Next Article in Journal
Supernumerary Tooth Patterns in Non-Syndromic White European Subjects
Previous Article in Journal
Long-Term Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gel in Single-Crown Implant Rehabilitation: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study
Previous Article in Special Issue
Novel Three-Dimensional and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Approach for Distinction between Odontogenic Keratocysts and Ameloblastomas
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Dentistry Journal
Volume 11
Issue 10
10.3390/dj11100229
dentistry-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Salivary Duct Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Features of the Parotid Gland with No E-Cadherin Expression: A Report with Anti-HER2 Therapy and Review of the Literature

by
Richa Jain
1,*,
E. Ritter Sansoni
2,
Jacqueline Angel
3,
John P. Gleysteen
2,
D. Neil Hayes
4 and
Adepitan A. Owosho
2,5,*
1
Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
2
Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
3
Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
4
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
5
Department of Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Dent. J. 2023, 11(10), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100229
Submission received: 28 July 2023 / Revised: 19 September 2023 / Accepted: 21 September 2023 / Published: 25 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Latest Advances and Prospects)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features (SDC-RF) is a rare form of salivary gland neoplasm that was recently described. We report a case of SDC-RF of the parotid gland with loss of E-cadherin and decreased β-catenin expression in a 73-year-old male who presented with right facial/neck swelling and intermittent pain. Morphologically, the tumor presented with a discohesive infiltrate of isolated and cords of pleomorphic round cells containing moderate amount of eosinophilic to fine-vacuolated cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei infiltrating through fibroadipose tissue and salivary parenchyma. Immunophenotypically, the tumor was positive for Cytokeratins Oscar and 7, GATA3, GCDFP, HER2, and an androgen receptor but negative for CK20, S100, p40, Melan A, CDX2, TTF1, ER, SATB2, DOG1, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. Due to its diffuse infiltrating pattern, involvement of the parapharyngeal space, supraclavicular fat pad, dermis, and skin without a defined surgical target, the tumor was deemed unresectable. Anti-HER2 therapy (Herceptin and Pertuzumab) was utilized. At the last follow-up, the patient is alive, with complete locoregional control and brain metastases. An electronic search was performed in the following registries for papers published up to June 2023: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. For the database searches, the keywords searched were “salivary gland”, “salivary duct carcinoma”, and “salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features”. Our review of the literature identified 30 cases of SDC-RF that reveal there is a predilection for males (83%), parotid gland (72%), and patients older than the 6th decade of life (83%). Immunophenotypically, all SDC-RF cases except one were positive for AR and GCDFP (97%), 81% were positive for HER2, and loss or decreased expression of E-cadherin in 93% of cases. In conclusion, we described a rare case of SDF-RF of the parotid gland with no E-cadherin expression, decreased β-catenin expression, and its immunophenotypic profile.

1. Introduction

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a relatively uncommon high-grade malignancy of the salivary gland that may arise de novo or observed in the carcinomatous component of carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma. SDC was originally described as resembling high-grade ductal carcinoma of the breast with cribriform morphology, roman bridge formation, and prominent central necrosis [1,2]. However, variants of SDC such as sarcomatoid, mucin-rich, micropapillary, and oncocytic forms have been described owing to increasing significance on the apocrine phenotype and androgen receptor positivity [3,4,5,6,7]. SDC with rhabdoid features (SDC-RF) is a rare form of salivary gland neoplasm with only 30 patients reported in the worldwide literature [8,9,10,11]. SDC-RF was originally described by Kusafuka et al. in 2013 [12]. It is described as the salivary counterpart of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the breast (PLCB) due to the discohesive diffusely infiltrating neoplastic cells with loss of E-cadherin expression and CDH1 mutations [10,13]. A recent study has suggested that given its divergent finding of discohesive architecture, distinctively aggressive behavior, and striking similarity of the apocrine phenotype and androgen positivity, it is controversial whether SDC-RF should be classified as a variant of the SDC family or a standalone entity [11]. In this report, we describe a case of SDF-RF of the parotid gland with no E-cadherin expression, decreased β-catenin expression, and its immunophenotypic profile.

