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Article

Metal Substitution Effect on a Three-Dimensional Cyanido-Bridged Fe Spin-Crossover Network

by
Kenta Imoto
1,
Shinjiro Takano
1 and
Shin-ichi Ohkoshi
1,2,*
1
Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
2
Cryogenic Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2017, 5(4), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics5040063
Submission received: 4 September 2017 / Revised: 20 September 2017 / Accepted: 21 September 2017 / Published: 24 September 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spin-Crossover Complexes)
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Abstract

:
We report the CoII-substitution effect on a cyanido-bridged three-dimensional FeII spin-crossover network, Fe2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·2H2O. A series of iron–cobalt octacyanidoniobate, (FexCo1−x)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·zH2O, was prepared. In this series, the behavior of FeII spin-crossover changes with the CoII concentration. As the CoII concentration increases, the transition of the spin-crossover becomes gradual and the transition temperature of the spin-crossover shifts towards a lower temperature. Additionally, this series shows magnetic phase transition at a low temperature. In particular, (Fe0.21Co0.79)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·zH2O exhibits a Curie temperature of 12 K and a large coercive field of 3100 Oe.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The spin-crossover phenomenon between low-spin (LS) and high-spin (HS) states has been extensively studied in many fields [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. This phenomenon can be modulated by various physical and chemical stimulations (e.g., light, pressure, temperature, vapor molecule, and metal substitution), and it has potential for sensor and memory applications [14,15]. To control the spin-crossover behavior, the metal substitution effect on the spin-crossover behavior for some FeII spin-crossover materials has been investigated [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25].
In the field of molecule-based magnets [26,27,28,29,30], cyanido-bridged metal assemblies have drawn attention because they exhibit various magnetic functionalities such as a high Curie temperature (Tc) [31,32,33,34], a charge transfer transition [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42], and an externally stimulated phase transition phenomena [43,44,45,46,47]. In the recent years, we have synthesized several kinds of magnetic cyanido-bridged bimetal assemblies possessing Fe spin-crossover sites. For example, CsFe[Cr(CN)6]·1.3H2O exhibits a spin-crossover phenomenon at 211 K in the cooling process (T1/2↓) and 238 K in the heating process (T1/2↑), and a ferromagnetic phase transition at 9 K [48]. Fe2[Nb(CN)8](3-pyridylmethanol)8·4.6H2O shows a gradual spin-crossover phenomenon at 250 K and a ferrimagnetic phase transition at 12 K [49]. However, the photoresponsivities were not reported for these compounds.
In 2011, we synthesized a cyanido-bridged metal assembly, Fe2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·2H2O, which shows a spin-crossover phenomenon at 130 K [50]. When this material is irradiated with 473-nm light, a spontaneous magnetization is observed. This photoinduced ferrimagnetic phase exhibits a TC value of 20 K and a coercive field (Hc) value of 240 Oe. This is the first demonstration of light-induced spin crossover ferrimagnetism. In 2014, we prepared Fe2[Nb(CN)8](4-bromopyridine)8·2H2O, which is the first chiral photomagnet, and observed 90° optical switching of the polarization plane of second harmonic light [51].
From the viewpoint of controlling the magnetic performance of a photomagnetic material, metal replacement is effective. In particular, Co2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·2H2O, which is a metal-substituted compound of Fe2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·2H2O described above as the first photoinduced spin-crossover magnet, shows a large coercive field of 15,000 Oe [52]. In this work, we synthesize cyanido-bridged metal assemblies containing both Fe and Co ions, (Fe1−xCox)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·zH2O, and discuss the crystal structures, spectroscopic properties, and magnetic properties.

2. Results and Discussions

2.1. Syntheses

The preparation of (Fe1−xCox)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·zH2O was performed by reacting a mixed aqueous solution of FeCl2·4H2O, CoCl2·6H2O, l-(+)-ascorbic acid, and 4-pyridinealdoxime, with an aqueous solution of K4[Nb(CN)8]·2H2O with Fe/Co ratios [Fe]/([Fe] + [Co]) of 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1, yielding a microcrystalline powder. Stirring was continued for 1 h. Then the solution was filtered and washed twice by water. Elemental analyses indicate that the chemical formulae of the obtained compounds are Fe2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (x = 0, compound 1), (Fe0.92Co0.08)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (x = 0.08, compound 2), (Fe0.71Co0.29)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (x = 0.29, compound 3), (Fe0.50Co0.50)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (x = 0.50, compound 4), (Fe0.21Co0.79)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (x = 0.79, compound 5), and Co2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (x = 1, compound 6). (See Section 3) The compounds of 1 and 6 in this work correspond well to the formulae in our previous reports [50,52].

