Next Article in Journal / Special Issue
The Viscosity and Intermolecular Interaction of Organic and Inorganic Hybrid Systems Composed of Chiral Schiff Base Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) Complexes with Long Ligands, Azobenzene, and PMMA
Previous Article in Journal / Special Issue
Tetrapropylammonium Occlusion in Nanoaggregates of Precursor of Silicalite-1 Zeolite Studied by 1H and 13C NMR
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Inorganics
Volume 4
Issue 2
10.3390/inorganics4020019
inorganics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Monoanionic Tin Oligomers Featuring Sn–Sn or Sn–Pb Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tris(Triheteroarylstannyl)Stannate and -Plumbate

by
Kornelia Zeckert
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
Inorganics 2016, 4(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics4020019
Submission received: 20 May 2016 / Revised: 12 June 2016 / Accepted: 14 June 2016 / Published: 20 June 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traversing the Boundaries of Inorganic Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The reaction of the lithium tris(2-pyridyl)stannate [LiSn(2-py6OtBu)3] (py6OtBu = C5H3N-6-OtBu), 1, with the element(II) amides E{N(SiMe3)2}2 (E = Sn, Pb) afforded complexes [LiE{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] for E = Sn (2) and E = Pb (3), which reveal three Sn–E bonds each. Compounds 2 and 3 have been characterized by solution NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic studies. Large 1J(119Sn–119/117Sn) as well as 1J(207Pb–119/117Sn) coupling constants confirm their structural integrity in solution. However, contrary to 2, complex 3 slowly disintegrates in solution to give elemental lead and the hexaheteroarylditin [Sn(2-py6OtBu)3]2 (4).

1. Introduction

The synthesis and characterization of catenated heavier group 14 element compounds have attracted attention in recent years [1,2,3,4,5]. However, contrary to silicon and germanium, there are limitations for tin and lead associated with the significant decrease in element–element bond energy. Hence, homonuclear as well as heteronuclear molecules with E–E bonds become less stable when E represents tin and or lead. Moreover, within this class of compounds, discrete branched oligomers with more than one E–E bond are rare compared with their linear analogs [6,7,8,9,10]. It has been shown that reactions of lead(II) halides with Grignard reagents involved disproportionation processes leading to plumbates of type [MgBr(THF)5][Pb(PbPh3)3] [11] and [Mg(THF)3(µ-Cl)3Mg(THF)3][Pb(PbBp3)3] (Bp = 4-Biphenyl) [12]. The formation of closely related anions [Sn(SnR3)3]− (R = Me or Ph) was found as part of decomposition of corresponding stannyl anions in the presence of distannanes [13,14,15,16]. Further rare investigations included the reduction reaction of SnPh4 with elemental lithium in liquid ammonia to give [Li(NH3)4][Sn(SnPh3)3] [17] or reactions of the organotin chlorides SnPh2Cl2 as well as SnMe3Cl with lanthanoid metals, yielding complexes [Yb(DME)3Cl]2[Sn(SnPh3)3]2 [18] and [Ln(THF)4{Sn(SnMe3)3}2] (Ln = Sm, Yb) [19]. Complete structural characterizations, however, are missing due to the very low solubility and sensitivity of all compounds reported.
Recently, conventional salt metathesis reactions have been employed for synthesis of neutral distannylstannylene species Sn(SnAr3)2 (Ar = C6H3-2,6-(OiPr)2) [20] and Sn(SnPh2Ar*)2 (Ar* = C6H3-2,6-(Trip)2, Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3) [21], bearing a divalent tin atom bonded to two triarylstannyl groups. In both cases, the catenation was implemented by a stannyl lithium derivative LiSnAr3 or LiSnPh2Ar*, respectively. Our studies on related triheteroaryltin(II) compounds revealed a diverse reactivity. Thereby, it was found that compounds [Li(THF)Sn(2-pyR)3] (pyR = C5H3N-5-Me or C5H3N-3-Me), in which the lithium cation is well embedded within the tris(pyridyl)stannate core, can either act as a two-electron donor leading to a tin–element bond formation [22,23] or may be used for salt metathesis reactions with the lone pair of electrons at the tin(II) atom remaining available [24].
Continuing these studies, it is now shown that the reaction between the lithium tris(2-pyridyl)stannate [LiSn(2-py6OtBu)3] (py6OtBu = C5H3N-6-OtBu), 1, with group 14 element(II) amides E{N(SiMe3)2}2 (E = Sn or Pb) lead to the straight formation of the lithium salts [LiSn{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (2) and [LiPb{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (3) each with the lithium cation intramolecularly coordinated by the novel tris(stannyl)metallate enabled through the unique donor functionality of the complex anion [Sn{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3]− as well as [Pb{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3]− itself.