2. Materials and Methods

A 73-year-old male with a significant history of tobacco smoking (100 pack years) presented to the Otolaryngology clinic of University of Tennessee Health Science Center with right facial/neck swelling and intermittent pain of 2 months duration. The patient stated the symptoms had gotten worse over time. There was no facial twitch or weakness. Palpation of the right parotid gland revealed firmness to the tail and inferior aspects of the gland. The patient’s medical history was positive for hypertension, chronic kidney disease, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and pulmonary emphysema. Imaging studies revealed an ill-defined increased density and enhancement of the right parotid gland involving the superficial and deep portions of the gland. There was a persistent loss of delineation within the posterior parotid gland and the adjacent posterior belly of the digastric muscle. An impression of inflammatory changes versus an infiltrating parotid neoplasm was rendered. The patient was prescribed Augmentin 875 mg BID for 10 days to help rule out an infectious/inflammatory process. Two weeks later, the patient returned for a follow-up review with no improvement of symptoms.
The initial post-contrast CT scan of the neck demonstrated a nodular and infiltrative lesion centered in the right parotid gland. There was significant surrounding fat stranding and fat plane effacement involving the adjacent neck spaces and structures. Both the right sternocleidomastoid and posterior belly digastric muscles had ill-defined margins with the lesion. Additionally, there was thickening of the fascial plane and overlying skin (Figure 1). A follow-up post-contrast CT scan of the face 6 weeks later showed worsening skin thickening, fat stranding and fat plane effacement, and ill-defined margins with adjacent sternocleidomastoid and posterior belly digastric muscles with asymmetric enlargement on the axial image (Figure 2A) and coronal image (Figure 2B), suggesting infiltration of these soft tissues with tumor. There was infiltration of parapharyngeal fat and fascial plane thickening (Figure 2B). Despite the patient presenting for PET–CT scan with an elevated blood glucose, which decreased sensitivity of the examination, the fused PET–CT scan image demonstrated FDG uptake in the infiltrative primary lesion in the right parotid gland (Figure 3A). The 3D maximum intensity projection image from the PET–CT scan showed the asymmetric ill-defined FDG uptake in the parotid gland and adjacent soft tissues of the right neck, as well as FDG uptake in two lymph nodes, compatible with infiltrative tumor and nodal metastases, respectively (Figure 3B).
An ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy was performed. Histopathologically, the biopsy showed a diffuse infiltrate of discohesive pleomorphic round cells singly and in single cell files within the parotid gland and surrounding adipose tissue. The stroma ranged from being fibrotic to histologically indiscernible. Typical rhabdoid morphology was not identified. While nuclei were eccentrically placed giving a plasmacytoid appearance, the cytoplasm had a fine, foamy appearance instead of dense eosinophilia of true rhabdoid cells (Figure 4A–F). An extensive panel of immunohistochemical stains was performed. The following stains were positive in the tumor cells: Cytokeratins Oscar and 7, CD138, GATA3, GCDFP, androgen receptor (AR), and HER2 (clone 4B5, Ventana UltraView Universal DAB detection) (Figure 5). Other immunostains were performed to rule out metastasis and were negative: CK20, S100, p40, Melan A, CDX2, TTF1, ER, SATB2, DOG1, synaptophysin, and chromogranin. Additionally, the tumor cells showed complete loss of E-cadherin and decreased membranous β-catenin expression. Rare tumor cells showed nuclear expression of β-catenin (Figure 6). A diagnosis of salivary duct carcinoma was rendered. A few weeks later, the skin of the neck and supraclavicular region appeared infiltrated by tumor causing right neck and shoulder pain and swelling. The skin biopsy from this region showed infiltration of dermis and skin adnexa by the tumor cells (Figure 4G).
The patient’s proposed care was discussed at the Methodist University Hospital Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Tumor Board. The imaging studies were reviewed, including PET–CT images which showed ipsilateral nodal metastases but no distant metastases. Given the patient’s comorbid conditions and involvement of the parapharyngeal space, supraclavicular fat pad, dermis, and skin without a clearly defined surgical target, the tumor was deemed unresectable. The recommendation of the tumor board was for induction systemic treatment with anti-HER2 therapy (Herceptin and Pertuzumab). At the last follow-up, the patient was alive, with complete locoregional control and brain metastases (21 months post-initial presentation). An electronic search was performed in the following registries for papers published up to June 2023: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. For the database searches, the keywords searched were “salivary gland”, “salivary duct carcinoma”, and “salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features”.

