Gels | September 2021 - Browse Articles

43 pages, 13513 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polyelectrolyte Gels: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Applications

by Nisal Wanasingha, Pramod Dorishetty, Naba K. Dutta and Namita Roy Choudhury

Gels 2021, 7(3), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030148 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6057

Polyelectrolyte gels are an important class of polymer gels and a versatile platform with charged polymer networks with ionisable groups. They have drawn significant recent attention as a class of smart material and have demonstrated potential for a variety of applications. This review [...] Read more.

Polyelectrolyte gels are an important class of polymer gels and a versatile platform with charged polymer networks with ionisable groups. They have drawn significant recent attention as a class of smart material and have demonstrated potential for a variety of applications. This review begins with the fundamentals of polyelectrolyte gels, which encompass various classifications (i.e., origin, charge, shape) and crucial aspects (ionic conductivity and stimuli responsiveness). It further centralises recent developments of polyelectrolyte gels, emphasising their synthesis, structure–property relationships and responsive properties. Sequentially, this review demonstrates how polyelectrolyte gels’ flourishing properties create attractiveness to a range of applications including tissue engineering, drug delivery, actuators and bioelectronics. Finally, the review outlines the indisputable appeal, further improvements and emerging trends in polyelectrolyte gels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polyelectrolyte Gels: Volume II)

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28 pages, 61404 KiB

Open AccessReview

Injectable Composite Systems Based on Microparticles in Hydrogels for Bioactive Cargo Controlled Delivery

by Henrique Carrêlo, Paula I. P. Soares, João Paulo Borges and Maria Teresa Cidade

Gels 2021, 7(3), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030147 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4729

Abstract

Engineering drug delivery systems (DDS) aim to release bioactive cargo to a specific site within the human body safely and efficiently. Hydrogels have been used as delivery matrices in different studies due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility in biomedical purposes. Microparticles have [...] Read more.

Engineering drug delivery systems (DDS) aim to release bioactive cargo to a specific site within the human body safely and efficiently. Hydrogels have been used as delivery matrices in different studies due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility in biomedical purposes. Microparticles have also been used as drug delivery systems for similar reasons. The combination of microparticles and hydrogels in a composite system has been the topic of many research works. These composite systems can be injected in loco as DDS. The hydrogel will serve as a barrier to protect the particles and retard the release of any bioactive cargo within the particles. Additionally, these systems allow different release profiles, where different loads can be released sequentially, thus allowing a synergistic treatment. The reported advantages from several studies of these systems can be of great use in biomedicine for the development of more effective DDS. This review will focus on in situ injectable microparticles in hydrogel composite DDS for biomedical purposes, where a compilation of different studies will be analysed and reported herein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Gel Materials)

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15 pages, 5161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stimuli-Responsive Nucleotide–Amino Acid Hybrid Supramolecular Hydrogels

by Matthew Mulvee, Natasa Vasiljevic, Stephen Mann and Avinash J. Patil

Gels 2021, 7(3), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030146 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3296

Abstract

The ability to assemble chemically different gelator molecules into complex supramolecular hydrogels provides excellent opportunities to construct functional soft materials. Herein, we demonstrate the formation of hybrid nucleotide–amino acid supramolecular hydrogels. These are generated by the silver ion (Ag⁺)-triggered formation of [...] Read more.

The ability to assemble chemically different gelator molecules into complex supramolecular hydrogels provides excellent opportunities to construct functional soft materials. Herein, we demonstrate the formation of hybrid nucleotide–amino acid supramolecular hydrogels. These are generated by the silver ion (Ag⁺)-triggered formation of silver–guanosine monophosphate (GMP) dimers, which undergo self-assembly through non-covalent interactions to produce nanofilaments. This process results in a concomitant pH reduction due to the abstraction of a proton from the guanine residue, which triggers the in situ gelation of a pH-sensitive amino acid, N-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl tyrosine (FY), to form nucleotide–amino acid hybrid hydrogels. Alterations in the supramolecular structures due to changes in the assembly process are observed, with the molar ratio of Ag:GMP:FY affecting the assembly kinetics, and the resulting supramolecular organisation and mechanical properties of the hydrogels. Higher Ag:GMP stoichiometries result in almost instantaneous gelation with non-orthogonal assembly of the gelators, while at lower molar ratios, orthogonal assembly is observed. Significantly, by increasing the pH as an external stimulus, nanofilaments comprising FY can be selectively disassembled from the hybrid hydrogels. Our results demonstrate a simple approach for the construction of multicomponent stimuli-responsive supramolecular hydrogels with adaptable network and mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances and Future Perspectives in Stimuli-Responsive Gels)

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13 pages, 3400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Silica-Bacterial Cellulose Composite Aerogel Fibers for Thermal Insulation Textile

by Huazheng Sai, Meijuan Wang, Changqing Miao, Qiqi Song, Yutong Wang, Rui Fu, Yaxiong Wang, Litong Ma and Yan Hao

Gels 2021, 7(3), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030145 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4379

Abstract

Aerogels are nanoporous materials with excellent properties, especially super thermal insulation. However, owing to their serious high brittleness, the macroscopic forms of aerogels are not sufficiently rich for the application in some fields, such as thermal insulation clothing fabric. Recently, freeze spinning and [...] Read more.

Aerogels are nanoporous materials with excellent properties, especially super thermal insulation. However, owing to their serious high brittleness, the macroscopic forms of aerogels are not sufficiently rich for the application in some fields, such as thermal insulation clothing fabric. Recently, freeze spinning and wet spinning have been attempted for the synthesis of aerogel fibers. In this study, robust fibrous silica-bacterial cellulose (BC) composite aerogels with high performance were synthesized in a novel way. Silica sol was diffused into a fiber-like matrix, which was obtained by cutting the BC hydrogel and followed by secondary shaping to form a composite wet gel fiber with a nanoscale interpenetrating network structure. The tensile strength of the resulting aerogel fibers reached up to 5.4 MPa because the quantity of BC nanofibers in the unit volume of the matrix was improved significantly by the secondary shaping process. In addition, the composite aerogel fibers had a high specific area (up to 606.9 m²/g), low density (less than 0.164 g/cm³), and outstanding hydrophobicity. Most notably, they exhibited excellent thermal insulation performance in high-temperature (210 °C) or low-temperature (−72 °C) environments. Moreover, the thermal stability of CAFs (decomposition temperature was about 330 °C) was higher than that of natural polymer fiber. A novel method was proposed herein to prepare aerogel fibers with excellent performance to meet the requirements of wearable applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerogel Hybrids and Nanocomposites)

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16 pages, 7034 KiB

Open AccessReview

3D Bioprinting of Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering

by Jianghong Huang, Jianyi Xiong, Daping Wang, Jun Zhang, Lei Yang, Shuqing Sun and Yujie Liang

Gels 2021, 7(3), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030144 - 16 Sep 2021

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 7694

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging technology based on 3D digital imaging technology and multi-level continuous printing. The precise positioning of biological materials, seed cells, and biological factors, known as “additive biomanufacturing”, can provide personalized therapy strategies in regenerative medicine. Over the last [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging technology based on 3D digital imaging technology and multi-level continuous printing. The precise positioning of biological materials, seed cells, and biological factors, known as “additive biomanufacturing”, can provide personalized therapy strategies in regenerative medicine. Over the last two decades, 3D bioprinting hydrogels have significantly advanced the field of cartilage and bone tissue engineering. This article reviews the development of 3D bioprinting and its application in cartilage tissue engineering, followed by a discussion of the current challenges and prospects for 3D bioprinting. This review presents foundational information on the future optimization of the design and manufacturing process of 3D additive biomanufacturing. Full article

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12 pages, 1646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Silica Xerogel Doped with Iron(III) as Sensor Material for Salicylhydroxamic Acid Determination in Urine

by Maria A. Morosanova, Vitaliy A. Kovalev and Elena I. Morosanova

Gels 2021, 7(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030143 - 16 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2052

Abstract

Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) is used as antimicrobic medicine and its concentration has to be monitored in urine. For the first time, silica xerogels doped with iron(III) have been proposed as sensor materials for SHA determination in biological samples. Three xerogels with iron(III) content [...] Read more.

Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) is used as antimicrobic medicine and its concentration has to be monitored in urine. For the first time, silica xerogels doped with iron(III) have been proposed as sensor materials for SHA determination in biological samples. Three xerogels with iron(III) content in the range of 0.04–1.74% wt have been synthesized. BET surface area of these xerogels has varied in the range of 696–529 m²/g and total pore volume has varied in the range of 0.92–0.23 cm³/g. Complex formation between immobilized iron(III) and salicylhydroxamic acid has been investigated with solid phase spectrophotometry and IR spectroscopy. Orange-brown iron(III)-SHA complex with 1:1 stoichiometry is formed at pH 1–4 with half-reaction time of 17 min. Silica xerogel doped with 0.33% wt iron(III)) has been used as sensor material for SHA solid phase spectrophotometric determination (LOD 1.4 mg/L (n = 3), analytical range 4–230 mg/L). Proposed sensor material has been applied for SHA determination in biological samples of synthetic and human urine. The proposed procedure is characterized by a good level of accuracy (recovery values 97–120%) and precision (RSD values 4–9%) and can be recommended for pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic studies of hydroxamic acid-based medications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Xerogels)

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21 pages, 4578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Role of the Catalyst within Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Gel Synthesis

by Elisha Martin, Martin Prostredny and Ashleigh Fletcher

Gels 2021, 7(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030142 - 15 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2880

Abstract

Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) gels are porous materials synthesized via a sol–gel reaction and subsequently dried, producing structures with high surface areas and low densities—properties that are highly attractive for use in various applications. The RF gel reaction takes place in the presence of a [...] Read more.

Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) gels are porous materials synthesized via a sol–gel reaction and subsequently dried, producing structures with high surface areas and low densities—properties that are highly attractive for use in various applications. The RF gel reaction takes place in the presence of a catalyst, either acidic or basic in nature, the concentration of which significantly impacts final gel properties. The full extent of the catalyst’s role, however, has been subject to debate, with the general consensus within the field being that it is simply a pH-adjuster. The work presented here explores this theory, in addition to other theories postulated in the literature, through the synthesis and analysis of RF gels catalysed by mixtures of relevant compounds with varying concentrations. The relationship between catalyst concentration and initial solution pH is decoupled, and the individual roles of both the cation and the anion within the catalyst are investigated. The results presented here point towards the significance of the metal cation within the RF gel reaction, with similar structural properties observed for gels synthesized at constant Na⁺ concentrations, regardless of the initial solution pH. Furthermore, through the use of alternative cations and anions within catalyst compounds, the potential effects of ions on the stabilization of macromolecules in solution are explored, the results of which suggest a ‘Hofmeister-like’ series could be applicable within the catalysis of RF gel reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Xerogels)

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14 pages, 4776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemically Crosslinked Methylcellulose Substrates for Cell Sheet Engineering

by Lorenzo Bonetti, Luigi De Nardo and Silvia Farè

Gels 2021, 7(3), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030141 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3590

Abstract

Methylcellulose (MC) hydrogels have been successfully proposed in the field of cell sheet engineering (CSE), allowing cell detachment from their surface by lowering the temperature below their transition temperature (T_t). Among the main limitations of pristine MC hydrogels, low physical stability [...] Read more.

Methylcellulose (MC) hydrogels have been successfully proposed in the field of cell sheet engineering (CSE), allowing cell detachment from their surface by lowering the temperature below their transition temperature (T_t). Among the main limitations of pristine MC hydrogels, low physical stability and mechanical performances limit the breadth of their potential applications. In this study, a crosslinking strategy based on citric acid (CA) was used to prepare thermoresponsive MC hydrogels, with different degrees of crosslinking, to exploit their possible use as substrates in CSE. The investigated amounts of CA did not cause any cytotoxic effect while improving the mechanical performance of the hydrogels (+11-fold increase in E, compared to control MC). The possibility to obtain cell sheets (CSs) was then demonstrated using murine fibroblast cell line (L929 cells). Cells adhered on crosslinked MC hydrogels’ surface in standard culture conditions and then were harvested at selected time points as single CSs. CS detachment was achieved simply by lowering the external temperature below the T_t of MC. The detached CSs displayed adhesive and proliferative activity when transferred to new plastic culture surfaces, indicating a high potential for regenerative purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Hydrogel in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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12 pages, 26565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermally Tunable Acoustic Beam Splitter Based on Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel

by Yuqi Jin, Mi Zhou, Tae-Youl Choi and Arup Neogi

Gels 2021, 7(3), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030140 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2078

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrated a thermally tunable acoustic beam splitter using a poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel (PVA-pNIPAM). The nature of PVA-pNIPAM hydrogel offers exceptional temperature-dependent physical properties due to its phase transition around its lower critical solution temperature. The acoustic impedance of [...] Read more.

In this study, we demonstrated a thermally tunable acoustic beam splitter using a poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel (PVA-pNIPAM). The nature of PVA-pNIPAM hydrogel offers exceptional temperature-dependent physical properties due to its phase transition around its lower critical solution temperature. The acoustic impedance of the hydrogel can be tuned below, above, or matched to that of water by changing the environmental temperature. An acoustic wave propagating in water can be split into transmitted and reflected components by the PVA-pNIPAM hydrogel slab on varying its angle of incidence. The intensity ratio between the reflected and the transmitted componence can be adjusted by tuning the temperature of the medium. The acoustic beam can be entirely reflected at a temperature corresponding to the matched impedance between hydrogel and water. The beam-splitting behavior was observed for acoustic waves from both a monochromatic wave and broadband pulse source. In addition, the phase of beam split pulses can be reversed by selecting the hydrogel’s operating temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Gels)

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13 pages, 2749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Physicochemical Analysis among 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers

by Nicola Zerbinati, Sabrina Sommatis, Cristina Maccario, Maria Chiara Capillo, Giulia Grimaldi, Giuseppe Alonci, Raffaele Rauso, Stefania Guida and Roberto Mocchi

Gels 2021, 7(3), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030139 - 11 Sep 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6475

Abstract

(1) Background: Injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are used in several chirurgical practices and in aesthetic medicine. HA filler stability can be enhanced through different cross-linking technologies; one of the most frequently cross-linker used is 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), also present in [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are used in several chirurgical practices and in aesthetic medicine. HA filler stability can be enhanced through different cross-linking technologies; one of the most frequently cross-linker used is 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), also present in the HA-BDDE dermal filler family of the company Matex Lab S.p.A. (Brindisi, Italy). Our overview is focused on their characterization, drawing a correlation between matrix structure, rheological and physicochemical properties related to their cross-linking technologies. (2) Methods: Four different injectable HA hydrogels were characterized through optical microscopic examination and rheological behavior investigation. (3) Results: The cross-linked HA dermal fillers showed a fibrous “spiderweb-like” matrix structure and an elastic and solid-like profile. (4) Conclusions: The comparative analysis represents a preliminary characterization of these injectable medical devices in order to identify their best field of application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

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15 pages, 2051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ovarian Cell Encapsulation in an Enzymatically Crosslinked Silk-Based Hydrogel with Tunable Mechanical Properties

by Hafez Jafari, Arezoo Dadashzadeh, Saeid Moghassemi, Payam Zahedi, Christiani A. Amorim and Amin Shavandi

Gels 2021, 7(3), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030138 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3493

Abstract

An artificial ovary is a promising approach for preserving fertility in prepubertal girls and women who cannot undergo current cryopreservation strategies. However, this approach is in its infancy, due to the possible challenges of creating a suitable 3D matrix for encapsulating ovarian follicles [...] Read more.

An artificial ovary is a promising approach for preserving fertility in prepubertal girls and women who cannot undergo current cryopreservation strategies. However, this approach is in its infancy, due to the possible challenges of creating a suitable 3D matrix for encapsulating ovarian follicles and stromal cells. To maintain the ovarian stromal cell viability and proliferation, as a first step towards developing an artificial ovary, in this study, a double network hydrogel with a high water swelling capacity (swelling index 15–19) was developed, based on phenol conjugated chitosan (Cs-Ph) and silk fibroin (SF) through an enzymatic crosslinking method using horseradish peroxidase. The addition of SF (1%) to Cs (1%) decreased the storage modulus (G’) from 3500 Pa (Cs1) to 1600 Pa (Cs-SF1), and the hydrogels with a rapid gelation kinetic produced a spatially homogeneous distribution of ovarian cells that demonstrated 167% proliferation after 7 days. This new Cs-SF hydrogel benefits from the toughness and flexibility of SF, and phenolic chemistry could provide the potential microstructure for encapsulating human ovarian stromal cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Gel Materials)

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16 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Addition of Chokeberry Juice Concentrate and Foaming Agent on the Physical Properties of Agar Gel

by Ewa Jakubczyk and Anna Kamińska-Dwórznicka

Gels 2021, 7(3), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030137 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3072

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of chokeberry juice concentrate (CJC) and foaming agent (egg albumin) with different percentages on the selected physical properties of agar gel. The agar gels with the addition of 5, 10, and 20% concentrations [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of chokeberry juice concentrate (CJC) and foaming agent (egg albumin) with different percentages on the selected physical properties of agar gel. The agar gels with the addition of 5, 10, and 20% concentrations of chokeberry juice concentrate and with fructose addition were prepared. In addition, the foamed gels with different concentrations of egg albumin (in the range 0.5–2.0%) and CJC were produced. The water content, colour, density, hold-up and some mechanical and TPA (Texture Profile Analysis) descriptors as well some structural and acoustic emission parameters of non-aerated and foamed gels were analysed. The addition of CJC changed the colour of agar gel with fructose, the attractive appearance of the aerated gel was also linked with the addition of concentrate. The addition of 20% of CJC and foaming agent created samples with very low hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, and the structure of the aerated samples was characterised by the larger bubble diameter and the wider distribution of their size. The more promising texture and structure properties were obtained for samples with aerated gels with 5 and 10% addition of chokeberry juice concentrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Food Gels)

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35 pages, 9357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Marine Biopolymer Dynamics, Gel Formation, and Carbon Cycling in the Ocean

by Pedro Verdugo

Gels 2021, 7(3), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030136 - 9 Sep 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2683

Abstract

Much like our own body, our planet is a macroscale dynamic system equipped with a complex set of compartmentalized controls that have made life and evolution possible on earth. Many of these global autoregulatory functions take place in the ocean; paramount among those [...] Read more.

Much like our own body, our planet is a macroscale dynamic system equipped with a complex set of compartmentalized controls that have made life and evolution possible on earth. Many of these global autoregulatory functions take place in the ocean; paramount among those is its role in global carbon cycling. Understanding the dynamics of organic carbon transport in the ocean remains among the most critical, urgent, and least acknowledged challenges to modern society. Dissolved in seawater is one of the earth’s largest reservoirs of reduced organic carbon, reaching ~700 billion tons. It is composed of a polydisperse collection of marine biopolymers (MBP), that remain in reversible assembled↔dissolved equilibrium forming hydrated networks of marine gels (MG). MGs are among the least understood aspects of marine carbon dynamics. Despite the polymer nature of this gigantic pool of material, polymer physics theory has only recently been applied to study MBP dynamics and gel formation in the ocean. There is a great deal of descriptive phenomenology, rich in classifications, and significant correlations. Still missing, however, is the guide of robust physical theory to figure out the fundamental nature of the supramolecular interactions taking place in seawater that turn out to be critical to understanding carbon transport in the ocean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Gels)

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15 pages, 1714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Gel Properties of Whey Protein-Stabilized Emulsions by Ultrasound and Enzymatic Cross-Linking

by Yanli Zhao, Shiqi Xue, Xinyue Zhang, Tiehua Zhang and Xue Shen

Gels 2021, 7(3), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030135 - 9 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2899

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of high-intensity ultrasound (HUS) and transglutaminase pretreatment on the gelation behavior of whey protein soluble aggregate (WPISA) emulsions. HUS pretreatment and TGase-mediated cross-linking delayed the onset of gelation but significantly increased (p < 0.05) the gel firmness [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of high-intensity ultrasound (HUS) and transglutaminase pretreatment on the gelation behavior of whey protein soluble aggregate (WPISA) emulsions. HUS pretreatment and TGase-mediated cross-linking delayed the onset of gelation but significantly increased (p < 0.05) the gel firmness (G′) both after gel formation at 25 °C and during storage at 4 °C. The frequency sweep test indicated that all gels had a similar frequency dependence at 4 and 25 °C, and the elasticity and viscosity of the WPISA-stabilized emulsion gel were significantly enhanced by HUS pretreatment and TGase-mediated cross-linking (p < 0.05). HUS and TGase-mediated cross-linking greatly improved the textural properties of WPISA-stabilized emulsion gels, as revealed by their increases in gel hardness, cohesiveness, resilience, and chewiness. HUS pretreatment and TGase-mediated cross-linking significantly increased the water-holding capacity but decreased the swelling ratios of the gels (p < 0.05). Interactive force analysis confirmed that noncovalent interactions, disulfide bonds, and TGase-induced covalent cross-links were all involved in the formation of gel networks. In conclusion, the combination of HUS and TGase-mediated cross-linking were beneficial for improving the gelation properties of WPISA-stabilized emulsion as a controlled release vehicle for potential food industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Gels)

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23 pages, 92489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fine-Tuning of Molecular Structures to Generate Carbohydrate Based Super Gelators and Their Applications for Drug Delivery and Dye Absorption

by Jonathan Bietsch, Mary Olson and Guijun Wang

Gels 2021, 7(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030134 - 7 Sep 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3201

Abstract

Carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) exhibit many desirable properties making them useful in various fields including applications as drug delivery carriers. In order to further understand the structural connection to gelation properties, especially the influence of halide substitutions, we have designed and [...] Read more.

Carbohydrate-based low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) exhibit many desirable properties making them useful in various fields including applications as drug delivery carriers. In order to further understand the structural connection to gelation properties, especially the influence of halide substitutions, we have designed and synthesized a series of para-chlorobenzylidene acetal protected D-glucosamine amide derivatives. Fifteen different amides were synthesized, and their self-assembling properties were assessed in multiple organic solvents, as well as mixtures of organic solvents with water. All derivatives were found to be gelators for at least one solvent and majority formed gels in multiple solvents at concentrations lower than 2 wt%. A few derivatives rendered remarkably stable gels in aqueous solutions at concentrations below 0.1 wt%. The benzamide 13 formed gels in water and in EtOH/H₂O (v/v 1:2) at 0.36 mg/mL. The gels were characterized using optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and the self-assembly mechanism was probed using variable temperature ¹H-NMR spectroscopy. Gel extrusion studies using H₂O/DMSO gels successfully printed lines of gels on glass slides, which retained viscoelasticity based on rheology. Gels formed by the benzamide 13 were used for encapsulation and the controlled release of chloramphenicol and naproxen, as well as for dye removal for toluidine blue aqueous solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

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29 pages, 9317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Biodegradable Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Emulsifiers on the Oleogels Containing Sunflower Wax and Sunflower Oil

by Deepti Bharti, Doman Kim, Miguel Angelo Cerqueira, Biswaranjan Mohanty, SK Habibullah, Indranil Banerjee and Kunal Pal

Gels 2021, 7(3), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030133 - 7 Sep 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4797

Abstract

The use of an appropriate oleogelator in the structuring of vegetable oil is a crucial point of consideration. Sunflower wax (SFW) is used as an oleogelator and displays an excellent potential to bind vegetable oils. The current study aimed to look for the [...] Read more.

The use of an appropriate oleogelator in the structuring of vegetable oil is a crucial point of consideration. Sunflower wax (SFW) is used as an oleogelator and displays an excellent potential to bind vegetable oils. The current study aimed to look for the effects of hydrophobic (SPAN-80) and hydrophilic (TWEEN-80) emulsifiers on the oleogels prepared using SFW and sunflower oil (SO). The biodegradability and all formulations showed globular crystals on their surface that varied in size and number. Wax ester, being the most abundant component of SFW, was found to produce fibrous and needle-like entanglements capable of binding more than 99% of SO. The formulations containing 3 mg of liquid emulsifiers in 20 g of oleogels showed better mechanical properties such as spreadability and lower firmness than the other tested concentrations. Although the FTIR spectra of all the formulations were similar, which indicated not much variation in the molecular interactions, XRD diffractograms confirmed the presence of β′ form of fat crystals. Further, the mentioned formulations also showed larger average crystallite sizes, which was supported by slow gelation kinetics. A characteristic melting point (T_m~60 °C) of triglyceride was visualized through DSC thermograms. However, a higher melting point in the case of few formulations suggests the possibility of even a stable β polymorph. The formed oleogels indicated the significant contribution of diffusion for curcumin release. Altogether, the use of SFW and SO oleogels with modified properties using biodegradable emulsifiers can be beneficial in replacing saturated fats and fat-derived products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oleogels and Organogels: A Promising Tool for New Functionalities 2.0)

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10 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vivo Evaluation of a Pectin-Honey Hydrogel Coating on Polypropylene Mesh in a Rat Model of Acute Hernia

by Cristina Vercelli, Giovanni Re, Selina Iussich, Rosangela Odore, Emanuela Maria Morello, Marco Gandini and Gessica Giusto

Gels 2021, 7(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030132 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2662

Abstract

Investigations about ventral hernia repair are focused on improving the quality, resistance, and biocompatibility of mesh. This study compared plain polypropylene mesh with a pectin-honey hydrogel-coated polypropylene mesh in an acute hernia model in rats. Forty Wistar rats, randomly assigned to two groups, [...] Read more.

Investigations about ventral hernia repair are focused on improving the quality, resistance, and biocompatibility of mesh. This study compared plain polypropylene mesh with a pectin-honey hydrogel-coated polypropylene mesh in an acute hernia model in rats. Forty Wistar rats, randomly assigned to two groups, were submitted to laparotomy, and a 1 cm × 2 cm fascial defect was created, centered on the midline. Uncoated (group C) or coated mesh (group T) was inserted in an inlay fashion to repair the defect. After 30 days, the rats were euthanized, and the presence of adhesions to the mesh was macroscopically evaluated. Histology and measurement of COX-2 as tissue inflammation markers were used to assess fascia tissue healing. Grades of adhesion were not different between groups. Histological score and COX-2 expression were not significantly different between groups, except for the higher inflammatory response demonstrated in group T. The pectin-hydrogel coated mesh could not reduce adhesion formation compared to uncoated polypropylene mesh but improved peritoneal regeneration and tissue healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

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13 pages, 3359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polypeptide Composition and Topology Affect Hydrogelation of Star-Shaped Poly(_L-lysine)-Based Amphiphilic Copolypeptides

by Thi Ha My Phan, Ching-Chia Huang, Yi-Jen Tsai, Jin-Jia Hu and Jeng-Shiung Jan

Gels 2021, 7(3), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030131 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2977

Abstract

In this research, we studied the effect of polypeptide composition and topology on the hydrogelation of star-shaped block copolypeptides based on hydrophilic, coil poly(_L-lysine)₂₀ (s-PLL₂₀) tethered with a hydrophobic, sheet-like polypeptide segment, which is poly(_L [...] Read more.

In this research, we studied the effect of polypeptide composition and topology on the hydrogelation of star-shaped block copolypeptides based on hydrophilic, coil poly(_L-lysine)₂₀ (s-PLL₂₀) tethered with a hydrophobic, sheet-like polypeptide segment, which is poly(_L-phenylalanine) (PPhe), poly(_L-leucine) (PLeu), poly(_L-valine) (PVal) or poly(_L-alanine) (PAla) with a degree of polymerization (DP) about 5. We found that the PPhe, PLeu, and PVal segments are good hydrogelators to promote hydrogelation. The hydrogelation and hydrogel mechanical properties depend on the arm number and hydrophobic polypeptide segment, which are dictated by the amphiphilic balance between polypeptide blocks and the hydrophobic interactions/hydrogen bonding exerted by the hydrophobic polypeptide segment. The star-shaped topology could facilitate their hydrogelation due to the branching chains serving as multiple interacting depots between hydrophobic polypeptide segments. The 6-armed diblock copolypeptides have better hydrogelation ability than 3-armed ones and s-PLL-b-PPhe exhibits better hydrogelation ability than s-PLL-b-PVal and s-PLL-b-PLeu due to the additional cation–π and π–π interactions. This study highlights that polypeptide composition and topology could be additional parameters to manipulate polypeptide hydrogelation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular/Supramolecular Hybrid Hydrogel)

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15 pages, 3688 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gel-Based Materials for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery

by Roberta Cassano, Maria Luisa Di Gioia and Sonia Trombino

Gels 2021, 7(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030130 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 8766

Abstract

The most common route of administration of ophthalmic drugs is the topical route because it is convenient, non-invasive, and accessible to all patients. Unfortunately, drugs administered topically are not able to reach effective concentrations. Moreover, their bioavailability must be improved to decrease the [...] Read more.

The most common route of administration of ophthalmic drugs is the topical route because it is convenient, non-invasive, and accessible to all patients. Unfortunately, drugs administered topically are not able to reach effective concentrations. Moreover, their bioavailability must be improved to decrease the frequency of administrations and their side effects, and to increase their therapeutic efficiency. For this purpose, in recent decades, particular attention has been given to the possibility of developing prolonged-release forms that are able to increase the precorneal residence time and decrease the loss of the drug due to tearing. Among these forms, gel-based materials have been studied as an ideal delivery system because they are an extremely versatile class with numerous prospective applications in ophthalmology. These materials are used in gel eye drops, in situ gelling formulations, intravitreal injections, and therapeutic contact lenses. This review is intended to describe gel-based materials and their main applications in ophthalmology. Full article

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14 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Simulation and Theoretical Analysis of Slide-Ring Gels under Biaxial Deformation

by Kotaro Tanahashi and Tsuyoshi Koga

Gels 2021, 7(3), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030129 - 29 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2582

Abstract

Slide-ring (SR) gels, a new type of gels that have cross-links moving along the chains, are known to have unique mechanical characteristics. In the case of biaxial deformations, it has been experimentally shown that the stress–strain (S–S) relationships of SR gels can be [...] Read more.

Slide-ring (SR) gels, a new type of gels that have cross-links moving along the chains, are known to have unique mechanical characteristics. In the case of biaxial deformations, it has been experimentally shown that the stress–strain (S–S) relationships of SR gels can be well described by the neo-Hookean (NH) model. This behavior is quite different from that of conventional chemical gels, where the S–S curves deviate from the NH model. To understand the molecular mechanism of such peculiar elastic properties of SR gels, we studied the effects of movable cross-links by using molecular simulations and theoretical analysis. We calculate the S–S relationships in biaxial deformation for two types of models: slip model, where the cross-links can slide along chains representing SR gels, and non-slip model, which corresponds to conventional chemical gels. In the theoretical analysis, we calculate the S–S relationships by using the models with the Gaussian and the Langevin chains to investigate the nonlinear stretching effect of the chain in the slip and non-slip models. As a result, we found that the peculiar elastic behaviors of SR gels in biaxial deformations are well explained by the effect of movable cross-links suppressing the nonlinear stretching of the chain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Polymer Gels)

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8 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dissolved Organic Matter in the Global Ocean: A Primer

by Dennis A. Hansell and Mónica V. Orellana

Gels 2021, 7(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030128 - 28 Aug 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5524

Abstract

Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) holds ~660 billion metric tons of carbon, making it one of Earth’s major carbon reservoirs that is exchangeable with the atmosphere on annual to millennial time scales. The global ocean scale dynamics of the pool have become better [...] Read more.

Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) holds ~660 billion metric tons of carbon, making it one of Earth’s major carbon reservoirs that is exchangeable with the atmosphere on annual to millennial time scales. The global ocean scale dynamics of the pool have become better illuminated over the past few decades, and those are very briefly described here. What is still far from understood is the dynamical control on this pool at the molecular level; in the case of this Special Issue, the role of microgels is poorly known. This manuscript provides the global context of a large pool of marine DOM upon which those missing insights can be built. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Gels)

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16 pages, 4688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chondroitin Sulfate-Based Cryogels for Biomedical Applications

by Sahin Demirci, Mehtap Sahiner, Betul Ari, Aydin K. Sunol and Nurettin Sahiner

Gels 2021, 7(3), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030127 - 26 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3071

Abstract

Cryogels attained from natural materials offer exceptional properties in applications such as tissue engineering. Moreover, Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) at 1:0.5 weight ratio were embedded into CS cryogels to render additional biomedical properties. The hemolysis index of CS cryogel and CS:HNT cryogels was calculated [...] Read more.

Cryogels attained from natural materials offer exceptional properties in applications such as tissue engineering. Moreover, Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) at 1:0.5 weight ratio were embedded into CS cryogels to render additional biomedical properties. The hemolysis index of CS cryogel and CS:HNT cryogels was calculated as 0.77 ± 0.41 and 0.81 ± 0.24 and defined as non-hemolytic materials. However, the blood coagulation indices of CS cryogel and CS:HNT cryogels were determined as 76 ± 2% and 68 ± 3%, suggesting a mild blood clotting capability. The maximum% swelling capacity of CS cryogel was measured as 3587 ± 186%, 4014 ± 184%, and 3984 ± 113%, at pH 1.0, pH 7.4 and pH 9.0, respectively, which were reduced to 1961 ± 288%, 2816 ± 192, 2405 ± 73%, respectively, for CS:HNT cryogel. It was found that CS cryogels can hydrolytically be degraded 41 ± 1% (by wt) in 16-day incubation, whereas the CS:HNT cryogels degraded by 30 ± 1 wt %. There is no chelation for HNT and 67.5 ± 1% Cu(II) chelation for linear CS was measured. On the other hand, the CS cryogel and CS:HNT cryogel revealed Cu(II) chelating capabilities of 60.1 ± 12.5%, and 43.2 ± 17.5%, respectively, from 0.1 mg/mL Cu(II) ion stock solution. Additionally, at 0.5 mg/mL CS, CS:HNT, and HNT, the Fe(II) chelation capacity of 99.7 ± 0.6, 86.2 ± 4.7% and only 11.9 ± 4.5% were measured, respectively, while no Fe(II) was chelated by linear CS chelated Fe(II). As the adjustable and controllable swelling properties of cryogels are important parameters in biomedical applications, the swelling properties of CS cryogels, at different solution pHs, e.g., at the solution pHs of 1.0, 7.4 and 9.0, were measured as 3587 ± 186%, 4014 ± 184%, and 3984 ± 113%, respectively, and the maximum selling% values of CS:HNT cryogels were determined as 1961 ± 288%, 2816 ± 192, 2405 ± 73%, respectively, at the same conditions. Alpha glucosidase enzyme interactions were investigated and found that CS-based cryogels can stimulate this enzyme at any CS formulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cryogels)

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9 pages, 2878 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceCommunication

Clinical Application of Antibacterial Hydrogel and Coating in Orthopaedic and Traumatology Surgery

by Daniele De Meo, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Giancarlo Iaiani, Federico Lo Torto, Diego Ribuffo, Pietro Persiani and Ciro Villani

Gels 2021, 7(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030126 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3130

Abstract

Implant related infection is one of the most frequent complications in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Local antibiotic treatment strategies are becoming part of the prevention and treatment methodology for this fearful complication. To date, there are two coatings available on the market, both [...] Read more.

Implant related infection is one of the most frequent complications in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Local antibiotic treatment strategies are becoming part of the prevention and treatment methodology for this fearful complication. To date, there are two coatings available on the market, both with a polylactic acid base. Current evidence supports the use of these types of coatings in the prophylaxis of periprosthetic infections and fracture-related infections. However, their therapeutic use has been less investigated. The purpose of this article is to summarise recent evidence relating to the clinical application of antibacterial hydrogels and coatings in orthopaedic and traumatology surgery and indicating which future applications may benefit from it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

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13 pages, 5627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Removal of Calcium and Magnesium Ions from Water by a Novel Alginate–Citrate Composite Aerogel

by Zhuqing Wang, Zhongmin Feng, Leilei Yang and Min Wang

Gels 2021, 7(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030125 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4227

Abstract

In this work, a novel alginate/citrate composite aerogel (CA–SC) was synthesized by chemical grafting technology combined with vacuum freeze-drying method, and CA–SC was used for removing calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions from water. The experimental results indicate that [...] Read more.

In this work, a novel alginate/citrate composite aerogel (CA–SC) was synthesized by chemical grafting technology combined with vacuum freeze-drying method, and CA–SC was used for removing calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions from water. The experimental results indicate that the as-prepared CA–SC has a high affinity for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ and can remove 96.5% of Ca²⁺ (or 96.8% of Mg²⁺) from the corresponding solution. The maximum adsorption capacities of CA–SC for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are 62.38 and 36.23 mg/g, respectively. These values are higher than those of the most reported Ca²⁺-sorbents and Mg²⁺-sorbents. The CA–SC adsorbent can be regenerated through a simple pickling step, and its adsorption performance keeps stable after repeated use. Analysis of the adsorption mechanism shows that the CA–SC combines Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in water mainly through coordination effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerogels 2021)

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14 pages, 5365 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Photoinduced Porcine Gelatin Cross-Linking by Homobi- and Homotrifunctional Tetrazoles

by Luca Vaghi, Mauro Monti, Marcello Marelli, Elisa Motto, Antonio Papagni and Laura Cipolla

Gels 2021, 7(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030124 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2696

Abstract

Gelatin is a costless polypeptide material of natural origin, able to form hydrogels that are potentially useful in biomaterial scaffold design for drug delivery, cell cultures, and tissue engineering. However, gelatin hydrogels are unstable at physiological conditions, losing their features only after a [...] Read more.

Gelatin is a costless polypeptide material of natural origin, able to form hydrogels that are potentially useful in biomaterial scaffold design for drug delivery, cell cultures, and tissue engineering. However, gelatin hydrogels are unstable at physiological conditions, losing their features only after a few minutes at 37 °C. Accordingly, treatments to address this issue are of great interest. In the present work, we propose for the first time the use of bi- and trifunctional tetrazoles, most of them unknown to date, for photoinduced gelatin cross-linking towards the production of physiologically stable hydrogels. Indeed, after UV-B irradiation, aryl tetrazoles generate a nitrilimine intermediate that is reactive towards different functionalities, some of them constitutively present in the amino acid side chains of gelatin. The efficacy of the treatment strictly depends on the structure of the cross-linking agent used, and substantial improved stability was observed by switching from bifunctional to trifunctional cross-linkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gels Horizons: From Science to Smart Materials)

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17 pages, 3207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructured Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel for Tooth Germ Bioengineering

by Sol Park, Naomi W. Y. Huang, Cheryl X. Y. Wong, Jing Pan, Lamyaa Albakr, Jing Gu and Lifeng Kang

Gels 2021, 7(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030123 - 18 Aug 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3683

Abstract

Tooth loss has been found to adversely affect not just masticatory and speech functions, but also psychological health and quality of life. Currently, teeth replacement options include dentures, bridges, and implants. However, these artificial replacement options remain inferior to biological replacements due to [...] Read more.

Tooth loss has been found to adversely affect not just masticatory and speech functions, but also psychological health and quality of life. Currently, teeth replacement options include dentures, bridges, and implants. However, these artificial replacement options remain inferior to biological replacements due to their reduced efficiency, the need for replacements, and the risk of immunological rejection. To this end, there has been a heightened interest in the bioengineering of teeth in recent years. While there have been reports of successfully regenerated teeth, controlling the size and shape of bioengineered teeth remains a challenge. In this study, methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) was synthesized and microstructured in a hydrogel microwell array using soft lithography. The resulting MeHA hydrogel microwell scaffold resembles the shape of a naturally developing human tooth germ. To facilitate the epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, human adult low calcium high temperature (HaCaT) cells were seeded on the surface of the hydrogels and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were encapsulated inside the hydrogels. It was found that hydrogel scaffolds were able to preserve the viability of both types of cells and they appeared to favor signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, which is necessary in the promotion of cell proliferation. As such, the hydrogel scaffolds offer a promising system for the bioengineering of human tooth germs in vitro. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Hydrogel in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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13 pages, 4913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alumina-Doped Silica Aerogels for High-Temperature Thermal Insulation

by Yu Wu, Xiaodong Wang, Lin Liu, Ze Zhang and Jun Shen

Gels 2021, 7(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030122 - 14 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3768

Abstract

In this study, we used two methods to prepare alumina-doped silica aerogels with the aim of increasing the thermal stability of silica aerogels. The first method was physical doping of α-Al₂O₃ nano powders, and the second method was to create [...] Read more.

In this study, we used two methods to prepare alumina-doped silica aerogels with the aim of increasing the thermal stability of silica aerogels. The first method was physical doping of α-Al₂O₃ nano powders, and the second method was to create a chemical compound via the co-precursor of TEOS and AlCl₃·6H₂O in different proportions. The shrinkage, chemical composition, and specific surface area (SSA) of samples after heating at different temperatures were analyzed. Our results show that the silicon hydroxyl groups of samples derived from AlCl₃·6H₂O gradually decreased and nearly disappeared after heating at 800 °C, which indicates the complete dehydration of the silicon hydroxyl. Thus, the samples exhibited a large linear shrinkage and decreased SSA after high-temperature heat treatment. By contrast, samples doped with α-Al₂O₃ powders retained abundant silicon hydroxyl groups, and the 6.1 wt.% α-Al₂O₃-doped sample exhibited the lowest linear shrinkage of 11% and the highest SSA of 1056 m²/g after heat treatment at 800 °C. The alumina-doped silica aerogels prepared using a simple and low-price synthesized method pave the way for the low-cost and large-scale production of high-temperature thermal insulation. Full article

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11 pages, 1603 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Poly (Amidehydrazide) Hydrogel Particles for Removal of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ Ions from Water

by Hojung Choi, Taehyoung Kim and Sang Youl Kim

Gels 2021, 7(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030121 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2370

Abstract

Poly(amidoamine)s (PAMAM) are very effective in the removal of heavy metal ions from water due to their abundant amine and amide functional groups, which have a high binding ability to heavy metal ions. We synthesized a new class of hyperbranched poly(amidehydrazide) (PAMH) hydrogel [...] Read more.

Poly(amidoamine)s (PAMAM) are very effective in the removal of heavy metal ions from water due to their abundant amine and amide functional groups, which have a high binding ability to heavy metal ions. We synthesized a new class of hyperbranched poly(amidehydrazide) (PAMH) hydrogel particles from dihydrazides and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) monomer by using the A2 + B4 polycondensation reaction in an inverse suspension polymerization process. In Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ion sorption tests, the synthesized dihydrazide-based PAMH hydrogel particles exhibited sorption capacities of 85 mg/g for copper and 47 mg/g for cadmium. Interestingly, the PAMH showed only a 10% decrease in sorption ability in an acidic condition (pH = 4) compared to the diamine-based hyperbranched PAMAM, which showed a ~90% decrease in sorption ability at pH of 4. In addition, PAMH hydrogel particles remove trace amounts of copper (0.67 ppm) and cadmium (0.5 ppm) in water, below the detection limit. Full article

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22 pages, 3618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emulgels Containing Propolis and Curcumin: The Effect of Type of Vegetable Oil, Poly(Acrylic Acid) and Bioactive Agent on Physicochemical Stability, Mechanical and Rheological Properties

by Rafaela Said dos Santos, Jéssica Bassi da Silva, Hélen Cássia Rosseto, Camila Felix Vecchi, Katieli da Silva Souza Campanholi, Wilker Caetano and Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Gels 2021, 7(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030120 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3378

Abstract

Emulgels are obtained by the entrapment of an organic phase within a three-dimensional network built by hydrophilic molecules. Polymers based on cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) have been utilized as gel matrices, improving adhesiveness, rheological and mechanical performance. Propolis (PRP) produced by Apis mellifera L. [...] Read more.

Emulgels are obtained by the entrapment of an organic phase within a three-dimensional network built by hydrophilic molecules. Polymers based on cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) have been utilized as gel matrices, improving adhesiveness, rheological and mechanical performance. Propolis (PRP) produced by Apis mellifera L. bees displays a wide range of biological activities. Together with curcumin (CUR), they may show synergic anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial action on skin disorders. This work investigated the effect of vegetable oils (sweet almond, andiroba, and passion fruit) with regard to the physicochemical properties of emulgels composed of Carbopol 934P^®, Carbopol 974P^®, or polycarbophil aiming the CUR and PRP delivery. Physicochemical stability enabled the selection of systems containing passion fruit or andiroba oil. Mechanical and rheological characteristics provided rational comprehension of how vegetable oils and bioactive agents affect the structure of emulsion gels. All formulations exhibited high physiochemical stability and properties dependent on the polymer type, oil, and bioactive agent. Formulations displayed pseudoplastic, thixotropic and viscoelastic properties. Emulgels containing andiroba oil were the most stable systems. Carbopol 934P^® or polycarbophil presence resulted in formulations with improved smoothness and mechanical properties. Systems containing andiroba oil and one of these two polymers are promising for further investigations as topical delivery systems of CUR and/or PRP on the skin and mucous membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Gels)

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13 pages, 3438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acidic and Electrosurface Properties of Binary TiO₂-SiO₂ Xerogels Using EPR of pH-Sensitive Nitroxides

by Denis O. Antonov, Daria P. Tambasova, Andrey B. Shishmakov, Igor A. Kirilyuk and Elena G. Kovaleva

Gels 2021, 7(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels7030119 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2620

Abstract

The binary xerogels TiO₂-SiO₂ are widely used as catalysts and their carriers in organic synthesis. Characterization and adjustment of the electrostatic properties of the surface and the local acidity inside the pores, are necessary for the further development of TiO [...] Read more.

The binary xerogels TiO₂-SiO₂ are widely used as catalysts and their carriers in organic synthesis. Characterization and adjustment of the electrostatic properties of the surface and the local acidity inside the pores, are necessary for the further development of TiO₂-SiO₂ xerogels applications. This research investigates acid–base equilibria in the pores, and the surface electrostatic potential (SEP) of binary TiO₂-SiO₂ xerogels, by the EPR of stable pH-sensitive nitroxide radicals. These radicals are small enough to penetrate directly into the pores, and to be adsorbed onto the surface of the material under study. This makes it possible to obtain valuable information on the acidic and electrosurface properties of the studied system. The highest negative surface electrical charge associated with surface electrical potential (SEP) was equal to −196 ± 6 mV. It was induced by the surface of the sample with a 7% TiO₂ content. The local acidity inside the pores of this sample was found to be higher, by approximately 1.49 pH units, as compared to that in the external bulk solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Xerogels)

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