2. Results

Compounds 2 and 3 have been prepared in reactions of the lithium stannate 1 upon addition of tin(II) or lead(II) amide E{N(SiMe3)2}2 (E = Sn, Pb) in a 3:1 stoichiometry (Scheme 1). The initial yellow THF solution of 1 gradually changed to a reddish-brownish solution of 2 and a green solution of 3. The complexes were obtained as the only products in good isolated yields as colorless (2) as well as yellow (3) crystalline material upon work up and re-crystallization from toluene or benzene. It is likely that neutral E{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}2 was initially generated. However, this molecule, which could neither be isolated nor detected, may have then reacted further with another equiv of 1 to give the lithium complexes 2 or 3, respectively, by virtue of a donor–acceptor interaction between two low valent group 14 element species. This may be explained with the less steric requirement of the pyridyl ligand as well as the pronounced two-electron donor ability of 1 comparable to other tris(2-pyridyl)stannates [22,23,24].
Indeed, the molecular structures of complexes 2 and 3 (Figure 1, Table 1) imply the donation of a lithium stannate fragment to the central element(II) atom of a E{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}2 molecule due to the intramolecular N-coordination of the lithium cation by only one tris(2-pyridyl)stannyl unit in 2 and 3 as found for previously reported tris(2-pyridyl)stannate complexes [22,23,24,25]. Thus, compounds 2 and 3 can be described as zwitter-ionic complexes with a Li···Sn separation of 3.339(14) Å in 2 as well as 3.321(10) Å in 3.
In complex 2, the central Sn atom adopts a trigonal pyramidal geometry with Sn–Sn(1)–Sn angles of 92.52(2), 93.22(2), and 96.13(2)°. The Sn–Sn bond lengths range from 2.8127(7) to 2.8217(6) Å and lie well within the previously known range (2.811–2.836 Å) for complexes of the [Sn(SnPh3)3]– anion [16,17,18,19] but are considerably shorter than those found for the distannylstannylenes Sn(SnAr3)2 (Ar = C6H3-2,6-(OiPr)2) (2.86 Å) [20] as well as Sn(SnPh2Ar*)2 (Ar* = C6H3-2,6-(Trip)2, Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3) (2.96 Å) [21]). The geometry at Sn(2), whose interligand angles vary from 93.8(2)° to 132.5(2)°, is strikingly distorted from idealized tetrahedral geometry. This can be attributed to the binding of the lithium cation by the three pyridyl groups of this stannyl unit contrary to atoms Sn(3) and Sn(4).
Compound 3 crystallized as two structurally similar, but crystallographically independent molecules. Therefore, only one of the crystallographically independent molecules is shown in Figure 1. The molecular structure of 3 has many similarities to that of 2. In 3, the lead atom may also be described as trigonal pyramidal with the lone pair of electrons located at the apex. Accordingly, the Sn–Pb–Sn angles are relatively small with values ranging from 90.85(1)° to 94.49(1)°. Similar structural features can be found in the previously reported tris(plumbyl)plumbate anions, where angles around the central lead atom average to 93.0° [11] and 94.1° [12]. The Pb–Sn bond lengths amount to 2.8743(3) and 2.8919(4) Å, and may be compared with 2.7844(4) Å in Pb(Ar)SnAr3 (Ar = C6H3-2,6-(OiPr)2) and 2.9283(4) Å in Pb(SnAr3)2 [26].
Solution NMR spectra of both complexes in d8-THF reveal a symmetric arrangement within the [Sn{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3]− or [Pb{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3]− skeleton, indicated by three chemical equivalent stannyl moieties with 119Sn NMR room temperature resonances at −151 ppm (2) and −180 ppm (3). The 119Sn–119/117Sn coupling constant in compound 2 is 7050 Hz, and may be compared with scalar coupling constants found for stannylstannylene species (6240–9400 Hz) [20,27,28,29,30,31]. The chemical shift of the bridging tin atom in 2 appears at −1064 ppm. This value is consistent with reported data for LiSn(SnMe3)3 (δ = −1062 ppm) [14,32], but reveals a significant upfield shift by ca. 870 ppm compared to the three-coordinate tin(II) atom in 1 (δ = −191 ppm). The 207Pb NMR spectrum of 3 is characterized by one signal at −1643 ppm and a 1J(207Pb–119/117Sn) coupling of 14900 Hz, which is smaller than observed for the hitherto isolated stannylplumbylenes (19971–22560 Hz) [26], but larger than determined for stannylplumbanes, e.g., Ph3SnPbPh3 (3469 Hz) [33,34]. The chemical shift value of the three-coordinate lead atom in 3, however, is strikingly deviating from low field 207Pb resonances usually observed for triaryl plumbates, e.g., at +1063 ppm for LiPbPh3 [35] or +1020 ppm for the related [LiPb(2-py6OtBu)3] [36]. Thus, in 3, the central lead atom is significantly more shielded according to a smaller contribution to the paramagnetic contribution term. In addition, fast fluctuation of the lithium counterion in 2 or 3 can be attributed to a upfield shifting of the 7Li NMR resonances to +0.68 ppm (2) and +1.08 ppm (3) in comparison to the parent lithium stannate 1 (δ = +2.12 ppm).
Compound 3 decomposes when stored over time in solution, yielding elemental lead, the lithiumstannate 1 and the hexaorganoditin [Sn(2-py6OtBu)3]2 (4). The decomposition, which was monitored by NMR spectroscopy, proceeds smoothly with the generation of less soluble crystalline 4. Single crystals, suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis (see Supplementary Material) were isolated from the NMR tube. Compound 4 ranks into the group of hitherto known hexaorganoditin compounds as a result of an apparently inexorable cleavage of the comparably weak Sn–Pb bond. Similar to [Sn(2-py6Me)3]2 [37], 4 provides further functionalities with prospective coordination characteristics due to the N-heteroaromatic ligand system.
Finally, the results obtained suggest the formation of the tris(stannyl)metallate complexes [LiSn{E(2-py6OtBu)3}3] 2 and 3 to be favored over neutral bis(stannyl) derivatives. This may be rationalized with the following: (i) the less steric requirement of the organic substituent used, allowing further attack on E; (ii) the rapid reaction of electron rich 1; and (iii) a stabilization of the anionic oligomers by the intramolecular coordination of the counterions. Thus, a straight route in synthesis of heavier group 14 element catenates containing more than one homonuclear or heteronuclear element–element bonds has been presented. Solution studies on 3, however, underline the weakness of the Pb–Sn bonds in this molecule.