3. Discussion

SDC-RF is a rare form of salivary gland neoplasm with only 30 cases reported in the literature [8,9,10,11]. The tumor is characterized by diffuse infiltrative discohesive ovoid/round eosinophilic cells with pleomorphic nuclei that immunophenotypically express AR and GCDFP, and exhibit loss of/or abnormal E-cadherin expression [8,11]. Our case and previously reported cases suggest that SDC with rhabdoid features may be a misnomer [8,13]. The tumor cells have a plasmacytoid/rhabdoid appearance due to the eccentric placement of nuclei. However, the histologic hallmarks of rhabdoid differentiation such as a dense eosinophilic cytoplasm with paranuclear inclusions and vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli are not uniformly identified. Kusafuka et al. confirmed a lack of immunophenotypic features of rhabdoid differentiation in these tumors [8]. Our review of the literature of reported SDC-RF cases reveals that there is a predilection for males (25/30, 83%), parotid gland (21/29, 72%), and patients older than the 6th decade of life (25/30, 83%) [8,9,10,11]. Our reported case does match these tendencies. Immunophenotypically, all SDC-RF cases except one were positive for AR and GCDFP (29/30, 97%), 17/21 (81%) were positive for HER2, and loss or decreased expression of E-cadherin was reported in (28/30, 93%) cases [8,9,10,11]. Alterations in CDH1 (gene that encodes E-cadherin) have been reported in up to 72–86% of SDC-RF cases [8,11]. The study by Rooper et al. reported a 100% expression of GATA3 in all 7 SDC-RF cases evaluated [14]. GATA3 is a transcription factor that regulates the development of different tissues and GATA3 is expressed in carcinomas of multiple tissue types, such as mammary, urothelial, anal, cervical, lung, and, especially, salivary glands (classic SDC and secretory carcinomas) [15]. Our case shared similar immunophenotypic expressions of AR, GCDPF, HER2, and GATA3 positivity and complete loss of E-cadherin. The clinical and immunophenotypic features of SDC-RF reported in the literature are summarized in Table 1.
E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that forms homotypic cell–cell adhesion structures called adherens junctions. The intracellular domain binds to catenins, of which β-catenin interacts with the actin cytoskeleton and plays a pivotal role in intracellular signaling promoting cell proliferation and survival [16]. Loss of E-cadherin has been shown to decrease cell adhesion, increase cell motility, and cause alterations in multiple downstream pathways conferring increased dissemination capabilities to breast cancer cells in vitro [17]. Our case showed infiltrating single cells without supporting stroma in adipose tissue and the skin of the neck consistent with decreased cell adhesion and increased motility. In the same report, aberrant cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of functionally active β-catenin was demonstrated in cells with E-cadherin loss. In contrast, all reported cases of E- cadherin loss have shown either a decrease or loss of β-catenin expression. Aberrant cytoplasmic expression was noted in a few cases, but nuclear expression has not been shown [8,10]. Our case showed nuclear expression in rare tumor cells only. While E-cadherin loss is a prototypic feature of invasive lobular carcinoma of breast and diffuse gastric carcinoma, several human tumors are known to lose expression in variant forms [18]. Those tumors with E-cadherin loss in other body sites are usually associated with an aggressive behavior. Therefore, loss of E-cadherin in SDC could potentially be a feature of tumor de-differentiation instead of a distinct salivary tumor subtype [11].
Molecularly, SDC-RF appears to be defined by CDH1 alteration, mostly mutations and a recently identified CDH1::CORO7 fusion [8,11]. Other genetic mutations have been reported in SDC-RF, such as mutations in PIK3CA, HRAS, TP53, PTEN, and AKT1 [11]. Mutations in PIK3CA, HRAS, and NRAS have been reported in classic SDC [19,20]. Many salivary gland neoplasms are known to have recurrent genetic alterations: PLAG1 (fusion partners CTNNB1, LIFR, ND4, NFIB, TGFBR3, FGFR1, and CHCHD7) in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), carcinoma ex-PA, and myoepithelial carcinoma [21,22,23,24,25]; HMGA2 (fusion partners FHIT, NFIB, WIF1, and TMTC2) in PA and carcinoma ex-PA [25,26,27]; MYB/MYBL1::NFIB in adenoid cystic carcinoma [28,29]; MAML2::CRTC1/3 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma [30]; PRKD1/2/3 (fusion partners ARID1A, DDX3X, PPP2R2A, PRKAR2A, SNX9, ATL2, and STRN3) in polymorphous adenocarcinoma/cribriform adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland [31,32,33,34,35,36]; ETV6 (fusion partners NTRK3, RET, and MET) in secretory carcinoma [37,38,39]; SS18 (fusion partners MEF2C and ZBTB7A) in microsecretory adenocarcinoma [40]; RET (fusion partners TRIM27/33 and NCOA4) in intraductal carcinoma [41,42]; HTN3-MSANTD3 and NR4A3 upregulation in acinic cell carcinoma [43,44,45]; AKT1 mutations in epithelia–myoepithelial carcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and salivary mucinous adenocarcinoma [46,47,48]; CTNNB1 mutations in basal cell adenoma and basal cell adenocarcinoma [49,50]; and BRAF mutations in sialadenoma papilliferum [51,52,53].
The majority of SDC-RF patients were treated with surgery alone or followed by chemoradiation or radiation therapy [8,9,10,11]. Of the 21 patients with clinical outcome information, 60% (12/20) of the patients died of the disease, 35% (7/20) of the patients have no evidence of disease, one patient died of other causes, and one patient was alive with the disease at the last follow-up, suggesting that SDF-RF is a disease with poor prognosis [8,9,10,11]. Our patient was managed with anti-HER2 therapy (Herceptin and Pertuzumab) due to the unresectable nature of the tumor and achieved complete locoregional control. Unfortunately, the patient developed distant brain metastases. Given the poor prognosis associated with the conventional therapeutic approach (surgery +/− chemoradiation) in managing SDC-RF, the use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and anti-HER2 therapies may be more beneficial in the management of HER2 positive/AR positive SDC-RF patients than previously observed. The discohesive diffusely infiltrating nature of the neoplastic cells secondary to loss of E-cadherin expression could make it difficult to obtain a surgical margin free of tumor. The tumor was deemed inoperable given the lack of a defined surgical target. The disease included the parotid, parapharyngeal fat, the supraclavicular fat pad, skin, and dermis down to level V and extending to the deep muscles of the neck. This spread was not contiguous, and based on imaging, was spreading in a lacey pattern as opposed to a discrete mass. Resection would have involved a radical parotidectomy, resection of the parapharyngeal space, and modified radical neck dissection with resection of the skin of the neck extending from the face, over the trapezius and down to the clavicle. This was deemed overly morbid, especially given the surgical team’s assessment that we were unlikely to obtain negative surgical margins, and consequently the patient would still need adjuvant therapy. Studies have shown that SDC patients managed with ADT or anti-HER2 therapies have a better prognosis compared to SDC patients managed with conventional therapy [54,55,56]. A recent study reported that locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic SDC patients managed with anti-HER2 therapy had significantly better prognosis compared to the patients managed with ADT [56].

4. Conclusions

We report a case of salivary duct carcinoma with “rhabdoid” features of the parotid gland with no E-cadherin expression. The tumor’s lack of cohesion and diffuse infiltrating pattern of spread throughout the neck region rendered it surgically unresectable. The patient was managed with anti-HER2 therapy (Herceptin and Pertuzumab), alive with complete locoregional control and distant brain metastases (21 months post-initial presentation).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, R.J. and A.A.O.; methodology, R.J., E.R.S., J.A., J.P.G., D.N.H. and A.A.O.; formal analysis, R.J., E.R.S., J.A., J.P.G., D.N.H. and A.A.O.; writing—original draft preparation, R.J. and A.A.O.; writing—review and editing, R.J., E.R.S., J.A., J.P.G., D.N.H. and A.A.O.; supervision, A.A.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The data are unavailable due to privacy or ethical restrictions. Please contact the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest with the case reported in this manuscript. All authors declare that there are no financial conflicts associated with this study and that the funding source has no role in conceiving and performing the study.

