure, clarified the conformational characteristics of the isolated ligand molecule, and aided in the interpretation of the experimental IR spectra. Furthermore, an assessment of the compound’s drug-like properties was conducted using activity spectra for substances (PASS) predictions, revealing potential pharmacological activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Complexes Diversity: Synthesis, Conformations, and Bioactivity)
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39 pages, 34079 KiB  
Review
DFT Modeling of Coordination Polymerization of Polar Olefin Monomers by Molecular Metal Complexes
by Yanan Zhao, Zhenli Zhang and Yi Luo
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090233 - 28 Aug 2024
Viewed by 735
Abstract
Introducing polar functional groups into polyolefin chains through polar olefin monomer coordination (co)polymerization can directly and significantly improve the surface properties of polymer materials and expand their application range. Therefore, the related research has always received considerable attention from both academia and industry. [...] Read more.
Introducing polar functional groups into polyolefin chains through polar olefin monomer coordination (co)polymerization can directly and significantly improve the surface properties of polymer materials and expand their application range. Therefore, the related research has always received considerable attention from both academia and industry. Many experimental studies have been reported in this field, and molecular metal complexes have shown high catalytic activity and selectivity in polar olefin monomer polymerizations. Although considerable DFT calculations have also been conducted for better understanding of the (co)polymerization performance, the factors governing the activity, selectivity, and molecular weight of resulting polymers are still ambiguous. This review mainly focuses on the DFT studies of polar olefin monomer coordination (co)polymerization catalyzed by molecular metal complexes in recent years, discussing the chain initiation and propagation, the origin of polymerization activity and selectivity, and the specific role of additives in the (co)polymerization reactions. Full article
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26 pages, 6732 KiB  
Review
Progress, Applications, and Challenges of Amorphous Alloys: A Critical Review
by Zheyuan Feng, Hansheng Geng, Yuze Zhuang and Pengwei Li
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090232 - 27 Aug 2024
Viewed by 2077
Abstract
Amorphous alloys, also known as metallic glasses, are a type of novel amorphous material discovered by chance. This discovery has greatly enriched the field of metal physics, spurred the rapid development of amorphous physics and materials science, and propelled amorphous physics to the [...] Read more.
Amorphous alloys, also known as metallic glasses, are a type of novel amorphous material discovered by chance. This discovery has greatly enriched the field of metal physics, spurred the rapid development of amorphous physics and materials science, and propelled amorphous physics to the forefront of condensed matter physics. As an important and challenging branch of this discipline, amorphous physics now plays a pivotal role in understanding the complexities of non-crystalline materials. Amorphous materials, characterized by their unique properties, are not only widely used in daily life and high-tech fields but also serve as model systems for studying significant scientific issues within materials science and condensed matter physics. This paper provides a comprehensive review of amorphous alloys, discussing major scientific issues and challenges in amorphous science, the formation mechanisms of these materials, their structural characteristics, and their physical and mechanical properties. Additionally, it explores the various applications of amorphous materials and forecasts future research trends, significant issues, development prospects, and directions within this vibrant field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research and Application of Amorphous Materials)
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19 pages, 5025 KiB  
Article
Fructose-Based Metal–Organic Framework as a Means to Synthesize Sr-Loaded Chitosan Nanospheres with NLO Properties for Theranostic Applications in Radiotherapy
by Alma Cioci, Paola Benzi, Carlo Canepa, Leonardo Mortati, Antonio Alvarez de la Paz, Itzel Marisol Garnica-Palafox, Francisco Manuel Sánchez-Arévalo, Roberto C. Dante and Domenica Marabello
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090231 - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 650
Abstract
Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer derived from chitin, which is a versatile material for various biological applications due to its attractive properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Furthermore, chitosan possesses Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) properties that are useful for biosensing applications. In [...] Read more.
Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer derived from chitin, which is a versatile material for various biological applications due to its attractive properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. Furthermore, chitosan possesses Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) properties that are useful for biosensing applications. In this work, we explored the possibility of exploiting chitosan-based nanospheres as SHG-based biosensors, and also as carriers of 89Sr radionuclide, an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) for radiopharmaceutical treatments in cancer therapy. To opportunely load the Sr ion on the nanospheres, we used a fructose-based Metal–Organic Framework, with the formula [Sr(C6H12O6)2(H2O)2]Cl2·H2O, because the sugar was able to drive the Sr ions on the chitosan matrix. Sr-loaded chitosan nanospheres were synthesized, characterized, and their SHG response was measured. The results encouraged us to propose the nanospheres for theranostic purposes, i.e., valuable for both therapeutic and diagnostic applications at the same time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioinorganic Chemistry)
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