3. Experimental

All manipulations were carried out using standard Schlenk techniques under an atmosphere of dry nitrogen. THF and benzene have been distilled over sodium and stored over potassium mirror. Deuterated THF was stored over activated 4 Å molecular sieves. Sn{N(SiMe3)2}2 and Pb{N(SiMe3)2}2 were prepared according to published procedures [38].
NMR spectra have been recorded on a Bruker Avance DRX 400 spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Rheinstetten, Germany). The chemical shifts (δ) are quoted in ppm and are relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS). CHN analyses were carried out on a Vario EL III CHNS instrument (Elementar Analysensysteme GmbH, Hanau, Germany).

3.1. Syntheses

[LiSn(2-py6OtBu)3] (1): SnCl2 (0.76 g, 4 mmol) was added to a solution of Li(2-py6OtBu) (1.88 g, 12 mmol) (generated from LiPh and 2-Br-C5H3N-6-OtBu) in 30 mL of diethyl ether at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. After filtration, the residue was dissolved in toluene. Further filtration from LiCl, the removal of toluene, and the re-crystallization from THF gave yellow 1 in a total of 1.75 g (76%). Characterization: Elemental analysis (%) calcd. for C27H36N3O3SnLi, C4H8O: C, 57.43; H, 6.84; N, 6.48. Found: C, 57.31; H, 6.87; N, 6.32. 1H NMR (400.1 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 1.43 (s, 9H, CMe3), 6.51 (d, 8 Hz, py), 7.29 (t, 8 Hz, py), 7.40 ppm (d, 8 Hz, py); 13C{1H} NMR (100.6 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 28.5 (CMe3), 78.3 (CMe3), 109.9 (py), 130.0 (2J(13C–119/117Sn) = 109 Hz, py), 135.0 (3J(13C–119/117Sn) = 19 Hz, py), 161.7 (py), 194.5 ppm (1J(13C–119/117Sn) = 345 Hz, Cipso); 7Li NMR (155.5 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF) δ = 2.12 ppm; 119Sn{1H} NMR (149.2 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = −191 ppm. 1H NMR (400.1 MHz, 298 K, C6D6): δ = 1.30 (s, 9H, CMe3), 6.32 (d, 8 Hz, py), 7.01 (t, 8 Hz, py), 8.15 (d, 8 Hz, py); 13C{1H} NMR (100.6 MHz, 298 K, C6D6): δ = 27.9 (CMe3), 77.8 (CMe3), 111.2 (py), 131.1 (2J(13C–119/117Sn) = 134.8 Hz, py), 134.8 (3J(13C–119/117Sn) = 25 Hz, py), 160.4 (py), 191.9 ppm (1J(13C–119/117Sn) = 360 Hz, Cipso); 7Li NMR (155.5 MHz, 298 K, C6D6): δ = 3.78 ppm; 119Sn{1H} NMR (149.2 MHz, 298 K, C6D6): δ = −201 ppm.
[LiSn{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (2): To a solution of 1 (1.10 g, 19 mmol) in 10 mL of THF, Sn{N(SiMe3)2}2 (0.28 g, 6.3 mmol) was added at room temperature. The greenish solution was stirred for 1 h, and the solvent was then completely removed in vacuo. Crystallization from the concentrated toluene solution afforded colorless crystals of 2. Yield: 0.73 g (63%). Characterization: Elemental analysis (%) calcd. for C81H108N9O9Sn4Li: C, 53.06; H, 5.94; N, 6.88. Found: C, 52.67; H, 6.02; N, 6.85. 