References

  1. Kleinsasser, O.; Klein, H.J.; Hubner, G. Salivary duct carcinoma. A group of salivary gland tumors analogous to mammary duct carcinoma. Arch. Klin. Exp. Ohren Nasen Kehlkopfheilkd. 1968, 192, 100–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Lewis, J.E.; McKinney, B.C.; Weiland, L.H.; Ferreiro, J.A.; Olsen, K.D. Salivary duct carcinoma. Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical review of 26 cases. Cancer 1996, 77, 223–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Henley, J.D.; Seo, I.S.; Dayan, D.; Gnepp, D.R. Sarcomatoid salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland. Hum. Pathol. 2000, 31, 208–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Simpson, R.H.; Prasad, A.R.; Lewis, J.E.; Skalova, A.; David, L. Mucin-rich variant of salivary duct carcinoma: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2003, 27, 1070–1079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Nagao, T.; Gaffey, T.A.; Visscher, D.W.; Kay, P.A.; Minato, H.; Serizawa, H.; Lewis, J.E. Invasive micropapillary salivary duct carcinoma: A distinct histologic variant with biologic significance. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2004, 28, 319–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Sekhri, R.; Ortanca, I.; Boals, C.; Agarwal, S. Salivary duct carcinoma: A case report of oncocytic variant with possible treatment implications and review of literature. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2019, 215, 152549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Williams, L.; Thompson, L.D.; Seethala, R.R.; Weinreb, I.; Assaad, A.M.; Tuluc, M.; Ud Din, N.; Purgina, B.; Lai, C.; Griffith, C.C.; et al. Salivary duct carcinoma: The predominance of apocrine morphology, prevalence of histologic variants, and androgen receptor expression. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2015, 39, 705–713. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Kusafuka, K.; Yamada, H.; Ishino, K.; Maeda, M.; Yamanegi, K.; Baba, S.; Ohuchi, T.; Inagaki, H.; Yamamoto, H.; Iwasaki, T.; et al. Salivary Duct Carcinoma With Rhabdoid Features-No or Aberrant Expression of E-cadherin and Genetic Changes in CDH1: Immunohistochemical and Genetic Analyses of 17 Cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2021, 45, 439–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Otsuru, M.; Aoki, T.; Kondo, Y.; Ota, Y.; Sasaki, M.; Suzuki, T.; Ogura, G.; Kumaki, N. Salivary Duct Carcinoma with Invasive Micropapillary and Rhabdoid Feature Arising in the Submandibular Gland. Tokai J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2017, 42, 30–36. [Google Scholar]
  10. Akaki, M.; Ishihara, A.; Nagai, K.; Naono, H.; Taguchi, K.; Yamamoto, H.; Tanaka, H.; Kataoka, H. Signet Ring Cell Differentiation in Salivary Duct Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Features: Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Head Neck Pathol. 2021, 15, 341–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Rooper, L.M.; Gagan, J.; Bishop, J.A. Targeted molecular profiling of salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features highlights parallels to other apocrine and discohesive neoplasms: Which phenotype should drive classification? Head Neck Pathol. 2022, 16, 1063–1072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Kusafuka, K.; Onitsuka, T.; Muramatsu, K.; Miki, T.; Murai, C.; Suda, T.; Fuke, T.; Kamijo, T.; Iida, Y.; Nakajima, T. Salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features: Report of 2 cases with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. Head Neck 2014, 36, E28–E35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Kusafuka, K.; Kawasaki, T.; Maeda, M.; Yamanegi, K.; Baba, S.; Ito, Y.; Inagaki, H.; Nakajima, T. Salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features: A salivary counterpart of pleomorphic lobular carcinoma of the breast. Histopathology 2017, 70, 164–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Xiang, M.; Chang, A.J.; Chamie, K.; Drakaki, A.; Pollom, E.L.; Steinberg, M.L.; Kishan, A.U. Trends and Predictors of Hypofractionated and Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Organ Preservation in Bladder Cancer. Clin. Genitourin. Cancer 2022, 20, e94–e103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Schwartz, L.E.; Begum, S.; Westra, W.H.; Bishop, J.A. GATA3 immunohistochemical expression in salivary gland neoplasms. Head Neck Pathol. 2013, 7, 311–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Sisto, M.; Ribatti, D.; Lisi, S. E-Cadherin Signaling in Salivary Gland Development and Autoimmunity. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Onder, T.T.; Gupta, P.B.; Mani, S.A.; Yang, J.; Lander, E.S.; Weinberg, R.A. Loss of E-cadherin promotes metastasis via multiple downstream transcriptional pathways. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 3645–3654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Burandt, E.; Lubbersmeyer, F.; Gorbokon, N.; Buscheck, F.; Luebke, A.M.; Menz, A.; Kluth, M.; Hube-Magg, C.; Hinsch, A.; Hoflmayer, D.; et al. E-Cadherin expression in human tumors: A tissue microarray study on 10,851 tumors. Biomark. Res. 2021, 9, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Kim, Y.; Song, S.; Lee, M.; Swatloski, T.; Kang, J.H.; Ko, Y.H.; Park, W.Y.; Jeong, H.S.; Park, K. Integrative genomic analysis of salivary duct carcinoma. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 14995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Luk, P.P.; Weston, J.D.; Yu, B.; Selinger, C.I.; Ekmejian, R.; Eviston, T.J.; Lum, T.; Gao, K.; Boyer, M.; O’Toole, S.A.; et al. Salivary duct carcinoma: Clinicopathologic features, morphologic spectrum, and somatic mutations. Head Neck 2016, 38 (Suppl. S1), E1838–E1847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Asahina, M.; Saito, T.; Hayashi, T.; Fukumura, Y.; Mitani, K.; Yao, T. Clinicopathological effect of PLAG1 fusion genes in pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma with special emphasis on histological features. Histopathology 2019, 74, 514–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Skalova, A.; Agaimy, A.; Vanecek, T.; Baneckova, M.; Laco, J.; Ptakova, N.; Steiner, P.; Majewska, H.; Biernat, W.; Corcione, L.; et al. Molecular Profiling of Clear Cell Myoepithelial Carcinoma of Salivary Glands With EWSR1 Rearrangement Identifies Frequent PLAG1 Gene Fusions But No EWSR1 Fusion Transcripts. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2021, 45, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Dalin, M.G.; Katabi, N.; Persson, M.; Lee, K.W.; Makarov, V.; Desrichard, A.; Walsh, L.A.; West, L.; Nadeem, Z.; Ramaswami, D.; et al. Multi-dimensional genomic analysis of myoepithelial carcinoma identifies prevalent oncogenic gene fusions. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 1197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. El Hallani, S.; Udager, A.M.; Bell, D.; Fonseca, I.; Thompson, L.D.R.; Assaad, A.; Agaimy, A.; Luvison, A.M.; Miller, C.; Seethala, R.R.; et al. Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma: Frequent Morphologic and Molecular Evidence of Preexisting Pleomorphic Adenoma, Common HRAS Mutations in PLAG1-intact and HMGA2-intact Cases, and Occasional TP53, FBXW7, and SMARCB1 Alterations in High-grade Cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2018, 42, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Afshari, M.K.; Fehr, A.; Nevado, P.T.; Andersson, M.K.; Stenman, G. Activation of PLAG1 and HMGA2 by gene fusions involving the transcriptional regulator gene NFIB. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020, 59, 652–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Persson, F.; Andren, Y.; Winnes, M.; Wedell, B.; Nordkvist, A.; Gudnadottir, G.; Dahlenfors, R.; Sjogren, H.; Mark, J.; Stenman, G. High-resolution genomic profiling of adenomas and carcinomas of the salivary glands reveals amplification, rearrangement, and fusion of HMGA2. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009, 48, 69–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Wasserman, J.K.; Dickson, B.C.; Smith, A.; Swanson, D.; Purgina, B.M.; Weinreb, I. Metastasizing Pleomorphic Adenoma: Recurrent PLAG1/HMGA2 Rearrangements and Identification of a Novel HMGA2-TMTC2 Fusion. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2019, 43, 1145–1151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Persson, M.; Andren, Y.; Mark, J.; Horlings, H.M.; Persson, F.; Stenman, G. Recurrent fusion of MYB and NFIB transcription factor genes in carcinomas of the breast and head and neck. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 18740–18744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Brayer, K.J.; Frerich, C.A.; Kang, H.; Ness, S.A. Recurrent Fusions in MYB and MYBL1 Define a Common, Transcription Factor-Driven Oncogenic Pathway in Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2016, 6, 176–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Nakayama, T.; Miyabe, S.; Okabe, M.; Sakuma, H.; Ijichi, K.; Hasegawa, Y.; Nagatsuka, H.; Shimozato, K.; Inagaki, H. Clinicopathological significance of the CRTC3-MAML2 fusion transcript in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Mod. Pathol. 2009, 22, 1575–1581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Weinreb, I.; Zhang, L.; Tirunagari, L.M.; Sung, Y.S.; Chen, C.L.; Perez-Ordonez, B.; Clarke, B.A.; Skalova, A.; Chiosea, S.I.; Seethala, R.R.; et al. Novel PRKD gene rearrangements and variant fusions in cribriform adenocarcinoma of salivary gland origin. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014, 53, 845–856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Weinreb, I.; Piscuoglio, S.; Martelotto, L.G.; Waggott, D.; Ng, C.K.; Perez-Ordonez, B.; Harding, N.J.; Alfaro, J.; Chu, K.C.; Viale, A.; et al. Hotspot activating PRKD1 somatic mutations in polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinomas of the salivary glands. Nat. Genet. 2014, 46, 1166–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Xu, B.; Barbieri, A.L.; Bishop, J.A.; Chiosea, S.I.; Dogan, S.; Di Palma, S.; Faquin, W.C.; Ghossein, R.; Hyrcza, M.; Jo, V.Y.; et al. Histologic Classification and Molecular Signature of Polymorphous Adenocarcinoma (PAC) and Cribriform Adenocarcinoma of Salivary Gland (CASG): An International Interobserver Study. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2020, 44, 545–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Freiberger, S.N.; Brada, M.; Fritz, C.; Holler, S.; Vogetseder, A.; Horcic, M.; Bihl, M.; Michal, M.; Lanzer, M.; Wartenberg, M.; et al. SalvGlandDx—A comprehensive salivary gland neoplasm specific next generation sequencing panel to facilitate diagnosis and identify therapeutic targets. Neoplasia 2021, 23, 473–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. de Jager, V.D.; de Visscher, S.; Schuuring, E.; Doff, J.J.; van Kempen, L.C. A novel PPP2R2A::PRKD1 fusion in a cribriform adenocarcinoma of salivary gland. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023, 62, 297–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Owosho, A.A.; Baker, E.; Wood, C.B.; Jain, R. A novel STRN3::PRKD1 fusion in a cribriform adenocarcinoma of salivary gland with high-grade transformation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023, 62, 624–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Skalova, A.; Vanecek, T.; Sima, R.; Laco, J.; Weinreb, I.; Perez-Ordonez, B.; Starek, I.; Geierova, M.; Simpson, R.H.; Passador-Santos, F.; et al. Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of salivary glands, containing the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene: A hitherto undescribed salivary gland tumor entity. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2010, 34, 599–608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Skalova, A.; Vanecek, T.; Martinek, P.; Weinreb, I.; Stevens, T.M.; Simpson, R.H.W.; Hyrcza, M.; Rupp, N.J.; Baneckova, M.; Michal, M., Jr.; et al. Molecular Profiling of Mammary Analog Secretory Carcinoma Revealed a Subset of Tumors Harboring a Novel ETV6-RET Translocation: Report of 10 Cases. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2018, 42, 234–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Rooper, L.M.; Karantanos, T.; Ning, Y.; Bishop, J.A.; Gordon, S.W.; Kang, H. Salivary Secretory Carcinoma With a Novel ETV6-MET Fusion: Expanding the Molecular Spectrum of a Recently Described Entity. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2018, 42, 1121–1126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Bishop, J.A.; Weinreb, I.; Swanson, D.; Westra, W.H.; Qureshi, H.S.; Sciubba, J.; MacMillan, C.; Rooper, L.M.; Dickson, B.C. Microsecretory Adenocarcinoma: A Novel Salivary Gland Tumor Characterized by a Recurrent MEF2C-SS18 Fusion. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2019, 43, 1023–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Skalova, A.; Ptakova, N.; Santana, T.; Agaimy, A.; Ihrler, S.; Uro-Coste, E.; Thompson, L.D.R.; Bishop, J.A.; Baneckova, M.; Rupp, N.J.; et al. NCOA4-RET and TRIM27-RET Are Characteristic Gene Fusions in Salivary Intraductal Carcinoma, Including Invasive and Metastatic Tumors: Is “Intraductal” Correct? Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2019, 43, 1303–1313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Bishop, J.A.; Nakaguro, M.; Whaley, R.D.; Ogura, K.; Imai, H.; Laklouk, I.; Faquin, W.C.; Sadow, P.M.; Gagan, J.; Nagao, T. Oncocytic intraductal carcinoma of salivary glands: A distinct variant with TRIM33-RET fusions and BRAF V600E mutations. Histopathology 2021, 79, 338–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Andreasen, S.; Varma, S.; Barasch, N.; Thompson, L.D.R.; Miettinen, M.; Rooper, L.; Stelow, E.B.; Agander, T.K.; Seethala, R.R.; Chiosea, S.I.; et al. The HTN3-MSANTD3 Fusion Gene Defines a Subset of Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Salivary Gland. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2019, 43, 489–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Haller, F.; Skalova, A.; Ihrler, S.; Markl, B.; Bieg, M.; Moskalev, E.A.; Erber, R.; Blank, S.; Winkelmann, C.; Hebele, S.; et al. Nuclear NR4A3 Immunostaining Is a Specific and Sensitive Novel Marker for Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Salivary Glands. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2019, 43, 1264–1272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Haller, F.; Bieg, M.; Will, R.; Korner, C.; Weichenhan, D.; Bott, A.; Ishaque, N.; Lutsik, P.; Moskalev, E.A.; Mueller, S.K.; et al. Enhancer hijacking activates oncogenic transcription factor NR4A3 in acinic cell carcinomas of the salivary glands. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Urano, M.; Nakaguro, M.; Yamamoto, Y.; Hirai, H.; Tanigawa, M.; Saigusa, N.; Shimizu, A.; Tsukahara, K.; Tada, Y.; Sakurai, K.; et al. Diagnostic Significance of HRAS Mutations in Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinomas Exhibiting a Broad Histopathologic Spectrum. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2019, 43, 984–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Agaimy, A.; Mueller, S.K.; Bumm, K.; Iro, H.; Moskalev, E.A.; Hartmann, A.; Stoehr, R.; Haller, F. Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of Minor Salivary Glands With AKT1 p.Glu17Lys Mutation. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2018, 42, 1076–1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Rooper, L.M.; Argyris, P.P.; Thompson, L.D.R.; Gagan, J.; Westra, W.H.; Jordan, R.C.; Koutlas, I.G.; Bishop, J.A. Salivary Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Is a Histologically Diverse Single Entity With Recurrent AKT1 E17K Mutations: Clinicopathologic and Molecular Characterization With Proposal for a Unified Classification. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2021, 45, 1337–1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Jo, V.Y.; Sholl, L.M.; Krane, J.F. Distinctive Patterns of CTNNB1 (beta-Catenin) Alterations in Salivary Gland Basal Cell Adenoma and Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2016, 40, 1143–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Lee, Y.H.; Huang, W.C.; Hsieh, M.S. CTNNB1 mutations in basal cell adenoma of the salivary gland. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2018, 117, 894–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Hsieh, M.S.; Bishop, J.A.; Wang, Y.P.; Poh, C.F.; Cheng, Y.L.; Lee, Y.H.; Jin, Y.T.; Chang, J.Y.F. Salivary Sialadenoma Papilliferum Consists of Two Morphologically, Immunophenotypically, and Genetically Distinct Subtypes. Head Neck Pathol. 2020, 14, 489–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Chen, S.; Peng, J.; Yuan, C.; Sun, L.; Zhang, R.; Sun, Y. Sialadenoma papilliferum: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, molecular analyses of new five cases and review of the literature. Diagn. Pathol. 2021, 16, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Owosho, A.A.; Shasteen, A.M.; Aguirre, S.E.; Summersgill, K.F. Clinicopathologic Study of Sialadenoma Papilliferum of the Minor Salivary Glands: A Series of 8 New Cases With BRAF V600E Mutation-specific Immunohistochemical Analysis. Int. J. Surg. Pathol. 2023, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Boon, E.; van Boxtel, W.; Buter, J.; Baatenburg de Jong, R.J.; van Es, R.J.J.; Bel, M.; Fiets, E.; Oosting, S.F.; Slingerland, M.; Hoeben, A.; et al. Androgen deprivation therapy for androgen receptor-positive advanced salivary duct carcinoma: A nationwide case series of 35 patients in The Netherlands. Head Neck 2018, 40, 605–613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Sousa, L.G.; Wang, K.; Torman, D.; Binks, B.J.; Rubin, M.L.; Andersen, C.R.; Lewis, W.E.; Rivera, M.J.; Kaya, D.; El-Naggar, A.K.; et al. Treatment patterns and outcomes of palliative systemic therapy in patients with salivary duct carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified. Cancer 2022, 128, 509–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  56. Kawakita, D.; Nagao, T.; Takahashi, H.; Kano, S.; Honma, Y.; Hirai, H.; Saigusa, N.; Akazawa, K.; Tani, K.; Ojiri, H.; et al. Survival benefit of HER2-targeted or androgen deprivation therapy in salivary duct carcinoma. Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol. 2022, 14, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Dentistry 11 00229 g001
Figure 1. Initial post-contrast CT scan of the neck demonstrates a nodular and infiltrative lesion (black asterisks) centered in the right parotid gland, and significant surrounding fat stranding and fat plane effacement (dashed white arrows) involving the adjacent neck spaces and structures. Both the right sternocleidomastoid and posterior belly digastric muscles have ill-defined margins with the lesion (dashed black arrows). Additionally, there is thickening of the fascial plane (solid black arrow) and overlying skin (solid white arrow). On the contralateral side, there is maintenance of the fat planes (black arrowhead), normal skin (white arrowhead) and fascial plane thickness, and normal CT scan appearance of the parotid gland (white asterisk).
Figure 1. Initial post-contrast CT scan of the neck demonstrates a nodular and infiltrative lesion (black asterisks) centered in the right parotid gland, and significant surrounding fat stranding and fat plane effacement (dashed white arrows) involving the adjacent neck spaces and structures. Both the right sternocleidomastoid and posterior belly digastric muscles have ill-defined margins with the lesion (dashed black arrows). Additionally, there is thickening of the fascial plane (solid black arrow) and overlying skin (solid white arrow). On the contralateral side, there is maintenance of the fat planes (black arrowhead), normal skin (white arrowhead) and fascial plane thickness, and normal CT scan appearance of the parotid gland (white asterisk).
Dentistry 11 00229 g001
Dentistry 11 00229 g002
Figure 2. A follow-up post-contrast CT scan of the face 6 weeks later shows worsening skin thickening (white arrow), fat stranding and fat plane effacement (dashed white arrows), ill-defined margins with adjacent sternocleidomastoid and posterior belly digastric muscles with asymmetric enlargement (dashed black arrows) and increased ill-defined margins of the primary lesion in the right parotid gland (black asterisks) on the axial image (A). There is infiltration of parapharyngeal fat (dashed white arrow), increased ill-defined margins of the primary lesion in the right parotid gland (black asterisks) and fascial plane thickening (solid black arrow) on the coronal image (B).
Figure 2. A follow-up post-contrast CT scan of the face 6 weeks later shows worsening skin thickening (white arrow), fat stranding and fat plane effacement (dashed white arrows), ill-defined margins with adjacent sternocleidomastoid and posterior belly digastric muscles with asymmetric enlargement (dashed black arrows) and increased ill-defined margins of the primary lesion in the right parotid gland (black asterisks) on the axial image (A). There is infiltration of parapharyngeal fat (dashed white arrow), increased ill-defined margins of the primary lesion in the right parotid gland (black asterisks) and fascial plane thickening (solid black arrow) on the coronal image (B).
Dentistry 11 00229 g002
Dentistry 11 00229 g003
Figure 3. Fused PET–CT scan demonstrates FDG uptake in the infiltrative primary lesion in the right parotid gland (dashed white arrow) (A). The 3D MIP image from the PET–CT scan shows the asymmetric ill-defined FDG uptake in the parotid gland and adjacent soft tissues of the right neck (solid black arrows), as well as FDG uptake in two ipsilateral lymph nodes (solid white arrows) (B).
Figure 3. Fused PET–CT scan demonstrates FDG uptake in the infiltrative primary lesion in the right parotid gland (dashed white arrow) (A). The 3D MIP image from the PET–CT scan shows the asymmetric ill-defined FDG uptake in the parotid gland and adjacent soft tissues of the right neck (solid black arrows), as well as FDG uptake in two ipsilateral lymph nodes (solid white arrows) (B).
Dentistry 11 00229 g003
Dentistry 11 00229 g004
Figure 4. Histopathologic photomicrographs of a salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features. A diffuse infiltrate of tumor cells is seen within parotid gland ((A), ×40) and in surrounding adipose tissue ((B), ×100). The tumor cells are disposed as single files ((C), ×100) and perineural invasion is evident ((D), ×100). Single cells infiltrating adipose tissue without supporting stroma, the tumor cells have a plasmacytoid morphology with eccentric nuclei and fine, foamy cytoplasm ((E), ×400). Skin biopsy shows infiltration of dermis and skin appendages by single cells with no appreciable stroma accompanying the tumor cells ((F), ×40) and ((G), ×400).
Figure 4. Histopathologic photomicrographs of a salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features. A diffuse infiltrate of tumor cells is seen within parotid gland ((A), ×40) and in surrounding adipose tissue ((B), ×100). The tumor cells are disposed as single files ((C), ×100) and perineural invasion is evident ((D), ×100). Single cells infiltrating adipose tissue without supporting stroma, the tumor cells have a plasmacytoid morphology with eccentric nuclei and fine, foamy cytoplasm ((E), ×400). Skin biopsy shows infiltration of dermis and skin appendages by single cells with no appreciable stroma accompanying the tumor cells ((F), ×40) and ((G), ×400).
Dentistry 11 00229 g004
Dentistry 11 00229 g005
Figure 5. Histopathologic photomicrographs of a salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features. The tumor shows diffuse, strong reactivity with androgen receptor antibody ((A), ×200). Complete circumferential membranous staining is identified in tumor cells with HER2 ((B), ×200). The tumor cells are positive for GATA3 ((C), ×100), and GCDFP shows focal positivity ((D), ×200).
Figure 5. Histopathologic photomicrographs of a salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features. The tumor shows diffuse, strong reactivity with androgen receptor antibody ((A), ×200). Complete circumferential membranous staining is identified in tumor cells with HER2 ((B), ×200). The tumor cells are positive for GATA3 ((C), ×100), and GCDFP shows focal positivity ((D), ×200).
Dentistry 11 00229 g005
Dentistry 11 00229 g006
Figure 6. There is complete loss of E-cadherin expression in tumor cells in contrast to strong membranous staining in normal salivary tissue ((A), ×40 and inset ×200). Most tumor cells show weak intensity and incomplete membranous staining with β-catenin, in contrast to complete strong membranous staining of normal salivary acini ((B), ×40 and inset ×400). Rare tumor cells show nuclear β-catenin expression ((C), ×400).
Figure 6. There is complete loss of E-cadherin expression in tumor cells in contrast to strong membranous staining in normal salivary tissue ((A), ×40 and inset ×200). Most tumor cells show weak intensity and incomplete membranous staining with β-catenin, in contrast to complete strong membranous staining of normal salivary acini ((B), ×40 and inset ×400). Rare tumor cells show nuclear β-catenin expression ((C), ×400).
Dentistry 11 00229 g006
Table 1. Clinical and immunophenotypic features of salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features reported in the literature.
Table 1. Clinical and immunophenotypic features of salivary duct carcinoma with rhabdoid features reported in the literature.
AuthorAgeSexSiteARE-CadherinGCDFPHER2TreatmentFollow-UpOutcome
Kusafuka et al. [8]44MParotid+Total Loss++Surgery, RT21DOD
66MSMG+D Cyt+−Surgery26DOD
39MParotid+Total Loss++Surgery, CRT15NED
73MParotid+D++SurgeryNALTFU
75MParotid+Total Loss++RTNADOD
36MParotid+D++Surgery78NED
83MSMG+Total Loss+−SurgeryNALTFU
85FParotid+D++Surgery, RTNADOD
81MSMG+D++SurgeryNADOD
68FParotid+D++SurgeryNANED
78FSMG+Total Loss++SurgeryNANED
71MUnknown+D Cyt++SurgeryNADOC
54MSMG+Total Loss+−SurgeryNADOD
82MParotid−Total Loss−+SurgeryNADOD
81MParotid+Total Loss++Surgery, RTNALTFU
63FParotid+Total Loss++Surgery, RTNANED
62MParotid+Total Loss++Surgery, CRTNAAWD
Otsuru et al. [9]82MSMG+ND++Surgery, CRT12DOD
Akaki et al. [10]60MParotid+D+−Surgery79LTFU
82MParotid+D++Surgery60LTFU
76MParotid+D++CRT10DOD
Rooper et al. [11]65MParotid+Total Loss+NASurgery, CRT48DOD
63MParotid+Total Loss+NASurgery, CRT20DOD
78MParotid+Total Loss+NASurgery, CRT5NED
66MParotid+D Cyt+NASurgery, CRT10DOD
75MParotid+++NANANALTFU
83MParotid+Total Loss+NANANALTFU
67MParotid+++NANANALTFU
67MSMG+Total Loss+NASurgery, CRT6NED
75FBuccal+Total Loss+NANANALTFU
This case73MParotid+Total Loss++Anti-Her221Locoregional control
M—Male, F—Female, AR—Androgen receptor, GCDFP—Gross cystic disease fluid protein, HER2—Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, D—Decreased, D Cyt—Decreased with cytoplasmic expression, NA—Not available, CRT—Chemoradiation therapy, DOD—Died of disease, LTFU—Lost to follow up, NED—No evidence of disease, AWD—Alive with disease.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Jain, R.; Sansoni, E.R.; Angel, J.; Gleysteen, J.P.; Hayes, D.N.; Owosho, A.A. Salivary Duct Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Features of the Parotid Gland with No E-Cadherin Expression: A Report with Anti-HER2 Therapy and Review of the Literature. Dent. J. 2023, 11, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100229

AMA Style

Jain R, Sansoni ER, Angel J, Gleysteen JP, Hayes DN, Owosho AA. Salivary Duct Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Features of the Parotid Gland with No E-Cadherin Expression: A Report with Anti-HER2 Therapy and Review of the Literature. Dentistry Journal. 2023; 11(10):229. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100229

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jain, Richa, E. Ritter Sansoni, Jacqueline Angel, John P. Gleysteen, D. Neil Hayes, and Adepitan A. Owosho. 2023. "Salivary Duct Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Features of the Parotid Gland with No E-Cadherin Expression: A Report with Anti-HER2 Therapy and Review of the Literature" Dentistry Journal 11, no. 10: 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100229

APA Style

Jain, R., Sansoni, E. R., Angel, J., Gleysteen, J. P., Hayes, D. N., & Owosho, A. A. (2023). Salivary Duct Carcinoma with Rhabdoid Features of the Parotid Gland with No E-Cadherin Expression: A Report with Anti-HER2 Therapy and Review of the Literature. Dentistry Journal, 11(10), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100229

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop