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Article

Hydrogen Gas Improves Seed Germination in Cucumber by Regulating Sugar and Starch Metabolisms

by
Panpan Huang
,
Changxia Li
,
Huwei Liu
,
Zongxi Zhao
and
Weibiao Liao
*
College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 1 Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Horticulturae 2021, 7(11), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110456
Submission received: 17 October 2021 / Revised: 23 October 2021 / Accepted: 24 October 2021 / Published: 3 November 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Uses of Hydrogen Gas in Horticulture)
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Abstract

:
Hydrogen gas (H2), an important gaseous regulator, is involved in various plant growth and development processes. However, there have been few studies on the role of H2 in seed germination. In this study, the role and underlying mechanisms of H2 in enhancing seed germination were investigated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). The results revealed that the germination rate, germ length, germination index, and vitality index of cucumber exhibited a dose-dependent relationship with the increase in concentrations of hydrogen-rich water (HRW, a H2 donor; 0, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%), attaining the maximum values with 75% HRW treatment. Treatment with 75% HRW resulted in higher contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and starch than the control. Additionally, the activity of α-amylase, β-amylase, and total amylase was significantly improved by 75% HRW treatment compared to the control, reaching the maximum values at 36 h. Moreover, the expression levels of starch-related genes AMY and BMY and sugar-related genes SS4 and SS3 were significantly upregulated by 75% HRW treatment during germination, particularly at 36 h. These results suggest that H2 might promote cucumber seed germination by increasing sugar and starch metabolisms.

1. Introduction

Some small gas molecules, including hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO), are involved in a range of physiological and developmental procedures in plants, such as adventitious rooting, horticultural production freshness, stomatal movement, and endogenous ethylene biosynthesis. Recently, H2 has been found to be a novel antioxidant in animals and plants. H2 can respond to physiological processes as a novel beneficial gaseous molecule [1,2,3]. H2 has been reported to be involved in a series of events in plant growth and development [4,5]. Moreover, a previous study showed that H2 could regulate stomata closure and anthocyanin synthesis under UV-A irradiation stress [6]. Additionally, H2 responds to some abiotic stresses, including salinity [7], heavy metals [8], osmotic stress [9], high light stress [10], and temperature stress [11]. For instance, hydrogen-rich water (HRW, a H2 donor) enhanced the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis by increasing antioxidant system, counteracting ROS overproduction and lipid peroxidation [7]. Furthermore, the application of HRW can delay postharvest senescence and improve the quality of cut flowers [12,13,14,15]. For example, HRW prolonged the vase life of cut rose flowers by maintaining proper water balance and membrane stability and alleviating oxidative damage [12]. The vase life of cut lisianthus flowers was delayed by endogenous H2 by maintaining redox homeostasis [13]. The application of HRW delayed postharvest senescence and improved the quality of cut rose flowers by repressing endogenous ethylene production and alleviating ethylene signal transduction [14]. HRW improved the vase life and ornamental quality of cut rose flowers by decreasing the clogging of bacteria in the blood vessels of the xylem and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria [15].
Seed germination is crucial for the growth and yield of crop plants. Typically, seed germination starts from the imbibition of dried and mature seeds and ends with the protruding radicle [16]. The proper environmental condition is important for seed germination, including light [17], temperature [18], nutrient, and soil water content [19]. Phytohormones are also related to seed germination, including abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellins (GAs), and ethylene [20,21]. Moreover, ethylene plays a significant role in regulating seed germination as a natural plant hormone produced at later stages of seed germination [22]. Small molecular gases are also involved in the seed germination process. For example, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) alleviated nitrate stress and promoted tomato seed germination [23]. The application of nitric oxide (NO) alleviated the inhibitory effect of ABA on seed germination and early growth of seedlings by breaking seed dormancy [24]. Additionally, under salt stress, H2 independently accelerated the seed germination of rice by increasing energy resources. During seed development, once enough water is absorbed, different kinds of metabolites are activated, including soluble sugar, protein, and starch. Soluble sugars are simple carbohydrates composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They play a central role in metabolism as sources of energy and as building blocks for synthesis of structural and nonstructural polymers [25]. Soluble proteins are important as osmotic adjustment substances and nutrients. The accumulation of soluble proteins can improve the water retention capacity of cells and protect vital substances [26]. A large amount of starch was found in the endosperm during rice seed germination [27]. It has been reported that HRW facilitates the conversion of starch into sugars [28]. The α-amylase has been proven to attach to starch granule and help release the soluble glucans, which might contribute to elevated germination percentage. In addition, a previous study showed that the content of total water-soluble carbohydrate, proline, and soluble protein was enhanced by hemin and CO in Cassia obtusifolia L. [29].
Seed germination is a hyperaction phase that requires tremendous energy. Starch, which provides the needed energy and material for seed germination and seedling development, is one of the main stored substances in seed. The activities of relevant enzymes (α- and β-amylase) were upregulated by melatonin, thereby promoting starch catabolism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production [7]. Starch metabolism is regulated by a series of genes and enzymes. The alpha amylase (AMY) and beta amylase (BMY) are the key enzymes in the starch hydrolytic process [26]. In rice, α/β-amylase activities were activated by HRW treatment [28,30]. Thus, the total soluble sugar is formed rapidly. Large amounts of nutrients, including soluble sugar, proteins, and starch, are all accumulated with the germination of seed. The cellular structure and enzyme activities are gradually resumed during this process. Major metabolism-related enzymes are accumulated and kept stable to increase the germination rate of mature dry seeds [28,31]. Similarly, soluble proteins are composited during the late period of seed germination and deposited in protein storage vacuoles in mature seeds [19]. These proteins, which are activated during seed germination, could provide nutrients for seedling growth [26]. It has been reported that melatonin might regulate storage protein catabolism under salt stress [7]. Starch hydrolysis and sucrose transport play an important role in seed germination and seedling growth. In wheat, sucrose is considered to be the major sugar present in the endosperm in the early stage of germination, whereas maltose and glucose are predominant at a later stage [32]. The physiological role of sucrose synthesis (SS) is generally considered to affect sucrose degradation [33]. The hydrolysis of translocated carbohydrate is considered an integral part of sugar accumulation in Zea mays [10] and Saccharum sp. [34]. In cucumber, extensive metabolisms of stachyose occur in fruit peduncles [35]. In Arabidopsis seeds, sugar is one of the major nutrients stored in cotyledon [36]. Different from Arabidopsis, starch in the endosperm is accumulated in rice seeds during germination and seedling establishment [19]. The α-amylase can help release soluble glucans, which are substrates for further degradation. There are drastic morphological changes during seed germination, where a tiny seed transforms into a normal seedling, including large-scale changes and regulation of gene expression. Under salt stress, H2 accelerated the seed germination of rice by increasing energy resources [28]. However, the intricate mechanism associated with its responses to abiotic stress and plant growth and development is still a subject of great interest. To investigate the possible roles of H2 in seed germination, we explored whether the application of HRW upgrades seed vitality to promote seed germination in cucumber. The potential mechanisms during this process were also investigated. Deeper insights into the interplay of various phytohormones with H2 at a signaling level will provide a road map for addressing the problem more holistically.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation of Hydrogen-Rich Water

Purified hydrogen gas (99.99%, v/v) generated from a hydrogen gas generator (QL-300, Saikesaisi Hydrogen Energy Co., Ltd., Jinan, China) was bubbled into 2 L of distilled water (room temperature) at a rate of 300 mL∙min−1 for 3 h. Then, the prepared HRW was analyzed by a dissolved hydrogen portable meter (ENH-1000, Trustlex Co., Led, Tokyo, Japan). In our experimental conditions, the H2 concentration was 0.45 mM and maintained at a relative constant level at 25 °C for at least 12 h, which was defined as 100% HRW. Finally, HRW was immediately diluted to various concentrations (1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%).

2.2. Plant Material and Hydrogen-Rich Water Treatment

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ‘Xinchun No. 4′) seeds were acquired from Lanfeng Seed Company, Lanzhou City, China. The selected seeds were without physical damage, without disease, and of similar size. The seeds used as experimental materials were washed. The surface of the seeds was sterilized with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min and rinsed with distilled water. Then, 0 (distilled water, the control), 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% HRW concentrations were used for seed treatment. The experiments were conducted at 25 °C in dark condition. Samples were placed in 14 cm petri dishes on two layers of filter paper saturated with 10 mL distilled water or different concentrations of hydrogen-rich water for 48 h. The solution was replaced with each concentration of water every day. Meanwhile, the number of germinated seeds was counted. Then, the seeds of each treatment were freshly preserved at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after treatment.

2.3. Determination of Morphological Indexes and Seed Vitality

When the germ length exceeded half of the length of seeds, it was defined as germination [28]. The germination rate was calculated, and the germ length was measured from the root tip to the germ and hypocotyl junction at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h.
The fresh weight of 20 cucumber seeds was determined, and the average fresh weight in each treatment was calculated. Then, the seeds were baked dry at 80 °C for 48 h to calculate the average dry weight [37].
In addition, the germination index (GI) was calculated according to GI =∑ (Gt/Tt), where Gt is the number of the germinated seeds in the hour. The seed vitality index (VI) was determined according to the formula VI = GI × seedling dry weight [38].
The cucumber seeds were exposed to different concentrations of HRW (0, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) and cut into two parts along the center line of the seeds within 48 h. The cut seeds were immersed under 0.5% (w/v) triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution in a petri dish and incubated at 30 °C for 1 h [39]. Then, the TTC solution was removed with distilled water. The colors of the seeds were observed and photographed at 48 h [28]. Seed vitality was determined by TTC solution; the darker the red, the stronger the seed vitality. Ninety seeds were analyzed for each treatment with three replicates.

2.4. Determination of Soluble Sugar, Soluble Protein, and Starch Contents

The soluble sugar content was measured according to [40]. Fresh cucumber seeds (0.2 g) were milled into homogenate with distilled water and placed in a test tube. The mixture comprised distilled water (1.5 mL), 0.5 mL extracting solution, 5.0 mL H2SO4 (98%), and 0.5 mL of ethylacetate anthrone reagent in 25 mL tubes. Then, the mixture was heated in a boiling water bath for 1 min. The absorbance was recorded at 630 nm using a spectrophotometer.
For determination of the soluble starch content, samples (0.2 g) were ground and extracted in 2 mL distilled water. After sufficient grinding, 3.2 mL 60% perchloric acid was added and grinded for 10 min. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 3000× g for 5 min at room temperature and then filtered into a 100 mL volumetric flask. The liquid was mixed evenly by shaking after constant volume. Then, the extracting solution (0.5 mL), 3 mL of distilled water, and 2 mL iodine reagent were mixed together in a 25 mL test tube. The mixture was maintained at a constant volume of 10 mL after standing for 5 min, and the absorbance was measured at 660 nm at room temperature [40].
For determination of the soluble protein content, 0.2 g samples were ground and extracted with 5 mL of distilled water. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 12,000× g at 4 °C for 20 min. Then, 1 mL of the supernatant and 5 mL of Coomassie brilliant blue were mixed together. The absorbance at 595 nm was measured after 2 min [41].

2.5. Determination of Total Amylase and α- and β-Amylase Activities

The activities of α- and β-amylase and total amylase in cucumber seeds were analyzed by a amylase determination kit (Beijing Biolab Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer′s instructions. Samples (0.1 g) were ground and extracted in 1 mL of distilled water. The homogenate was constant kept for 10 min, then shaken and extracted sufficiently at room temperature. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 3000× g at 25 °C for 10 min. The supernatant was made up to the volume of 10 mL by adding distilled water and mixed evenly to be used as the amylase stock solution. The activities of α- and β-amylase and total amylase were measured according to Table 1. Their activities were calculated by following the formulas:
The α-amylase activity (mg/min/g fresh weight) = 1.075 × (A2 − A1 + 0.1778)/0.1.
The total amylase activity (mg/min/g fresh weight) = 5.375 × (A4 − A3 + 0.1778)/0.1.
The β-amylase activity (mg/min/g fresh weight) = the total amylase activity − the α-amylase activity.

2.6. Total RNA Extraction

Total RNA in seeds was extracted using TRIzol reagent. In brief, the samples (0.2 g) were ground into powder with liquid nitrogen. TRIzol (1 mL) was added to the powder and incubated for 10 min at 4 °C. Then, chloroform (200 μL) was added and incubated for 5 min. The misture was centrifugated at 12,000× g for 15 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was collected. An equal volume of isopropanol was added to the supernatant and incubated at −20 °C for more than 1 h. The supernatant was collected into the adsorption column after washing with 75% ethanol twice. Finally, the RNA was dissolved with RNase-free ddH2O. The extracted total RNA was used to convert into single-stranded cDNA following the manufacturer′s recommendations. RNA quality and quantity were measured using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer and an Agilent 2100 spectrophotometer. The 260/280 ratio was 2.0–2.2, and RNA integrities were greater than 8.0 for all samples.

2.7. Determination of AMY, BMY, SS4, and SS3 Gene Expression

Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays were used to determine the relative expression level of each gene by StepOne Real-Time PCR System (ABI StepOne Plus, California, USA). The expression of starch-related genes (including AMY (alpha amylase) and BMY (beta amylase)) and sucrose-related genes (including SS4 (sucrose synthase 4) and SS3 (sucrose synthase 3)) were determined. The gene-specific primers for AMY, BMY, SS4, and SS3 genes were designed according to CDS sequence. Table 2 lists the primer sequences used in the study. Each reaction (20 µL total volume) consisted of 10 µL of 2 × qPCR mix, 1 µM of diluted cDNA, and 10 µM of forward and reverse primers. The PCR cycling conditions were as follows: 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s and 60 °C for 30 s. The fluorescence data were collected during the 60 °C step. The cucumber actin gene was used as an internal gene [42]. The relative expression of the genes was calculated using the 2–ΔΔct method [43]. Four replicates were set for all assays.

2.8. Statistical Analysis

The values (mean ± standard error (SE)) are the average of three independent experiments (n = 3). Statistical differences among treatments were analyzed by Tukey–Kramer’s multiple comparison test or t-test (p < 0.05). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data was performed by the Statistical Analysis System (SPSS, Version 13.00; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software.

3. Result

3.1. Effect of HRW on Seed Germination in a Dose-Dependent Manner

To understand the roles of H2 in seed germination, different concentrations of HRW (1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were used to treat cucumber seeds. As shown in Figure 1, HRW treatment significantly promoted seed germination rates compared to the control (0%), and the effects were dose-dependent. Among the different concentrations of HRW, the maximum germination rate (95.9%) and germ length (21.4 mm) were observed with 75% HRW treatment (Figure 1A). The germination index and vitality index presented a trend that first increased and then decreased with the increase in HRW concentrations, reaching the peak when HRW level was 75% (Figure 1B,C). As shown in Figure 1D, the number of red-stained cucumber seeds was significantly increased by HRW treatment. Compared with the control, 75% HRW treatment resulted in 30.25% higher red seed number at 48 h, suggesting that HRW improved seed vitality (Figure 1D). The seed vitality was determined by TTC solution; the darker the red, the stronger the seed vitality. Therefore, 75% HRW treatment was used for further studies during the seed germination process.

3.2. Effect of HRW on Seed Germination in a Time-Dependent Manner

Figure 2A shows that the germination rate increased gradually during the whole germination process and was close to 100% at 48 h. Nevertheless, 75% HRW treatment significantly increased germination rate at 12 h after treatment in comparison with the control.
Similar to the germination rate, Figure 2B illustrates an increasing trend of the germ length throughout the test period, especially from 8 to 12 h. Moreover, the germ length of seeds treated with 75% HRW significantly increased from 12 to 48 h and reached the maximum value at 48 h.
The germination index and vitality index in seeds treated with 75% HRW increased gradually and peaked on 12 h, followed by a gradual decrease until the end of germination (Figure 2C,D). Additionally, compared to the control, the germination index was increased approximately 42.4 and 34.8% by 75% HRW treatment at 12 and 24 h, respectively (Figure 2C). Similarity, in comparison with the control, the vitality index was improved approximately 189.3, 94.8, 49.67, and 55.45% by 75% HRW treatment at 12, 24, 36, and 48 h, respectively (Figure 2D).
As shown in Figure 2E, the fresh weight for both the control and seeds treated with 75% HRW tended to increase throughout the germination period. However, the fresh weight of seeds treated with 75% HRW was higher than that for the control at 36 h, resulting in a higher level of fresh weight. Compared to the control, 75% HRW treatment increased the dry weight by 27.47 and 98.64% after 12 and 48 h of germination, respectively (Figure 2F).

3.3. Effect of HRW on Total Soluble Sugar, Total Soluble Protein, and Total Soluble Starch Contents during Germination

More soluble sugar, protein, and starch were accumulated in seeds treated with 75% HRW than in the control seeds (Figure 3). The soluble sugar content in the control and seeds treated with 75% HRW initially increased and then decreased, attaining the maximum at 8 h (Figure 3A). The soluble sugar contents with and without 75% HRW treatment declined after 8 h, and a significant difference was observed between the control and seeds treated with 75% HRW from 8 to 48 h (Figure 3A). Similar to the soluble sugar, the tendency of soluble protein increased first and then decreased, obtaining the maximum at 8 h (Figure 3B). Significant difference was observed between the control and seeds treated with 75% HRW from 8 to 48 h (Figure 3B). The soluble starch content remained at a steady level in all treatment groups from 0 to 8 h, after which it declined (Figure 3C). By contrast, from 24 to 48 h, the starch content was higher in the control than in seeds treated with 75% HRW (Figure 3C). Therefore, the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and starch were increased by 75% HRW treatment, which might promote seed germination.

3.4. Effect of HRW on Total Amylase and α- and β-Amylase Activities during Germination

Figure 4 shows the changes in amylolytic enzyme activities. The activities of total amylase and β-amylase enzymes in the control and seeds treated with 75% HRW first decreased and then increased throughout the test period, attaining the maximum value at 36 h (Figure 4A,B). The activities of total amylase and β-amylase in seeds treated with 75% HRW were significantly higher than those in the control at 8 and 36 h (Figure 4A,B). There was a significant increase in α-amylase activity in seeds treated with 75% HRW from 24 to 48 h, and the highest α-amylase activity was detected at 8 h after treatment, being about 1.35-fold the activity at 0 h. The α-amylase activity in the control changed almost coordinately with that in the seeds with HRW treatment. However, the α-amylase activity levels were higher in HRW-treated seeds than in the control seeds, particularly after 12 h (Figure 4C).

3.5. Effect of HRW on AMY, BMY, SS3, and SS4 Gene Expression during Germination

To gain insight into the mechanism by which H2 affects amylase activity, the expression levels of AMY, BMY, SS3, and SS4 genes were examined at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after treatment. HRW significantly increased their expression levels, particularly at 36 h (Figure 5). AMY gene was significantly upregulated by 75% HRW treatment compared to the control at 8, 36, and 48 h (Figure 5A). Similar to AMY gene, the express levels of BMY gene were also significantly increased at 8, 36, and 48 h (Figure 5B). This suggests that amylase may not only be used for the degradation of starch to provide energy during seed germination but also play important roles in other biological processes. Compared to the control, 75% HRW treatment significantly upregulated the expression level of SS4 gene at 4, 36, and 48 h, increasing by 74.2, 98.8, and 50.3%, respectively (Figure 5C). The SS3 gene expression levels initially increased and then decreased, obtaining the maximum level at 36 h, and was significantly upregulated at 36 and 48 h (Figure 5D). Combined with the above results, the upregulation of AMY, BMY, SS4, and SS3 genes may be involved in HRW-induced seed germination.

4. Discussion

Seed germination includes a series of physical and metabolic events. It is a complex and crucial process that determines seedling establishment [44]. As an important gaseous regulator, H2 is involved in various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, the current study found that 75% HRW treatment could increase seed germination rate, germ length, germination index, activity index, fresh weight, and dry weight in cucumber (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Exogenous HRW treatment (from 1 to 100%) alleviated salt stress to promote seed germination in rice, and the response of 50% concentration of HRW was the most obvious [28]. For the first time, we observed that H2 could increase cucumber seed germination under stress-free condition. Thus, our results show that HRW treatment may be a good option to promote seed germination.
Soluble sugar is an osmotic regulator and plant nutrient. Soluble sugar content was decreased from 0 to 12 h and increased after 12 h by 3-phenylpropionic acid-induced stress [29]. In addition, in unwatered barley seedlings, α-amylase in leaf was increased as leaf water potential increased, resulting in the improvement of salinity stress resistance [45]. The possible reason is that soluble sugar acts as an osmotic substance in the early stage and as an energy source in the later period of seed germination. However, this hypothesis needs further studies. In our study, during seed germination in cucumber, 75% HRW treatment increased soluble protein levels (Figure 3). Therefore, our results revealed that H2 may be able to increase soluble sugar and soluble protein to promote seed germination.
The AMY and BMY enzymes are very important in the starch hydrolytic process. The activity of AMY and BMY was significantly increased by Si application under PA-induced stress over 0–48 h [28]. Regarding changes in amylase activity under stress conditions, researchers have achieved two different views [46]. The activity and expression of AMY was promoted by water-induced stress in barley leaves [45]. On the contrary, the accumulation of sucrose induced by PEG in cucumber cotyledons was attributed to enhanced BMY activity [46]. Studies have also shown that the gene expressions of AMY in Cicer arietinum cotyledons [26] and AMY and BMY in Medicago sativa [47] were reduced by PEG treatment during seed germination. In our study, during seed germination, the activities of total amylase and α- and β- amylase were notably enhanced by 75% HRW treatment (Figure 4), which is consistent with previous reports. The gene expression of AMY was enhanced under water stress in barley leaves [46]. However, our results indicated that the gene expression levels of AMY and BMY were increased by 75% HRW treatment over 48 h (Figure 5). A study has already explored the physiological mechanisms of H2 alleviation of abiotic stress to promote rice seed germination [28]. However, the effect of H2 on starch metabolism at the germinated stage is limited. Our results revealed that H2 might promote seed germination by regulating metabolism of starch.
There are many different kinds of sugars in plants, with fructose, glucose, and sucrose considered to be the most important ones. Fructose and glucose are monosaccharides, while only sucrose is disaccharide. However, the accumulation process of sugar is very complicated [48]. Based on previous studies, we identified the expression of SS4 and SS3 gene in cucumber seed. In our study, we also found that 75% HRW treatment upregulated the expression levels of SS4 and SS3 genes in cucumber seeds (Figure 5), indicating that H2-medicated sucrose metabolism promoted cucumber seed germination by upregulating the expression of sucrose-related genes, including SS4 and SS3. It was reported that strong light cooperation could accumulate more sucrose in watermelon [45]. In Ganlv 1, the relative expression level of AcSPS5 gene was significantly high in the later stage of fruit development [48]. In cucumber, extensive metabolism of stachyose occurred in fruit peduncles [45]. Recently, six putative α-galactosidase genes (α-Gals) were found in the cucumber genome, and CsGAL2 was highly expressed in fast-growing germinating seeds [46]. Until now, studies on H2-medicated sucrose metabolism in seed germination have been scarce. Further research is required to investigate in more detail the mechanism of H2-medicated sucrose metabolism during seed germination.

5. Conclusions

In summary, our results revealed that the germination rate, germ length, germination index, and vitality index in cucumber exhibited a dose-dependent relationship with the increase in concentration of HRW, obtaining the maximum value with 75% HRW treatment. Moreover, the activities of α- and β-amylase and the total amylase were significantly improved by 75% HRW treatment. The gene expression of AMY, BMY, SS4, and SS3 was also upregulated by 75% HRW treatment. Treatment with 75% HRW significantly increased the content of soluble sugar, protein, and starch. These results suggest that H2 might promote cucumber seed germination by regulating sugar and starch metabolisms. Further research is required to investigate the role of H2 in modulating plant growth and development. In the future, H2 may be widely applied to regulate plant growth and development to achieve crops with high yield and better quality.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, W.L.; data curation, P.H. and C.L.; funding acquisition, W.L.; methodology, P.H., C.L., H.L. and Z.Z.; writing—original draft, P.H.; writing—review and editing, W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 32072559, 31860568, 31560563, and 31160398); the Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province, China (No. 21YF5WA096); the Research Fund of Higher Education of Gansu, China (No. 2018C-14 and 2019B-082); and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China (Nos. 1606RJZA073, 1606RJZA077, and 1606RJYA252).

Data Availability Statement

The data sets supporting the results of this article are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Horticulturae 07 00456 g001a 550Horticulturae 07 00456 g001b 550
Figure 1. Changes in the germination rate and germ length (A), germination index and activity index (B), and seed vitality (C,D) in cucumber with different concentrations of HRW at 48 h. The seed vitality was determined by TTC solution (D); the darker the red, the stronger the seed vitality. The concentrations of HRW were 0, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The error bars denote the standard errors (n = 3). The different uppercase letters (A–D) above the black columns in (A,B) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) of germination rate and germination index, and the different lowercase letters (a, b, c, and d) above the white columns in (A,B) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) of germ length and vitality index according to one-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer’s multiple range test. HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
Figure 1. Changes in the germination rate and germ length (A), germination index and activity index (B), and seed vitality (C,D) in cucumber with different concentrations of HRW at 48 h. The seed vitality was determined by TTC solution (D); the darker the red, the stronger the seed vitality. The concentrations of HRW were 0, 1, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The error bars denote the standard errors (n = 3). The different uppercase letters (A–D) above the black columns in (A,B) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) of germination rate and germination index, and the different lowercase letters (a, b, c, and d) above the white columns in (A,B) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) of germ length and vitality index according to one-way ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer’s multiple range test. HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
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Horticulturae 07 00456 g002a 550Horticulturae 07 00456 g002b 550Horticulturae 07 00456 g002c 550
Figure 2. Changes in germination rate (A), germ length (B), germination index (C), vitality index (D), fresh weight (E), and dry weight (F) in cucumber with or without 75% HRW treatment during imbibition at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. The values (mean ± standard error (SE)) are the average of three independent experiments (n = 3). The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer′s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
Figure 2. Changes in germination rate (A), germ length (B), germination index (C), vitality index (D), fresh weight (E), and dry weight (F) in cucumber with or without 75% HRW treatment during imbibition at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. The values (mean ± standard error (SE)) are the average of three independent experiments (n = 3). The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer′s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
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Figure 3. Changes in the contents of soluble sugars (A), soluble protein (B), and soluble starch (C) of cucumber seed with or without 75% HRW treatment during 48 h germination. Data are mean ± SE of three independent experiments. The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer′s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
Figure 3. Changes in the contents of soluble sugars (A), soluble protein (B), and soluble starch (C) of cucumber seed with or without 75% HRW treatment during 48 h germination. Data are mean ± SE of three independent experiments. The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer′s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
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Figure 4. Changes in enzyme activities in cucumber seed with or without 75% HRW treatment during imbibition at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. (A) α-amylase activity, (B) β-amylase activity, and (C) Total amylase activity. Data are mean ± SE of three independent experiments. The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer’s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
Figure 4. Changes in enzyme activities in cucumber seed with or without 75% HRW treatment during imbibition at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. (A) α-amylase activity, (B) β-amylase activity, and (C) Total amylase activity. Data are mean ± SE of three independent experiments. The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer’s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water.
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Figure 5. Expression of AMY (A), BMY (B), SS4 (C), and SS3 (D) genes in cucumber seed at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after exposure to different treatments. Treatments consisted of control (distilled water) and 75% HRW treatment. Data are mean ± SE of three independent experiments. The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer’s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water. AMY: alpha amylase, BMY: beta amylase, SS4: sucrose synthase 4, SS3: sucrose synthase 3.
Figure 5. Expression of AMY (A), BMY (B), SS4 (C), and SS3 (D) genes in cucumber seed at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after exposure to different treatments. Treatments consisted of control (distilled water) and 75% HRW treatment. Data are mean ± SE of three independent experiments. The asterisks denote Turkey–Kramer’s t-test significance under different treatments at the same time: * p < 0.05, h: hours, HRW: hydrogen-rich water. AMY: alpha amylase, BMY: beta amylase, SS4: sucrose synthase 4, SS3: sucrose synthase 3.
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Table
Table 1. The measurement of amylase activities.
Table 1. The measurement of amylase activities.
Reagent Name (μL)Determination of α-Amylase ActivitiesDetermination of Total Amylase Activities
The Control TubeThe Test TubeThe Control TubeThe Test Tube
Amylase stock solution250250
In 70 °C water bath for 15 min and cooled rapidly
Amylase diluent 250250
Distilled water250 250
Reagent 2 250 250
At 40 °C (±0.5 °C) constant temperature water bath for 5 min
Reagent 1500500500500
The mixture was shaken sufficiently in a 95 °C water bath for 5 min and cooled rapidly. The absorbance was measured at 540 nm and marked as A1, A2, A3, and A4 from left to right.
Table
Table 2. Primers used for relative quantitative real-time PCR assays.
Table 2. Primers used for relative quantitative real-time PCR assays.
GeneFull Gene NameAccession No. aPrimer Pair (5′–3′)Schematic Diagram
AMYThe alpha amylaseXM_004151148F:CACGGTTATTACACCCAGGACT Horticulturae 07 00456 i001
R:TAAATCATCTTCGTTGCCCAT
BMYThe beta amylaseXM_004138543F:GGTGTCAAGTGGTAGCAACAATAAC Horticulturae 07 00456 i002
R:TGTCCTCTCTTTCTCTTCTAATGGTCT
SS4The sucros synthase 4LOC101205508F: CCTGAACTTCTGCCATCTGCTATC Horticulturae 07 00456 i003
R: ACTGGGTGTGGCTTTGGTGAATG
SS3The sucros synthase 4LOC101213925F: ATGGGAGCGTTCAATGACTGGAAG Horticulturae 07 00456 i004
R: ATGAATCTGACACGACCACCAATCC
ACTActinAB010922F: TTCTGGTGATGGTGTGAGTC Horticulturae 07 00456 i005
R: GGCAGTGGTGGTGAACATG
a NCBI accession.
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Huang, P.; Li, C.; Liu, H.; Zhao, Z.; Liao, W. Hydrogen Gas Improves Seed Germination in Cucumber by Regulating Sugar and Starch Metabolisms. Horticulturae 2021, 7, 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110456

AMA Style

Huang P, Li C, Liu H, Zhao Z, Liao W. Hydrogen Gas Improves Seed Germination in Cucumber by Regulating Sugar and Starch Metabolisms. Horticulturae. 2021; 7(11):456. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110456

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huang, Panpan, Changxia Li, Huwei Liu, Zongxi Zhao, and Weibiao Liao. 2021. "Hydrogen Gas Improves Seed Germination in Cucumber by Regulating Sugar and Starch Metabolisms" Horticulturae 7, no. 11: 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110456

APA Style

Huang, P., Li, C., Liu, H., Zhao, Z., & Liao, W. (2021). Hydrogen Gas Improves Seed Germination in Cucumber by Regulating Sugar and Starch Metabolisms. Horticulturae, 7(11), 456. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110456

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