1H NMR (400.1 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 1.20 (s, 9H, CMe3), 6.15 (d, 8 Hz, py), 6.78–6.84 ppm (m, py); 13C{1H} NMR (100.6 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 23.7 (CMe3), 76.0 (CMe3), 107.3 (py), 125.7 (2J(13C–119/117Sn) = 96 Hz, py), 133.5 (3J(13C–119/117Sn) = 36 Hz, py), 160.9 (3J(13C–119/117Sn) = 46 Hz, py), 174.8 ppm (1J(13C–119Sn) = 285 Hz, 1J(13C–117Sn) = 271 Hz, 2J(13C–119/117Sn) = 20 Hz, Cipso); 7Li NMR (155.5 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 0.68 ppm; 119Sn{1H} NMR (149.2 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = −151 (1J(119Sn–119/117Sn) = 7050 Hz, 2J(119Sn–119/117Sn) = 890 Hz, Sn(py)3), −1064 ppm (SnSn3).
[LiPb{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (3): Crystalline 3 was prepared from 1 and Pb{N(SiMe3)2}2 in a 3:1 stoichiometry as described above for the synthesis of 2. Concentration of the benzene solution and storage at 8 °C overnight gave yellow 3 in 84% yield. Characterization: Elemental analysis (%) calcd. for C81H108N9O9Sn3PbLi: C, 50.62; H, 5.66; N, 6.56. Found: C, 49.77; H, 5.62; N, 6.34. 1H NMR (400.1 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 1.27 (s, 9H, CMe3), 6.20 (d, 8 Hz, py), 6.86–6.91 ppm (m, py); 13C{1H} NMR (100.6 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 29.3 (CMe3), 78.7 (CMe3), 110.1 (py), 128.4 (2J(13C–119/117Sn) = 95 Hz, py), 136.1 (py), 163.8 (3J(13C–119/117Sn) = 41 Hz, py), 180.0 ppm (1J(13C–119/117Sn) = 214 Hz, 2J(13C–207Pb) = 78 Hz, Cipso); 7Li NMR (155.5 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF) δ = 1.08 ppm. 119Sn{1H} NMR (149.2 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = −180 ppm (1J(119Sn–207Pb) = 14700 Hz); 207Pb{1H} NMR (83.6 MHz, 298K, d8-THF): δ = −1643 ppm (1J(207Pb–119/117Sn) = 14,900 Hz). 1H NMR (400.1 MHz, 298 K, C6D6): δ = 1.41 (s, 9H, CMe3), 6.42 (d, 8Hz, py), 7.00 (t, 8 Hz, py), 7.35 ppm (d, 8Hz, py); 13C{1H} NMR (100.6 MHz, 298 K, C6D6): δ = 28.7 (CMe3), 78.6 (CMe3), 111.0 (py), 136.1 (py), 162.9 (py), 178.4 ppm (Cipso); 7Li NMR (155.5 MHz, 298 K, C6D6): δ = 1.20 ppm. 119Sn{1H} NMR (149.2 MHz, 298K, C6D6): δ = −161 ppm; 207Pb{1H} NMR (83.6 MHz, 298K, C6D6): δ = −1738 ppm (1J(207Pb–119/117Sn) = 14,620 Hz).
[Sn(2-py6OtBu)3]2 (4): A NMR solution of 3 in C6D6 was set aside at room temperature. The color of the solution gradually changed from green to pale yellow. The formation of elemental lead was observed. After several days, the colorless crystals of 4 were grown from solution. In the 119Sn{1H} NMR spectrum finally only one signal at −201 ppm was detected, according to free lithium stannate 1. Isolated crystals of 4 were dissolved in d8-THF for characterization by NMR spectroscopy. Characterization: Elemental analysis (%) calcd. for C54H72N6O6Sn2: C, 56.96; H, 6.37; N, 7.38. Found: C, 56.92; H, 6.32; N, 7.28. 1H NMR (400.1 MHz, 298 K, d8-THF): δ = 1.20 (s, 9H, CMe3), 6.37 (d, 8Hz, py), 7.03 (t, 8 Hz, py), 7.27 ppm (d, 8Hz, py); 119Sn{1H} NMR (149.2 MHz, 298K, d8-THF): δ = −223 ppm. No 119Sn–117Sn coupling could be detected.