2.2. Crystal Structures and Spectroscopic Properties

Table 1 and Figure 1 show the results of the Rietveld analyses of the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for 1–6. Structural analyses show that the crystal structures of 1 and 6 are isostructural to those reported in our previous papers [50,52]. Rietveld analyses of the XRD patterns of 2–5 were performed using the crystal structure of 1 as the initial structure with the occupancies of Fe and Co based on the chemical formula. The lattice constant versus x value (Co content) plot shows that the lattice constant of the a-axis decreases from 20.2893 Å (x = 0) to 20.2105 Å (x = 1) (0.4% decrease), while that of the c-axis slightly decreases from 15.0224 Å (x = 0) to 15.0066 Å (x = 1) (0.1% decrease), and the unit cell volume decreases from 6184.1 Å3 (x = 0) to 6129.7 Å3 (x = 1) (0.9% decrease) with increasing x value (Table 1, Figure 2). It is noteworthy that the XRD peaks become broader with an increasing x value. The SEM images indicate that this broadening is caused by the reduction of the crystallite size (Figure S1).
The crystal structure and coordination geometries of this series are explained using 3 as an example. 3 has a tetragonal crystal structure in the I41/a space group with a = 20.2572(6) Å and c = 15.0154(6) Å. The asymmetric unit is composed of a quarter of the [Nb(CN)8] anion, half of the [M(4-pyridinealdoxime)4] (M = Fe or Co) cation, and a water molecule. Here, we assume that Fe and Co are randomly incorporated. The coordination geometries of the Nb and M sites are dodecahedron (D2d) and pseudo-octahedron (D4h), respectively. For the eight CN groups of Nb(CN)8, four CN groups are bridged to the M ions, and the other four CN groups are not bridged. Two cyanide nitrogen atoms coordinate to the two axial positions of the M site and four pyridyl nitrogen atoms of 4-pyridinealdoxime are located at the other four equatorial positions. A cyanido-bridged three-dimensional (3D) network structure is formed by the M–NC–Nb component (Figure 3).
The infrared spectrum of 1 shows two CN stretching peaks at 2130 cm−1 and 2151 cm−1, which are ascribed to the CN stretching peak due to non-bridged CN (Nb–CN) and bridged CN between Nb and Fe (Nb–CN–Fe), respectively. In 2–6, a different peak is observed around 2160 cm−1, and its intensity increases with an increasing CoII concentration, while the peak around 2151 cm−1 decreases. This indicates that the peak around 2160 cm−1 is due to the bridged CN between Nb and Co (Nb–CN–Co) (Figure 4).

2.3. Magnetic Properties

Figure 5a shows the temperature dependence of the product of the magnetic susceptibility and the temperature (χMT) of 1–6 under an external magnetic field of 5000 Oe. The χMT values of 1–6 at 300 K are 7.04, 7.08, 6.77, 6.11, 5.79, and 5.16 K·cm3·mol−1, respectively. These values agree with the estimated values of 6.96, 6.83, 6.48, 6.14, 5.79, and 5.16 K·cm3·mol−1, which are obtained by Equation (1)
χ M T = N A μ B 2 3 k B { 2 x g Co 2 S Co ( S Co + 1 ) + 2 ( 1 − x ) g Fe 2 S Fe ( S Fe + 1 ) + g Nb 2 S Nb ( S Nb + 1 ) }
where NA is Avogadro’s constant, μB is the Bohr magneton, kB is the Boltzmann constant, gi is the g value of atom i, Si is the spin quantum number of atom i, and x is the Co content [53,54], assuming gFe = 2.1, gCo = 2.4, gNb = 2.0, SFe = 2, SCo = 3/2, and SNb = 1/2.
As the temperature decreases, the χMT values decreases at intermediate temperatures in 1–5, while the χMT value of 6 is almost constant between 50 K and 300 K. Thus, the occurrence of the FeII spin-crossover phenomenon for all of the FeII containing compounds is confirmed by the magnetic susceptibility measurements. The thermal spin-crossover temperature (T1/2), which is estimated as the temperature where the temperature differential of χMT is maximized, shows that with an increasing x value, T1/2 shifts to a lower temperature (Figure 5b and Figure S2). In addition, with an increasing x value, spin crossovers become more gradual. According to the reported observations [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25], these results are explained as follows. Since the ionic radii of Co(II)HS (0.75 Å) is closer to Fe(II)HS (0.78 Å) than Fe(II)LS (0.61 Å) [55], the spin-crossover from Fe(II)HS to Fe(II)LS becomes unfavorable, leading to a decrease of the spin transition temperature. Additionally, because the distance between spin-crossover sites becomes longer by metal substitution, the cooperativity between spin-crossover sites decreases, resulting in a gradual spin-crossover behavior.
Next, we measured the magnetic properties in the low temperature region. Figure 6a shows the magnetization vs. temperature plots of 1–6 with cooling temperature at an external magnetic field of 10 Oe. The magnetization vs. temperature curves of 2 and 3 show a small shoulder below 15 K. 4, 5, and 6 clearly show spontaneous magnetization with critical temperatures (Tc) of 8 K, 12 K, and 18 K, respectively. The magnetization vs. external magnetic field plots at 2 K show that the magnetic coercive fields of 4, 5, and 6 are 1400 Oe, 3100 Oe, and 13,000 Oe, respectively (Figure 6b). The singleness of the Tc values and the shape of magnetic hysteresis loop indicate that Fe and Co are mixed with each other on the atomic level. The observation of such a large coercive field is attributed to the single-ion anisotropy of Co ion possessing an unquenched orbital angular momentum.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Syntheses

K4[Nb(CN)8]·2H2O was synthesized according to the reported procedure [56]. Other reagents were purchased from commercial sources (Wako Pure Chemical Industries and Tokyo Chemical Industries) and were used without further purification. For the preparation of (FexCo1−x)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·zH2O, a 98-cm3 aqueous solution containing FeCl2·4H2O and CoCl2·6H2O (0.2 mmol in total), l-(+)-ascorbic acid (0.4 mmol), and 4-pyridinealdoxime (4 mmol), was added to an aqueous solution (2 cm3) of K4[Nb(CN)8]·2H2O (0.1 mmol) with Fe/Co ratios [Fe]/([Fe] + [Co]) of 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1, yielding a microcrystalline powder. Stirring was continued for 1 h. Then the solution was filtered and washed twice by water. Elemental analyses indicate that the chemical formulae of the obtained compounds were Fe2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (1), (Fe0.92Co0.08)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (2), (Fe0.71Co0.29)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (3), (Fe0.50Co0.50)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (4), (Fe0.21Co0.79)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (5), and Co2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·3H2O (6). Calcd. for 1: Fe, 7.74; Nb, 6.43; C, 46.59; H, 3.77; N, 23.28. Found for 1: Fe, 7.98; Nb, 6.69; C, 46.71; H, 3.72; N, 23.39. Calcd. for 2: Fe, 7.11; Co, 0.65; Nb, 6.43; C, 46.57; H, 3.77; N, 23.28. Found for 2: Fe, 7.07; Co, 0.67; Nb, 6.40; C, 46.57; H, 3.66; N, 23.33. Calcd. for 3: Fe, 5.49; Co, 2.36; Nb, 6.43; C, 46.53; H, 3.77; N, 23.25. Found for 3: Fe, 5.68; Co, 2.45; Nb, 6.44; C, 46.44; H, 3.69; N, 23.39. Calcd. for 4: Fe, 3.86; Co, 4.07; Nb, 6.42; C, 46.49; H, 3.76; N, 23.23. Found for 4: Fe, 3.81; Co, 4.13; Nb, 6.32; C, 46.40; H, 3.69; N, 23.39. Calcd. for 5: Fe, 1.62; Co, 6.42; Nb, 6.41; C, 46.43; H, 3.76; N, 23.20. Found for 5: Fe, 1.56; Co, 6.47; Nb, 6.39; C, 46.71; H, 3.71; N, 23.12. Calcd. for 6: Co, 8.13; Nb, 6.41; C, 46.39; H, 3.75; N, 23.18. Found for 6: Co, 8.26; Nb, 6.54; C, 46.37; H, 3.71; N, 23.18.

3.2. Measurements

Elemental analyses for C, H, and N were carried out by standard microanalytical methods while those for Fe, Co, and Nb were analyzed by inductive plasma mass spectroscopy. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a FT-IR4100 spectrometer (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan). X-ray powder diffraction was measured on a Ultima-IV powder diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). Rietveld analyses were performed using PDXL program (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements were carried out using a MPMS superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer (Quantum Design, San Diego, CA, USA).

4. Conclusions

In this work, we synthesized and characterized ternary metal cyanido-bridged metal assemblies of (FexCo1−x)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·zH2O. The magnetic measurements reveal that all of the Fe-containing systems present a spin-crossover phenomenon. In particular, (Fe0.21Co0.79)2[Nb(CN)8](4-pyridinealdoxime)8·zH2O exhibits a coexistence of a spin-crossover phenomenon and a magnetic phase transition with Tc of 12 K and a large Hc of 3100 Oe. Additional investigations on the photomagnetic effect are in progress.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/5/4/63/s1. Cif and cif-checked files of 1–6. Figure S1: SEM images and particle size distributions of 1–6; Figure S2: Co fraction (x) dependence of spin-crossover transition temperature of 1–5.

Acknowledgments

The present research was supported in part by a JSPS Grant-in-Aid for specially promoted Research (Grant Number 15H05697). We also recognize the Cryogenic Research Center, The University of Tokyo, and Nanotechnology Platform, which are supported by MEXT.

Author Contributions

Shin-ichi Ohkoshi conceived and designed the project. Kenta Imoto and Shinjiro Takano performed the experiments. Kenta Imoto and Shinjiro Takano analyzed the data. Shin-ichi Ohkoshi and Kenta Imoto wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Inorganics 05 00063 g001 550
Figure 1. XRD patterns with Rietveld analyses of 1–6. Red plots, black lines, blue lines, green bars, and black bars are the observed patterns, calculated patterns, residue between the calculated and observed patterns, calculated positions of the Bragg reflections in the sample, and those of the silicon (Si) standard, respectively. The XRD peaks due to Si are shown as black sticks. Representative reflection indexes are shown in the XRD pattern of 1.
Figure 1. XRD patterns with Rietveld analyses of 1–6. Red plots, black lines, blue lines, green bars, and black bars are the observed patterns, calculated patterns, residue between the calculated and observed patterns, calculated positions of the Bragg reflections in the sample, and those of the silicon (Si) standard, respectively. The XRD peaks due to Si are shown as black sticks. Representative reflection indexes are shown in the XRD pattern of 1.
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Figure 2. x dependence of (a) the a-axis; (b) the c-axis; and, (c) the unit cell volume (V).
Figure 2. x dependence of (a) the a-axis; (b) the c-axis; and, (c) the unit cell volume (V).
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Figure 3. Crystal structure and coordination geometries around the metal centers for 3. (a) Coordination geometry around the metal centers; (b) crystal structure viewed from the a-axis; and, (c) from the c-axis. Water molecules are omitted for clarity.
Figure 3. Crystal structure and coordination geometries around the metal centers for 3. (a) Coordination geometry around the metal centers; (b) crystal structure viewed from the a-axis; and, (c) from the c-axis. Water molecules are omitted for clarity.
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Figure 4. Infrared spectra of 1–6 at room temperature for the CN stretching region.
Figure 4. Infrared spectra of 1–6 at room temperature for the CN stretching region.
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Figure 5. χMT vs. T plots (a) and ∂(χMT)/∂T vs. T plots (b) of 1–6.
Figure 5. χMT vs. T plots (a) and ∂(χMT)/∂T vs. T plots (b) of 1–6.
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Figure 6. (a) Magnetization vs. temperature plots and (b) magnetization vs. external magnetic field plots of 1–6.
Figure 6. (a) Magnetization vs. temperature plots and (b) magnetization vs. external magnetic field plots of 1–6.
Inorganics 05 00063 g006aInorganics 05 00063 g006b
Table
Table 1. Crystal system, space group, and lattice constants of 1–6.
Table 1. Crystal system, space group, and lattice constants of 1–6.
123456
Crystal systemTetragonalTetragonalTetragonalTetragonalTetragonalTetragonal
Space groupI41/aI41/aI41/aI41/aI41/aI41/a
a(b)/Å20.2893(5)20.2683(5)20.2572(6)20.2453(8)20.2203(12)20.2105(1)
c/Å15.0224(5)15.0156(5)15.0154(6)15.0151(8)15.0047(13)15.0066(13)
V/Å36184.1(3)6168.5(3)6161.6(3)6154.2(5)6134.8(8)6129.7(7)

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MDPI and ACS Style

Imoto, K.; Takano, S.; Ohkoshi, S.-i. Metal Substitution Effect on a Three-Dimensional Cyanido-Bridged Fe Spin-Crossover Network. Inorganics 2017, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics5040063

AMA Style

Imoto K, Takano S, Ohkoshi S-i. Metal Substitution Effect on a Three-Dimensional Cyanido-Bridged Fe Spin-Crossover Network. Inorganics. 2017; 5(4):63. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics5040063

Chicago/Turabian Style

Imoto, Kenta, Shinjiro Takano, and Shin-ichi Ohkoshi. 2017. "Metal Substitution Effect on a Three-Dimensional Cyanido-Bridged Fe Spin-Crossover Network" Inorganics 5, no. 4: 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics5040063

APA Style

Imoto, K., Takano, S., & Ohkoshi, S. -i. (2017). Metal Substitution Effect on a Three-Dimensional Cyanido-Bridged Fe Spin-Crossover Network. Inorganics, 5(4), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics5040063

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