Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplification
2.3. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence and Risk Factors of G. duodenalis
3.2. Detection of G. duodenalis by the Amplification of ssu, gdh, and bg
3.3. Nucleotide Sequencing
3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | No. Tested | PCR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Positive Samples (%) | 95% CI * | OR * | p-Value | |||
Constant | - | - | - | - | 0.06 | <0.001 |
Age | ≤2 weeks ** | 462 | 7 (1.5) | 0.4–2.6 | 0.084 | 0.006 |
3–4 weeks | 138 | 9 (6.5) | 2.4–10.6 | 0.471 | 0.399 | |
5–6 weeks | 107 | 15 (14.0) | 7.4–20.6 | 1.081 | 0.929 | |
7–8 weeks | 26 | 4 (15.4) | 1.5–29.3 | 1.045 | 0.965 | |
9–12 weeks | 46 | 7 (15.2) | 4.8–25.6 | 1.072 | 0.940 | |
≥12 weeks | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 0–35.0 | - | - | |
Sex | Male | 402 | 23 (5.7) | 3.5–8.0 | <0.001 | 0.998 |
Female | 373 | 21 (5.6) | 3.3–8.0 | 0.618 | 0.161 | |
Unknown | 17 | - | - | - | - | |
Season | Spring ** | 256 | 17 (6.7) | 3.6–9.7 | 6.446 | 0.018 |
Summer | 320 | 19 (6.0) | 3.4–8.5 | 3.393 | 0.113 | |
Autumn | 81 | 6 (7.4) | 1.7–13.1 | 5.016 | 0.062 | |
Winter | 135 | 2 (1.5) | 0–3.5 | - | - | |
Fecal type | Normal | 349 | 8 (2.3) | 0.7–3.9 | - | - |
Pasty | 137 | 4 (2.9) | 0.1–5.7 | 1.332 | 0.654 | |
Watery ** | 234 | 23 (9.8) | 6.0–13.6 | 4.319 | 0.001 | |
Hemorrhagic | 72 | 9 (12.5) | 4.9–20.1 | 2.123 | 0.169 | |
Total | 792 | 44 (5.6) | 4.0–7.2 | - | - |
Accession No. 1 | Nucleotides at Variable Positions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
45 | 150 | 252 | 393 | |
MW876414, 15, 17, 19, 20, 24–27, 30, 34, 35 | T | A | T | T |
MW876416, 29, 31, 32, 37, 38 | C | A | C | T |
MW876422, 23, 36 | T | A | C | T |
MW876413 | T | A | C | C |
MW876421 | T | G | T | T |
MW876428 | T | G | C | C |
MW876433 | C | A | C | C |
Accession No. 1 | Nucleotides at Variable Positions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
258 | 306 | 342 | 387 | |
MW876439–42, 45, 47–50, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64 | C | T | A | C |
MW876443, 44, 46, 51, 54, 57, 62, 65 | C | C | A | C |
MW876455 | A | T | A | C |
MW876460 | C | C | G | C |
MW876466 | C | C | A | T |
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Oh, S.-I.; Jung, S.-H.; Lee, H.-K.; Choe, C.; Hur, T.-Y.; So, K.-M. Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves. Vet. Sci. 2021, 8, 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070118
Oh S-I, Jung S-H, Lee H-K, Choe C, Hur T-Y, So K-M. Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves. Veterinary Sciences. 2021; 8(7):118. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070118
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Sang-Ik, Suk-Han Jung, Han-Kyoung Lee, Changyong Choe, Tai-Young Hur, and Kyoung-Min So. 2021. "Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves" Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 7: 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070118
APA StyleOh, S. -I., Jung, S. -H., Lee, H. -K., Choe, C., Hur, T. -Y., & So, K. -M. (2021). Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves. Veterinary Sciences, 8(7), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8070118