3.2. X-ray Crystallography

Crystals of 2, 3, and 4 were removed from a Schlenk tube under a nitrogen atmosphere and covered with a layer of hydrocarbon oil. A suitable crystal was attached to a glass fiber and quickly placed in a low-temperature N2 stream.
The crystallographic data were collected on a Xcalibur-S diffractometer (Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, Kent, UK) with MoKα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å), solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares on F2 (SHELX97) [39,40] using all data. All non-hydrogen atoms are anisotropic, with H-atoms included in calculated positions (riding model). CCDC1467318 (2), CCDC1467319 (3), and CCDC1467320 (4) contain the supplementary crystallographic data that can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures. The crystallographic data for compound 2 and 3 are given in Table 2.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/4/2/19/s1. Figure S1: Molecular structure of compound 4. Table S1: Crystallographic data for compound 4. Figures S2–S7 contain the graphical representations of recorded NMR spectra.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for funding (Grant: ZE804/3-1) and Reike Clauss for preparative support.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Davies, A.G. Recent advances in the chemistry of the organotin hydrides. J. Chem. Res. 2006, 2006, 141–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Jurkschat, K.; Mehring, M. Organometallic polymers of germanium, tin and lead. In The Chemistry of Organic Germanium, Tin and Lead Compounds; Rappoport, Z., Ed.; Wiley: Chichester, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2002; Volume 2, pp. 1–130. [Google Scholar]
  3. Amadoruge, M.L.; Weinert, C.S. Singly bonded catenated germanes: Eighty years of progress. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 4253–4294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Weinert, C.S. Syntheses, structures and properties of linear and branched oligogermanes. Dalton Trans. 2009, 1691–1699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Marschner, C.; Hlina, J. Catenated Compounds–Group 14 (Ge, Sn, Pb). In Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II; Reedijk, J., Poeppelmeier, K., Eds.; Elsevier B.V.: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2013; Volume 1, pp. 83–117. [Google Scholar]
  6. Gillman, H.; Cartledge, F.K. Tetrakis(triphenylstannyl)tin. J. Organomet. Chem. 1966, 5, 48–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Jurkschat, K.; Klaus, C.; Dargatz, M.; Tzschach, A.; Meunier-Piret, J.; Mahieu, B. Reaction of 3-dimethylamino-(1,1-dimethyl)propyl magnesium chloride with tin(IV) and tin(II) chlorides. Stabilization of a SnCl+ cation in the new tin cluster [Me2NCH2CH2C(Me2)SnCl]3·SnCl2. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1989, 577, 122–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Sita, L.R. Structure/property relationships of polystannanes. Adv. Organomet. Chem. 1995, 38, 189–243. [Google Scholar]
  9. Willemsens, L.C.; van der Kerk, G.J.M. Studies in group IV organometallic chemistry: XIII. Organometallic compounds with five metal atoms in neopentane configuration. J. Organomet. Chem. 1964, 2, 260–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Willemsens, L.C.; van der Kerk, G.J.M. Investigations on organolead compounds: I. A novel red organolead compound a reinvestigation of krause’s red diphenyllead. J. Organomet. Chem. 1964, 2, 271–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Stabenow, F.; Saak, W.; Weidenbruch, M. Tris(triphenylplumbyl)plumbate: An anion with three stretched lead–lead bonds. Chem. Commun. 2003, 18, 2342–2343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Wang, Y.; Quillian, B.; Wei, P.; Yang, X.-J.; Robinson, G.H. New Pb–Pb bonds: Syntheses and molecular structures of hexabiphenyldiplumbane and tri(trisbiphenylplumbyl)plumbate. Chem. Commun. 2004, 19, 2224–2225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Wells, W.L.; Brown, T.L. An investigation of methyltin–lithium compounds preparation and properties of tris(trimethylstannyl)stannyllithium tris(tetrahydrofuran). J. Organomet. Chem. 1968, 11, 271–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Kobayashi, K.; Kawanisi, M.; Hitomi, T.; Kozima, S. Mechanistic studies of decomposition of trialkylstannyllithiums. J. Organomet. Chem. 1982, 233, 299–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Westerhausen, M. Synthesis and crystal structure of calcium bis(trimethylstannanide)·4 THF. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1493–1495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Englich, U.; Ruhlandt-Senge, K.; Uhlig, F. Novel triphenyltin substituted derivatives of heavier alkaline earth metals. J. Organomet. Chem. 2000, 613, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Flacke, F.; Jacobs, H. [Li(NH3)4][Sn(SnPh3)3]·C6H6, crystal structure of a stannide with trigonal pyramidal tin skeleton. Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem. 1997, 34, 495–501. [Google Scholar]
  18. Bochkarev, L.N.; Grachev, O.V.; Ziltsov, S.F.; Zakharov, L.N.; Struchkov, Y.T. Synthesis and structure of organotin complexes of ytterbium. J. Organomet. Chem. 1992, 436, 299–311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Bochkarev, L.N.; Grachev, O.V.; Molosnova, N.E.; Ziltsov, S.F.; Zakharov, L.N.; Fukin, G.K. Novel polynuclear organotin complexes of samarium and ytterbium. J. Organomet. Chem. 1993, 443, C26–C28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Drost, C.; Hildebrand, M.; Lönnecke, P. Synthesis and crystal structure of a novel distannylstannanediyl and a rare pentastannapropellane. Main Group Met. Chem. 2002, 25, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Eichler, B.E.; Phillips, A.D.; Power, P.P. Reactions of phenyllithium with the stannylene Ar*SnPh (Ar* = C6H3-2,6-Trip2; Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3) and the synthesis of the distannylstannylene Sn(SnPh2Ar*)2: Contrasting behavior in methyl and phenyl derivatives. Organometallics 2003, 22, 5423–5426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Zeckert, K.; Zahn, S.; Kirchner, B. Tin–lanthanoid donor–acceptor bonds. Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 2638–2640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Zeckert, K. Syntheses and structures of lanthanoid(II) complexes featuring Sn–M (M = Al, Ga, In) bonds. Dalton Trans. 2012, 41, 14101–14106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Reichart, F.; Kischel, M.; Zeckert, K. Lanthanide(II) complexes of a dual functional tris(2-pyridyl)stannate derivative. Chem. Eur. J. 2009, 15, 10018–10020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Leung, W.-P.; Weng, L.-H.; Kwok, W.-H.; Zhou, Z.-Y.; Zhang, Z.-Y.; Mak, T.C.W. Synthesis of a novel binuclear chlorotin(II) alkyl and a lithium trialkylstannate zwitterionic cage molecule: Crystal structures of [Sn(Cl)RN]2 and [(SnRN3)Li(μ3-Cl)(Li(tmeda)]2 [RN = CH(SiButMe2)C5H4N-2]. Organometallics 1999, 18, 1482–1485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Drost, C.; Lönnecke, P.; Sieler, J. Stannylplumbylenes: Bonding between tetravalent tin and divalent lead. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48, 3778–3780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Cardin, C.J.; Cardin, D.J.; Constantine, S.P.; Todd, A.K.; Teat, S.J.; Coles, S. The first structurally authenticated compound containing a bond between divalent tin and tetravalent tin. Organometallics 1998, 17, 2144–2146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Phillips, A.D.; Hino, S.; Power, P.P. A reversible valence equilibrium in a heavier main group compound. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7520–7521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Setaka, W.; Hirai, K.; Tomioka, H.; Sakamoto, K.; Kira, M. Formation of a stannylstannylene via intramolecular carbene addition of a transient stannaacetylene (RSn≡CR′). Chem. Commun. 2008, 28, 6558–6560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Henning, J.; Eichele, K.; Fink, R.F.; Wesemann, L. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of tin–tin double bonds in cyclic distannenes. Organometallics 2014, 33, 3904–3918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Jurkschat, K.; Abicht, H.-P.; Tzschach, A.; Mahieu, B. Zur Umsetzung von o-Brommagnesiumbenzyldiphenylphosphin mit SnCl2; Isolierung einer Spezies mit direkter SnII–SnIV-Bindung. J. Organomet. Chem. 1986, 309, C47–C50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Kennedy, J.D.; McFarlane, W. Nuclear spin–spin coupling between directly bound tin atoms studied by a novel form of INDOR spectroscopy. Dalton Trans. 1976, 1219–1223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Schneider, C.; Dräger, M. Über gemischte Gruppe 14-Gruppe 14-Bindungen IV. Hexa-p-tolylethan-Analoga p-ToI6Sn2, p-ToI6PbSn und p-ToI6Pb2: Darstellung, Homöotype Strukturen, NMR-Kopplungen und Valenzschwingungen. J. Organomet. Chem. 1991, 415, 349–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Schneider, C.; Behrends, K.; Dräger, M. Über gemischte Gruppe 14–Gruppe 14-Bindungen: VI. Hexa-o-tolylethan-Analoga o-ToI6Sn2, o-ToI6PbSn und o-ToI6Pb2: Ein Vergleich von Bindungsstärke und Polarität in der Reihung Sn–Sn, Pb–Sn, Pb–Pb. J. Organomet. Chem. 1993, 448, 29–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Riviere, P.; Castel, A.; Riviere-Baudet, M. Alkaline and alkaline earth metal-14 compounds: Preparation, spectroscopy, structure and reactivity. In The Chemistry of Organic Germanium, Tin and Lead Compounds; Rappoport, Z., Ed.; Wiley: Chichester, UK, New York, NY, USA, 2002; Volume 2, pp. 653–748. [Google Scholar]
  36. Zeckert, K.; Griebel, J.; Kirmse, R.; Weiß, M.; Denecke, R. Versatile reactivity of a lithium tris(aryl)plumbate(II) towards organolanthanoid compounds: Stable lead–lanthanoid-metal bonds or redox processes. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 7718–7722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. García-Rodríguez, R.; Wright, D.S. Direct synthesis of the Janus-head ligand (MePy)3Sn–Sn(MePy)3 using an unusual pyridyl-transfer reaction (MePy = 6-methyl-2-pyridyl). Dalton Trans. 2014, 43, 14529–14532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Gynane, M.J.S.; Harris, D.H.; Lappert, M.F.; Power, P.P.; Rivière, P.; Rivière-Baudet, M. Subvalent group 4B metal alkyls and amides. Part 5. The synthesis and physical properties of thermally stable amides of germanium(II), tin(II), and lead(II). Dalton Trans. 1977, 2004–2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Sheldrick, G.M. SHELXS-97 and SHELXL-97, Programs for Crystal Structure Analysis; University of Göttingen: Göttingen, Germany, 1997. [Google Scholar]
  40. Sheldrick, G.M. A short history of SHELX. Acta Cryst. 2008, A64, 112–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Inorganics 04 00019 sch001 1024
Scheme 1. Illustration of the possible reaction pathway to give compounds 2 and 3; with pyR = py6OtBu = C5H3N-6-OtBu.
Scheme 1. Illustration of the possible reaction pathway to give compounds 2 and 3; with pyR = py6OtBu = C5H3N-6-OtBu.
Inorganics 04 00019 sch001
Inorganics 04 00019 g001 1024
Figure 1. Molecular structures of [LiSn{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (2) and [LiPb{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (3) with 30% probability ellipsoids. Hydrogen atoms and methyl groups are omitted for clarity.
Figure 1. Molecular structures of [LiSn{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (2) and [LiPb{Sn(2-py6OtBu)3}3] (3) with 30% probability ellipsoids. Hydrogen atoms and methyl groups are omitted for clarity.
Inorganics 04 00019 g001
Table
Table 1. Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (°) of compounds 2 and 3.
Table 1. Selected bond lengths (Å) and bond angles (°) of compounds 2 and 3.
23
Sn(1)–Sn(2)2.8127(7)Pb(1)–Sn(1)2.8743(4)
Sn(1)–Sn(3)2.8181(6)Pb(1)–Sn(2)2.8919(4)
Sn(1)–Sn(4)2.8217(6)Pb(1)–Sn(3)2.8818(4)
Sn(2)···Li(1)3.339(14)Sn(2)···Li(1)3.321(10)
Sn(2)–Cipso2.168(7), 2.179(7), 2.184(8)Sn(1)–Cipso2.154(5), 2.167(6), 2.182(5)
Sn(3)–Cipso2.161(6), 2.165(7), 2.183(6)Sn(2)–Cipso2.172(6), 2.183(6), 2.191(6)
Sn(4)–Cipso2.163(6), 2.167(6), 2.172(7)Sn(3)–Cipso2.167(6), 2.169(5), 2.177(5)
Li(1)–N2.024(13)–2.038(15)Li(1)–N1.996(11)–2.030(11)
Sn(2)–Sn(1)–Sn(3)92.52(2)Sn(1)–Pb(1)–Sn(2)90.90(1)
Sn(2)–Sn(1)–Sn(4)93.22(2)Sn(1)–Pb(1)–Sn(3)94.49(1)
Sn(3)–Sn(1)–Sn(4)96.13(2)Sn(2)–Pb(1)–Sn(3)90.85(1)
Cipso–Sn(2)–Cipso93.8(2), 98.9(3), 99.8(3)Cipso–Sn(1)–Cipso101.2(2), 103.2(2), 104.8(2)
Cipso–Sn(3)–Cipso100.8(2), 102.8(2), 104.7(2)Cipso–Sn(2)–Cipso92.4(2), 98.6(2), 100.0(2)
Cipso–Sn(4)–Cipso100.4(2), 101.2(3), 103.6(2)Cipso–Sn(3)–Cipso101.8(2), 103.3(2), 104.3(2)
Cipso–Sn(2)–Sn(1)112.1(2), 114.0(2), 132.5(2)Cipso–Sn(1)–Pb(1)109.2(1), 112.5(1), 123.8(1)
Cipso–Sn(3)–Sn(1)109.2(2),112.6(2), 124.5(1)Cipso–Sn(2)–Pb(1)111.8(2), 113.7(2), 134.1(2)
Cipso–Sn(4)–Sn(1)106.0(2), 113.0(2), 129.7(2)Cipso–Sn(3)–Pb(1)104.6(1), 107.9(1), 132.0(1)
Table
Table 2. Crystallographic data for compounds 2 and 3.
Table 2. Crystallographic data for compounds 2 and 3.
23
FormulaC81H108LiN9O9Sn4C81H108LiN9O9PbSn3
Mr (g·mol−1)1833.461921.96
Cryst systemtriclinictriclinic
Space group P 1 ¯ P 1 ¯
a (Å)16.2901(9)17.2766(4)
b (Å)17.2775(8)19.4489(6)
c (Å)19.5167(8)28.6285(7)
α (°)103.329(4)88.874(2)
β (°)101.969(4)85.776(2)
γ (°)118.018(5)65.256(3)
V (Å3)4388.4(4)8711.9(4)
Z24
F(000)18643856
T (K)−180(2)−130(2)
ρcalcd (g cm3)1.3881.465
μ (mm−1)1.1812.833
Reflns collected3167274704
Reflns unique1605241501
Rint0.06200.0391
Final R1 (I > 2σ(I))0.05740.0531
Final wR2 (F2) (all data)0.11720.1050

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zeckert, K. Monoanionic Tin Oligomers Featuring Sn–Sn or Sn–Pb Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tris(Triheteroarylstannyl)Stannate and -Plumbate. Inorganics 2016, 4, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics4020019

AMA Style

Zeckert K. Monoanionic Tin Oligomers Featuring Sn–Sn or Sn–Pb Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tris(Triheteroarylstannyl)Stannate and -Plumbate. Inorganics. 2016; 4(2):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics4020019

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zeckert, Kornelia. 2016. "Monoanionic Tin Oligomers Featuring Sn–Sn or Sn–Pb Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tris(Triheteroarylstannyl)Stannate and -Plumbate" Inorganics 4, no. 2: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics4020019

APA Style

Zeckert, K. (2016). Monoanionic Tin Oligomers Featuring Sn–Sn or Sn–Pb Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tris(Triheteroarylstannyl)Stannate and -Plumbate. Inorganics, 4(2), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics4020019

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop