Designs

2 pages, 143 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

3D Printing Functionality: Materials, Sensors, Electromagnetics

by Corey Shemelya

Designs 2023, 7(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010033 - 20 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1393

Additive manufacturing has enabled multifunctional structures, sensors, devices, and platforms to be used in a multitude of fields [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Functionality: Materials, Sensors, Electromagnetics)

39 pages, 18412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Fidelity Dynamics Modelling for the Design of a High-Altitude Supersonic Sounding Rocket

by Benjamin Milne, Sean Samson, Robert Carrese, Alessandro Gardi and Roberto Sabatini

Designs 2023, 7(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010032 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4201

Abstract

The accurate modelling and simulation of vehicle dynamics is a fundamental prerequisite for the design and experimental flight testing of aerospace vehicles. In the case of high-altitude supersonic sounding rockets, it is critically important to produce realistic trajectory predictions in a representative range [...] Read more.

The accurate modelling and simulation of vehicle dynamics is a fundamental prerequisite for the design and experimental flight testing of aerospace vehicles. In the case of high-altitude supersonic sounding rockets, it is critically important to produce realistic trajectory predictions in a representative range of operational and environmental conditions as well as to produce reliable probability distributions of terminal locations. This article proposes a methodology to develop high-fidelity flight dynamics models that accurately capture aeroelastic, turbulence, atmospheric and other effects relevant to sounding rockets. The significance of establishing a high-fidelity model and of addressing such a problem in the context of developing a digital twin are discussed upfront, together with the key tools utilised in the analysis. In addition to state-of-the-art computational methods to determine the aerodynamic forces, moments and mass changes in various flight regimes (including parachute release), a detailed methodology for incorporating the dynamic aeroelastic response of the rocket is presented. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated through a simulation case study, which utilises data from an existing rocket prototype. Results corroborate the correct implementation of the proposed algorithms and provide foundations for future research on virtual sensing and digital twin for autonomous navigation and guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering Design)

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22 pages, 4960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing Power Transformer Using Particle Swarm Optimization with Respect to Transformer Noise, Weight, and Losses

by Wahyudi Budi Pramono, Fransisco Danang Wijaya, Sasongko Pramono Hadi, Moh. Slamet Wahyudi and Agus Indarto

Designs 2023, 7(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010031 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2867

Abstract

The increased use of electrical energy will encourage the installation of more power transformers in residential areas as well as in industrial areas. Each power transformer, in its operation, will generate noise that can interfere with comfort and, at some level, cause health [...] Read more.

The increased use of electrical energy will encourage the installation of more power transformers in residential areas as well as in industrial areas. Each power transformer, in its operation, will generate noise that can interfere with comfort and, at some level, cause health problems. The design of the power transformer currently focuses on optimizing its economic side, so noise has not been considered at this design stage. This research is about optimizing the low noise transformer design. The main goal is to obtain a low noise power transformer with low production costs. The method used in this optimization is particle swarm optimization with a multi-objective function. The objective function consists of the minimization of load noise, core weight, and winding weight. In this study, 11 optimized variables were used. Some variables that are optimized must be in the form of integers. Therefore, the optimization process needs a mechanism for mapping variables. The results showed that a low noise power transformer could be designed at optimal cost. Design validation was performed analytically and numerically with COMSOL software. The optimization results showed a decrease in load noise, core, and winding weight by 0.86 dB, 2.12%, and 47.46%, respectively. The results of this optimization are better than the designs used regularly in the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Big Data and Deep Learning in Engineering Analysis and Design)

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26 pages, 53708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Students’ Mental Health through Design and Implementation of Multi-Activity Pods in Educational Institutions Using the WELL Building Standard

by Riham Mohsen Mohamed and May A. Malek Ali

Designs 2023, 7(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010030 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4542

Abstract

The findings of several research studies conducted with university students that aimed to investigate the quantitative relationship between psychological distress, sleep difficulties, and homesickness have shown a significant interrelation among those factors. All the previous studies demonstrated benefits of napping, meditation, relaxation, and [...] Read more.

The findings of several research studies conducted with university students that aimed to investigate the quantitative relationship between psychological distress, sleep difficulties, and homesickness have shown a significant interrelation among those factors. All the previous studies demonstrated benefits of napping, meditation, relaxation, and sharing feelings and experiences on students’ mental well-being, which could enrich the brain’s educational capacity, a matter that is relevant to a student’s learning level. This study aimed to encourage on-campus students to alleviate their feelings and relax. This process will help students to recharge their energy, in addition to increasing their alertness and focusing abilities, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified global stresses. In this study, the authors used a systematic review and literature analysis to understand the relationship between mental stresses and student performance. We then used an evidence-based research opinion poll and presented our work at different academic exhibitions for feedback as an approach for developing an experimental conceptual multi-activity unit that can be used across university campuses. The “Reviving Pod” was specifically designed for different activities: napping, meditation, and virtual communication. The designed approach utilizes state-of-the-art technologies (embedded sensors, smart ergonomic seats, contactless technologies, self-cleaning materials, IoT, virtual meetings platforms, mobile applications, etc.). A Reviving Pod can be located variably within a university campus. According to the poll results, we proposed a recreational zone design to accommodate the pods, as well as a diversity of activities that can encourage students to relieve their stresses and reinforce their health, consequently increasing their academic performance and supporting their well-being using the WELL Building Standard to promote better mental health, which is vital for students’ success. Full article

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25 pages, 8037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flow Field Explorations in a Boundary Layer Pump Rotor for Improving 1D Design Codes

by Rosa Freschi, Agapi Bakogianni, David John Rajendran, Eduardo Anselmi Palma, Lorenzo Talluri and Ioannis Roumeliotis

Designs 2023, 7(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010029 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2061

Abstract

Boundary layer pumps, although attractive due to their compactness, robustness and multi-fluid and phase-handling capability, have been reported to have low experimental efficiencies despite optimistic predictions from analytical models. A lower-order flow-physics-based analytical model that can be used as a 1D design code [...] Read more.

Boundary layer pumps, although attractive due to their compactness, robustness and multi-fluid and phase-handling capability, have been reported to have low experimental efficiencies despite optimistic predictions from analytical models. A lower-order flow-physics-based analytical model that can be used as a 1D design code for sizing and predicting pump performance is described. The rotor component is modelled by means of the Navier–Stokes equations as simplified using velocity profiles in the inter-disk gap, while the volute is modelled using kinetic-energy-based coefficients inspired by centrifugal pumps. The code can predict the rotor outlet and overall pump pressure ratio with an around 3% and 10% average error, respectively, compared to the reference experimental data for a water pump. Moreover, 3D RANS flow-field explorations of the rotor are carried out for different inter-disk gaps to provide insights concerning the improvement of the 1D design code for the better prediction of the overall pump performance. Improvements in volute loss modelling through the inclusion of realistic flow properties at the rotor outlet rather than the detailed resolution of the velocity profiles within the rotor are suggested as guidelines for improved predictions. Such improved design codes could close the gap between predictions and experimental values, thereby paving the way for the appropriate sizing of boundary layer pumps for several applications, including aircraft thermal management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering Design)

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38 pages, 17371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Airfoil Shape Morphing through a Novel Parameterization and Fitting Optimization Method Based on Uniform Non-Rational B-Spline Functions

by Giancarlo Tortora, Antonio Concilio and Rosario Pecora

Designs 2023, 7(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010028 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3482

Abstract

The aim of this work is to implement an innovative parameterization and fitting procedure for the definition of a mathematical model useful to describe a wide range of airfoils. They are partitioned into three sections: central box, leading edge, and trailing edge. Each [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to implement an innovative parameterization and fitting procedure for the definition of a mathematical model useful to describe a wide range of airfoils. They are partitioned into three sections: central box, leading edge, and trailing edge. Each section is mathematically represented by two opposed, uniform, non-rational B-spline curves, describing the upper and lower airfoil segments’ perimeter. A novel approach is used to ensure both the desired continuity between two adjacent segments (up to 2nd derivatives) and sufficient model versatility and flexibility while managing a limited number of parameters, defining tangent and curvature vectors as scale factor variables. These parameters allow for a variable separation approach during the geometric fitting procedure that can be carried out considering two nested optimization processes, one based on a genetic algorithm and the other on a numerical gradient evaluation of the objective function. The representation method has been verified against different airfoils, comparing the geometric and aerodynamic properties of the input and model-based generated profile. To show the mathematical model’s capabilities and possible applications, a comparison between existing and proposed airfoil approximation methods has been provided together with examples of “global” and “local” morphing and CFD analyses of the resulting airfoils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering Design)

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15 pages, 8549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Microclimate on Older Peoples’ Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Health during Autumn in Two European Cities

by María Teresa Baquero Larriva and Ester Higueras García

Designs 2023, 7(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010027 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2111

Abstract

Public spaces and green areas have been proven to influence people’s mental and physical health, thermal comfort being one of the main indicators. The growing trend of an ageing population globally led this research to analyse the outdoor thermal comfort of older adults [...] Read more.

Public spaces and green areas have been proven to influence people’s mental and physical health, thermal comfort being one of the main indicators. The growing trend of an ageing population globally led this research to analyse the outdoor thermal comfort of older adults in public spaces from two cities in Europe: Madrid in Spain and Newcastle upon Tyne in the United Kingdom during autumn. A mixed methodology through environmental measurements and surveys was performed in situ. In addition, the UTCI (Universal Thermal Climate Index) and PET (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) outdoor thermal comfort indices were applied. The results highlighted the risk of thermal stress and the vulnerability of this group of the population to the effects of climate on their health. Although most older people had ‘neutral’ thermal sensation, 86.3% of them would be at risk of cold stress in Newcastle, whilst in Madrid 31.5% would be at risk of cold stress and 35.7% of heat stress. Those results could be a starting point for the design of more comfortable and healthy public spaces that improve the quality of life of all citizens within the guidelines of active ageing and healthy cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Design in Building and Urban Environment)

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12 pages, 2272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication of Graphene Oxide-Decorated Mesoporous NiFe₂O₄ as an Electrocatalyst in the Hydrogen Gas Evolution Reaction

by Afiten R. Sanjaya, Salsabila Amanda, Tribidasari A. Ivandini, Faisal Abnisa, Grandprix T. M. Kadja, Uji Pratomo, Yatimah Alias and Munawar Khalil

Designs 2023, 7(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010026 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

An electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction has been successfully synthesized from graphene oxide (GO) decorated with the mesoporous NiFe₂O₄. A high catalytic activity performance was reached by using the GCE surface as a conductor, and the synthesized composite [...] Read more.

An electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction has been successfully synthesized from graphene oxide (GO) decorated with the mesoporous NiFe₂O₄. A high catalytic activity performance was reached by using the GCE surface as a conductor, and the synthesized composite contained GO/NiFe₂O₄. Based on the results, the as-prepared electrocatalyst exhibited a high overpotential for the HER reaction of 36 mV vs. RHE at a 10 mA current density, with an electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of 3.18 × 10⁻⁴ cm². Additionally, the electrocatalyst demonstrated a considerably good performance after the 9000 s stability test. It is believed that such an enhancement in electrocatalytic activity was due to the synergistic effect between the unique porosity feature of the mesoporous NiFe₂O_4, which may provide a more active surface, and the high conductivity of the GO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy System Design)

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20 pages, 8304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Recommender System with Safe Driving Mode Based on State-of-Function Estimation in Electric Vehicle Drivetrains with Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System

by Farshid Naseri, Sepehr Karimi, Ebrahim Farjah and Peyman Setoodeh

Designs 2023, 7(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010025 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2057

Abstract

The performance of electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains depends on the power capability of individual components, including the battery pack, motor drive, and electric motor. To ensure safety, maximum power must be limited by considering the constraint of the weakest component in the drivetrain. [...] Read more.

The performance of electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains depends on the power capability of individual components, including the battery pack, motor drive, and electric motor. To ensure safety, maximum power must be limited by considering the constraint of the weakest component in the drivetrain. While there exists a large body of work that discusses state-of-power (SoP) estimation for individual components, there is no work that considers all the components’ limiting factors at once. Moreover, research on how to use these limits to adjust the performance at the system level has been rare. In this paper, the SoPs of the components are used to estimate the state-of-function (SoF) of the EV drivetrain. The SoF is defined as the maximum charge/discharge power that can be sourced and/or sunk by the drivetrain without violating the safety limits of its components. The component-level SoP estimations are fulfilled using several digital algorithms based on recursive least-squares (RLS) and Kalman filters (KFs), as well as by taking into account specific limiting conditions such as high driving altitude and ambient temperatures. An EV driven by a hybrid energy storage system based on a battery/supercapacitor, and a permanent-magnet synchronous motor is considered the use case. Based on the drivetrain SoF estimation, we propose two de-rating schemes to ensure that the drivetrain safety limits will be respected: adaptive cruise control and adaptive adjustment of pedal sensitivity. The de-rating schemes are introduced to a so-called recommender system that is implemented in MATLAB/STATEFLOW. The recommender system provides advisory feedback to the driver to switch to a different driving mode to ensure safety. The simulation results over a standard drive cycle using MATLAB/SIMULINK and STATEFLOW show the effectiveness of the proposed design at both component and system levels. The paper also proposes an implementation concept for the integration of the proposed recommender system into the advanced driver assistance system (ASAS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology)

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13 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of an Optically Accessible Intake Manifold for Characterization of Liquid and Gaseous Jets in PFI Operating Conditions

by Giovanni Cecere, Adrian Irimescu and Simona Silvia Merola

Designs 2023, 7(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010024 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2736

Abstract

The intake manifold and its components play a key role in the proper formation of air–fuel mixtures suitable for correct engine operation. In this article, starting from the original intake manifold design fitted to an optically accessible spark-ignited engine, a new solution was [...] Read more.

The intake manifold and its components play a key role in the proper formation of air–fuel mixtures suitable for correct engine operation. In this article, starting from the original intake manifold design fitted to an optically accessible spark-ignited engine, a new solution was developed so as to allow the application of high-speed imaging of the fuel jet located between the runner and intake valves (Port Fuel Injection). To compare the two designs in terms of overall engine performance parameters such as volumetric efficiency, 0D/1D simulations were performed in motored conditions. Measurements at different crankshaft speed values were used for calibrating the intake line parameters and providing boundary conditions. Finite Element Analysis (FEM) was performed in SolidWorks to verify the structural strength of the new design when operating in the most critical conditions, i.e., boosted operation. As an overall conclusion, the results show that the new design guarantees a wider range of intake pressure values during the intake stroke, thus expanding the possible operative points. This can be obtained without compromising structural integrity, given that predicted safety factors were well above acceptable limits even for relatively high boost levels. Full article

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11 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Design of Assistive Technologies Based on the Interconnection of Motion Capture and Virtual Reality Systems to Foster Task Performance of the Ageing Workforce

by Joel Alves, Tânia M. Lima and Pedro D. Gaspar

Designs 2023, 7(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010023 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2073

Abstract

Demographic changes, increasing life expectancy, and increasing healthy life expectancy lead to an increasingly ageing workforce. This condition has a growing impact on the workforce in today’s industries. However, old workers are not a burden for companies and industries. They are a fundamental [...] Read more.

Demographic changes, increasing life expectancy, and increasing healthy life expectancy lead to an increasingly ageing workforce. This condition has a growing impact on the workforce in today’s industries. However, old workers are not a burden for companies and industries. They are a fundamental part of the industrial ecosystem due to the consistency of their human factors, namely their large knowledge, experience, and decision-making ability. For this reason, the ageing workforce must be incorporated and engaged through the introduction of digital age technologies to improve their working conditions and extend their active life. This paper focuses on a novel design of assistive technologies based on the interconnection of motion capture (MoCap) and virtual reality (VR) systems as a driver for the improvement of the task performance of the ageing workforce. We intend to explore how this technological tool can help and enhance the work of the ageing workforce. For this, we study two different areas of application: the training, learning, and communication of the older workers and the ergonomic analysis and workplace design for the ageing operators. In the end, a pilot study is proposed to apply this technology in real work environments. Full article

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17 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Information-Seeking in Education for Creative Solving of Design and Engineering Problems

by Laurențiu Slătineanu, Margareta Coteață, Adelina Hrițuc, Irina Beșliu-Băncescu and Oana Dodun

Designs 2023, 7(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010022 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1738

Abstract

The paper aims to highlight the significance and place of information-seeking in finding improved solutions in the design of innovative products. The observation method was used to identify a way to increase the efficiency of searching for information needed when pursuing a creative [...] Read more.

The paper aims to highlight the significance and place of information-seeking in finding improved solutions in the design of innovative products. The observation method was used to identify a way to increase the efficiency of searching for information needed when pursuing a creative solution to a design problem. The study was based on the experience gained in professional activities in higher education for industrial engineering and in the classes held for two academic subjects, when students’ creativity was stimulated, including in the search for information. One conclusion is that an experienced designer or researcher should make sketches and notes immediately after formulating the design objective. In this way, the possible inhibitory influence exerted by the results of a deep search for information could be avoided. In the case of a novice designer, it may be necessary to have a minimum collection of general information in the design topic field to familiarize the designer more with the problem addressed. The novice designer could thus develop a few sketches and notes and then go through a deeper stage of information-seeking. Another conclusion was that a certain minimum amount of scientific and technical knowledge is necessary to use technical creativity effectively. Full article

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11 pages, 3452 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bio-lubricant Properties Analysis of Drilling an Innovative Design of Bioactive Kinetic Screw into Bone

by Carlos Aurelio Andreucci, Elza M. M. Fonseca and Renato N. Jorge

Designs 2023, 7(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010021 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2448

Abstract

Biotribology is applied to study the friction, wear, and lubrication of biological systems or natural phenomena under relative motion in the human body. It is a multidisciplinary field and tribological processes impact all aspects of our daily life. Tribological processes may occur after [...] Read more.

Biotribology is applied to study the friction, wear, and lubrication of biological systems or natural phenomena under relative motion in the human body. It is a multidisciplinary field and tribological processes impact all aspects of our daily life. Tribological processes may occur after the implantation of an artificial device in the human body with a wide variety of sliding and frictional interfaces. Blood is a natural bio-lubricant experiencing laminar flow at the lower screw velocities associated with drilling implants into bone, being a viscoelastic fluid with viscous and fluid characteristics. The viscosity comes from the blood plasma, while the elastic properties are from the deformation of red blood cells. In this study, drilling parameters according to material properties obtained by Finite Element Analysis are given. The influence of blood on the resulting friction between the surfaces is demonstrated and correlated with mechanical and biological consequences, identifying an innovative approach to obtaining a new lubricant parameter for bone drilling analysis. The lubrication parameter (HN) found within the limitations of conditions used in this study is 10.7 × 10⁻⁷ for both cortical bone (D1) and spongy bone (D4). A thermal-structural analysis of the densities of the soft bone (D4) and hard bone (D1) shows differences in only the equivalent stress values due to the differences in respective Young moduli. The natural occurrences of blood as a lubricant in bone-screw perforations are poorly investigated in the literature and its effects are fundamental in osseointegration. This work aims to elucidate the relevance of the study of blood as a lubricant in drilling and screwing implants into bone at lower speeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Biomaterials Design)

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17 pages, 10465 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Modules: Mycelium-Based Composites Forming a Modular Interlocking System through a Computational Design towards Sustainable Architecture

by Omar Abdelhady, Evgenia Spyridonos and Hanaa Dahy

Designs 2023, 7(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010020 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4004

Abstract

In a resource-constrained world, raising awareness about the development of eco-friendly alternative materials is critical for ensuring a more sustainable future. Mycelium-based composites (MBC) and their diverse applications are gaining popularity as regenerative, biodegradable, and lightweight alternatives. This research aims to broaden the [...] Read more.

In a resource-constrained world, raising awareness about the development of eco-friendly alternative materials is critical for ensuring a more sustainable future. Mycelium-based composites (MBC) and their diverse applications are gaining popularity as regenerative, biodegradable, and lightweight alternatives. This research aims to broaden the design potentials of MBC in order to construct advanced systems towards a novel material culture in architecture. The proposed design method intends to explore the design and fabrication of small-scale components of MBC to be applied in modular systems. Mycelium-based modular components are being developed to fulfill the geometrical requirements that allow for the creation of a lightweight system without additional reinforcement. The modules are linked together using an interlocking system. Through computational design and form-finding methods, various arrangements of the modules are achieved. An initial prototype of five modules is created to demonstrate the ability of the system to form various geometrical configurations as a result of the used workflow. The proposed application aims to expand the scope of the use of mycelium-based composites in modular systems and to promote architectural applications using bio-based composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioengineering Design)

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10 pages, 2719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Control of a Multiple-Heat-Exchanger Thermal Management System for Conventional and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

by Zaker A. Syed and John R. Wagner

Designs 2023, 7(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010019 - 1 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2410

Abstract

The powertrain in combustion engine and electric vehicles requires a thermal management system to regulate the operating temperature of the under-hood components. The introduction of computer-controlled cooling system actuators (e.g., variable speed fans, pump, and valves) enables power savings over drive cycles. The [...] Read more.

The powertrain in combustion engine and electric vehicles requires a thermal management system to regulate the operating temperature of the under-hood components. The introduction of computer-controlled cooling system actuators (e.g., variable speed fans, pump, and valves) enables power savings over drive cycles. The radiator is typically sized for maximum heat rejection per environmental and vehicle thermal loading conditions. This paper explores the use of multiple radiators to adapt the cooling system operations to driving demands. A nonlinear multiple-input (i.e., fan array speed, pump, and outlet valve positions) thermal model is presented to predict system behavior. A stateflow controller has been designed and implemented to maintain the component temperature within a desired range (~80 °C). A series of experimental tests have been conducted to compare the proposed architecture’s performance against a single radiator design. A standard driving cycle featuring low (20 kW) and high (40 kW) heat loads was implemented in the laboratory for a vehicle starting from rest. The coolant temperature tracking, fan speeds, and fan power draw were studied over the representative operating cycle. The test results show a much faster warmup time (~10 min) and temperature tracking for the twin radiator experimental test as compared to the single radiator (~13 min). The net fan energy consumption was reduced by 4.6% with the twin radiator as opposed to the single-radiator configuration. Considering that engines usually operate at idle to medium loads, these findings can improve the powertrain’s overall performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Thermal Management Technologies: Experimental Case Studies, Numerical Modelling, and Topology Optimization)

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19 pages, 1562 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Implementation of Reinforcement Learning for Automated Driving Compared to Classical MPC Control

by Ahmad Reda and József Vásárhelyi

Designs 2023, 7(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010018 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2735

Abstract

Many classic control approaches have already proved their merits in the automotive industry. Model predictive control (MPC) is one of the most commonly used methods. However, its efficiency drops off with increase in complexity of the driving environment. Recently, machine learning methods have [...] Read more.

Many classic control approaches have already proved their merits in the automotive industry. Model predictive control (MPC) is one of the most commonly used methods. However, its efficiency drops off with increase in complexity of the driving environment. Recently, machine learning methods have been considered an efficient alternative to classical control approaches. Even with successful implementation of reinforcement learning in real-world applications, it is still not commonly used compared to supervised and unsupervised learning. In this paper, a reinforcement learning (RL)-based framework is suggested for application in autonomous driving systems to maintain a safe distance. Additionally, an MPC-based control model is designed for the same task. The behavior of the two controllers is compared and discussed. The trained RL model was deployed on a low-end FPGA-in-the-loop (field-programmable gate array in-the-loop). The results showed that the two controllers responded efficiently to changes in the environment. Specifically, the response of the RL controller was faster, at approximately 1.75 s, than that of the MPC controller, while the MPC provided better overshooting performance (approximately 1.3 m/s less) in terms of following the reference speeds. The reinforcement-learning model showed efficient behavior after being deployed on the FPGA with (

4.9 \times 10^{- 6})

m

^{2} /

s as a maximum deviation compared to MATLAB Simulink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology)

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20 pages, 10087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lean Laboratory—Designing an Application of Lean for Teaching and Research Laboratories

by Sara M. Marcelino, Tânia M. Lima and Pedro Dinis Gaspar

Designs 2023, 7(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010017 - 24 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2539

Abstract

Although Lean Thinking (LT) is becoming popular in service organizations, few studies have applied Lean tools to the education sector. Furthermore, although inventories are one of the main wastes in this sector, to date, no study has presented a decision support system (DSS), [...] Read more.

Although Lean Thinking (LT) is becoming popular in service organizations, few studies have applied Lean tools to the education sector. Furthermore, although inventories are one of the main wastes in this sector, to date, no study has presented a decision support system (DSS), based on LT, for stock management in academic institutions. This study aims to design an application of LT in teaching and research laboratories to provide improvements in workplace organization, setup times, and stock management. Lean tools were implemented in a case study, and an e-Kanban DSS was designed to determine when and in what quantity an order should be placed, considering factors such as forecasting demand, demand level (high or low), and component deterioration. For testing the DSS, a simulation was carried out using as an example a set of articles that integrate the protocol of laboratory activity. The implementation of Lean tools improved the organization of the workplace, which contributed to a reduction in unnecessary movements and the setup time of practical activities. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the developed DSS calculates the quantities to be ordered according to the selected mathematical formulas and generates appropriate visual alerts, depending on the need to place an order. Full article

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25 pages, 6087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Integration Matrix for Investigating the Impact of Design Changes in Mechatronic Products

by Tossaporn Assawarungsri and Nattawut Janthong

Designs 2023, 7(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010016 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2659

Abstract

In the design process, design changes are unavoidable due to the need to meet customers’ requirements and support future change through technology development. Although components are supposed to be renewed within existing designs, these changes can propagate into other parts due to their [...] Read more.

In the design process, design changes are unavoidable due to the need to meet customers’ requirements and support future change through technology development. Although components are supposed to be renewed within existing designs, these changes can propagate into other parts due to their interfaces. Propagation makes it difficult for a designer to identify these changes. This study aimed to introduce the integration matrix (I-DSM), an approach to the design of mechatronic products that involves determining changes in existing products with an axiomatic design. Reverse zigzagging was used to break down the entire product to its lowest level. A design matrix (DM) was constructed and then transformed into a design structure matrix (DSM). The I-DSM consists of three layers: information technology, electrical technology, and mechanical technology. The breadth-first search (BFS) method was employed to ascertain the change propagation path in order to consider it. After this, the changing workload was analyzed, and the decision-making process was used to determine the best possible option. Finally, an automatic guided vehicle was used in a case study to demonstrate the use of this methodology by showing how changes in a product can affect it and how a designer can prioritize activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Engineering Design)

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5 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Designs in 2022

by Designs Editorial Office

Designs 2023, 7(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010015 - 18 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1019

Abstract

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article

13 pages, 10718 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Verification of Finger Positioning Accuracy of an Affordable Transradial Prosthesis

by Zuzana Koudelkova, Ales Mizera, Michaela Karhankova, Vaclav Mach, Pavel Stoklasek, Matej Krupciak, Jan Minarcik and Roman Jasek

Designs 2023, 7(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010014 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3159

Abstract

Whether due to unpleasant events, injuries or illnesses, people lose the mobility of their hands. In extreme cases, amputation of the hand or hands can also occur. This paper deals with designing and fabricating an affordable transradial prosthesis using 3D printing and measuring [...] Read more.

Whether due to unpleasant events, injuries or illnesses, people lose the mobility of their hands. In extreme cases, amputation of the hand or hands can also occur. This paper deals with designing and fabricating an affordable transradial prosthesis using 3D printing and measuring finger positioning accuracy during a long-term test. The prosthesis’ design was inspired by the tested wire construction used in both low-cost commercial and do-it-yourself prostheses. The shape of the partial parts of the prosthesis was adapted for production using 3D printing. A high priority was also placed on using as few electronics as possible, while the used electronics also has to be affordable. Six MG995 servo motors were utilized to provide movement for the fingers, thumbs and wrist, and an Arduino Nano R3 was used to control their function. A control glove was subsequently developed to control the prosthesis, allowing accurate measurement of the angles of the finger’s distal phalanges. Their measured angle served as a reference for matching the angles on the prosthetic hand. To verify the prosthesis’s durability and the finger grip’s accuracy, a long-term test of 100,000 cycles, which repeated the western world’s finger-counting system from 0 to 5, was performed. It was determined that there is only a minor deviation from the initial finger position based on measurements of the accuracy of the finger position before and after the long-term test. Only minimal wear of functional parts after the long-term test was observed. No significant deviations from the desired finger angles were measured. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioengineering Design)

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10 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MoS₂ Quantum Dot Modified Electrode: An Efficient Probe for Electrochemical Detection of Hydrazine

by Susmita Roy, Sarda Sharma, Karumbaiah N. Chappanda and Chanchal Chakraborty

Designs 2023, 7(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010013 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

The development of an effective sensor system that can detect carcinogenic hydrazine is of prime scientific interest for the protection of human health and the environment. In the present study, MoS₂ quantum dots (QDs) with an average diameter of ~5 nm were [...] Read more.

The development of an effective sensor system that can detect carcinogenic hydrazine is of prime scientific interest for the protection of human health and the environment. In the present study, MoS₂ quantum dots (QDs) with an average diameter of ~5 nm were synthesized using a facile one-step, bottom-up hydrothermal method using cysteine as reducing as well as capping agents. The presence of cysteine was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. The synthesized MoS₂ QDs were applied to modify the conventional glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in order to detect hydrazine electrochemically in neutral pH conditions. In the cyclic voltammetry (CV) study, the MoS₂ QDs-modified electrode revealed much better catalytic activities for hydrazine electro-oxidation compared to the bare GCE surface. The smaller size of the QDs with high surface area and the presence of carboxylic acid containing cysteine on the surface of the QDs enhanced the adsorption as well as the electrocatalytic activity. The amperometric response of MoS₂-QD-modified GCE unveiled excellent electrocatalytic sensing properties towards neurotoxic hydrazine with a very high sensitivity of 990 μAmM⁻¹cm⁻² (R² = 0.998), low LOD of 34.8 μM, and a broad linear range. Moreover, this high-sensitive, binder and conducting filler-free MoS₂-QD-based sensing system is very promising in agile amperometric detection of neurotoxic hydrazine for environmental monitoring in industrial sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Engineering Design)

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16 pages, 6688 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Manufacturing Process of a New Type of Deep-Sea Spherical Pressure Hull Structure

by Yang Jing, Chenghai Kong, Jingchao Guan, Wei Zhao, Apollo B. Fukuchi and Xilu Zhao

Designs 2023, 7(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010012 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5741

Abstract

Spherical shell structures are the most suitable shape for deep-sea pressure hulls because they have ideal mechanical properties for handling symmetrical pressure. However, the shape accuracy requirement for a hull in a spherical shell structure subjected to deep-sea pressure is extremely high. Even [...] Read more.

Spherical shell structures are the most suitable shape for deep-sea pressure hulls because they have ideal mechanical properties for handling symmetrical pressure. However, the shape accuracy requirement for a hull in a spherical shell structure subjected to deep-sea pressure is extremely high. Even minor asymmetry can significantly degrade its mechanical properties. In this study, a new type of spherical deep-sea pressure hull structure and its integral hydro-bulge-forming (IHBF) method are proposed. First, 32 flat metal plate parts are prepared and welded along their straight sides to form a regular polygonally shaped box. Next, water pressure is applied inside the preformed box to create a spherical pressure vessel. We performed a forming experiment using a spherical pressure vessel with a design radius of 250 mm as a verification research object. The radius of the spherical pressure vessel obtained from the forming experiment is 249.32 mm, the error from the design radius is 0.27%, and the roundness of the spherical surface is 2.36 mm. We performed a crushing analysis using uniform external pressure to confirm the crushing and buckling characteristics of the formed spherical pressure vessel. The results show that the work-hardening increased the crushing and buckling load of the spherical pressure vessel, above that of the conventional spherical shell structure. Additionally, it is established that local defects and the size of the weld line significantly and slightly affected the crushing and buckling load of the spherical pressure hull, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering Design)

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16 pages, 3455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementing Optimal Operation of Multi-Energy Districts with Thermal Demand Response

by Martina Capone and Elisa Guelpa

Designs 2023, 7(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010011 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1800

Abstract

The combination of different energy vectors in the context of multi-energy systems is a crucial opportunity to reach CO₂ reduction goals. In the case of urban areas, multi-energy districts can be connected with district heating networks to efficiently supply heat to the [...] Read more.

The combination of different energy vectors in the context of multi-energy systems is a crucial opportunity to reach CO₂ reduction goals. In the case of urban areas, multi-energy districts can be connected with district heating networks to efficiently supply heat to the buildings. In this framework, the inclusion of the thermal demand response allows for significantly improve the performance of multi-energy districts by smartly modifying the heat loads. Operation optimization of such systems provides excellent results but requires significant computational efforts. In this work, a novel approach is proposed for the fast optimization of multi-energy district operations, enabling real-time demand response strategies. A 3-step optimization method based on mixed integer linear programming is proposed aimed at minimizing the cost operation of multi-energy districts. The approach is applied to a test case characterized by strongly unsteady heat/electricity and cooling demands. Results show that (a) the total operation cost of a multi-energy district can be reduced by order of 3% with respect to optimized operation without demand side management; (b) with respect to a full optimization approach, the computational cost decreases from 45 min to 1 s, while the accuracy reduces from 3.6% to 3.0%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Positive Energy Districts)

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16 pages, 3624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trihedral Lattice Towers Optimization with a Limitation on the Resonant Vortex Excitation Occurrence

by Anton Chepurnenko, Leisan Akhtyamova, Irina Ivashchenko and Vladimir Akopyan

Designs 2023, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010010 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2038

Abstract

Trihedral lattice towers are widely used as transmission line supports, wind turbine supports, cell towers, and floodlight towers. The aim of this work is to develop a technique for optimizing trihedral lattice supports to reduce their weight, taking into account the limitation on [...] Read more.

Trihedral lattice towers are widely used as transmission line supports, wind turbine supports, cell towers, and floodlight towers. The aim of this work is to develop a technique for optimizing trihedral lattice supports to reduce their weight, taking into account the limitation on resonant vortex excitation. At the same time, restrictions are also introduced on the maximum stress, as well as the ultimate slenderness of the elements. Thus, with a minimum weight, the tower must meet all the requirements of the design codes. A lattice tower used as a floodlight mast is considered. The tower consists of two sections, the upper of which is of constant width, and the width of the lower section varies according to a linear law. The elements of the tower are made from pipes with an annular cross section. The sections’ widths and heights, the dimensions of elements’ cross-sections, and the number of panels are the variable parameters. The solution of the nonlinear optimization problem is implemented in MATLAB software. Internal forces in the tower and natural frequencies are calculated by the finite element method. The tower is subjected to the action of ice and wind loads, dead weight and the weight of the equipment. The wind load is considered as the sum of the average and pulsation components. To solve the problem of nonlinear optimization, the surrogate optimization method and the genetic algorithm are used. One of the serially used designs was chosen as the initial approximation. The design obtained as a result of optimization compared to the initial approximation has a mass more than two times less and at the same time satisfies all design requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering Design)

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27 pages, 4370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of Medical Devices with Usability in Mind: A Theoretical Proposal and Experimental Case Study Using the LEPRE Device

by Raffaele Formicola, Cinzia Amici, Maurizio Mor, Luciano Bissolotti and Alberto Borboni

Designs 2023, 7(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010009 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4140

Abstract

Usability is a critical product feature and is required for widespread market adoption. Standards on usability are highly focused on evaluation procedures and specific aspects, such as software issues or human–machine interaction, whereas the relative scientific literature is very normative oriented. The few [...] Read more.

Usability is a critical product feature and is required for widespread market adoption. Standards on usability are highly focused on evaluation procedures and specific aspects, such as software issues or human–machine interaction, whereas the relative scientific literature is very normative oriented. The few methodological works dealing with usability either consider it as one of the many attributes that a particular project must satisfy or present very general methods. No design methods systematically oriented toward the integration of usability and usability-related constraints have been developed to date. This paper presents a usability-oriented model for the design of medical devices and its application to the design of LEPRE, a medical device for upper- and lower-limb robotic rehabilitation. Two methods were used to assess the device’s usability: interviews with experts to outline qualitative evaluations and System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaires on eight physiotherapists, two physiatrists, and 12 patients, enabling a quantitative assessment. Results support the intention of providing an integrated methodological approach to be applied from the early stages of the project, thus saving time and costs, leading to a more linear product development for this application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioengineering Design)

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14 pages, 6266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Manufacturing Constraints in Topology Optimization for the Direct Manufacturing of Extrusion-Based Additively Manufactured Parts

by Tobias Rosnitschek, Tobias Baumann, Christian Orgeldinger, Bettina Alber-Laukant and Stephan Tremmel

Designs 2023, 7(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010008 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3100

Abstract

Additive manufacturing is a potentially disruptive technology with a high impact on supply chains and part design. While generally allowing much higher degrees of freedom in design than formative and subtractive manufacturing techniques, the necessity of support structures can diminish the impact of [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing is a potentially disruptive technology with a high impact on supply chains and part design. While generally allowing much higher degrees of freedom in design than formative and subtractive manufacturing techniques, the necessity of support structures can diminish the impact of additive manufacturing. This article presents a methodology based on finite spheres to integrate knowledge about process limitations into topology optimization for the direct extrusion-based additive manufacturing of parts with maximized stiffness and strength and minimized support structures. This methodology has been included within our self-developed Freeware Z88 Arion^® V3. We investigated the impact of the manufacturing constraints on the additive manufacturing process regarding effective material usage on application test examples. The test results showed that the design proposals created while applying the finite spheres and two-step smoothing needed significantly less or no support material for all application examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Efficient Manufacturing: Materials, Processes, and Systems)

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22 pages, 6053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Usefulness of Employing ANSYS Motor-CAD Software in Designing Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

by Florina-Ambrozia Coteț, Iulia Văscan and Loránd Szabó

Designs 2023, 7(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010007 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6330

Abstract

This paper deals with the simulation of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) to be developed for driving a scroll compressor of a vehicle air conditioning system. The simulations were needed for the verification of the pre-sizing and for the electromagnetic behavior analysis [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the simulation of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) to be developed for driving a scroll compressor of a vehicle air conditioning system. The simulations were needed for the verification of the pre-sizing and for the electromagnetic behavior analysis of the PMSM. These were performed by using the ANSYS Motor-CAD software. All the obtained results emphasized that the pre-sizing of the PMSM was performed correctly, and the designed electrical machine can fulfill all the prescribed requirements. To highlight the superiority of the chosen surface-mounted PMSM topology, a comparative study was performed for four PMSMs having the same stator but different rotor topologies having the same quantity of permanent magnets. The study revealed that the PMSM with permanent magnets on its rotor surface is the best-fitting variant for the foreseen application. By intensively using the ANSYS Motor-CAD software, the authors appreciated that this product is a very useful tool in the hands of the designers not only in evaluating the machine’s computed geometry (by checking its correctness and feasibility), but also in its in-depth electromagnetic analysis and in calculating its parameters of interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electrical Machines and Drives Technologies)

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19 pages, 3543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a Smarter Urban Park: Busan Citizens Park

by Jinhyun Jun

Designs 2023, 7(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010006 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3151

Abstract

Among various types of external space, a park, which is a critical urban public infrastructure, must be planned and redeveloped as a smart park that can reflect new technologies rather than being designed and managed in a traditional way. This study sets Busan [...] Read more.

Among various types of external space, a park, which is a critical urban public infrastructure, must be planned and redeveloped as a smart park that can reflect new technologies rather than being designed and managed in a traditional way. This study sets Busan Citizens Park, a representative urban park of Busan in Korea, as a case study site and presents guidelines for transforming the existing park into a smart park. To set the direction for presenting the guideline for park smartization, the role and function of desirable urban park in the 4th industrial age are defined. After that, smart technologies concerning park management are comprehensively organized through precedent project studies and literature research to examine the applicability of smart technologies. Based on the information obtained through field surveys, manager interviews, specialist interviews, and literature review, the management and usage status of Busan Citizens Park are identified. In order to improve Busan Citizens Park into a smart urban park, we propose smart technologies that can be applied to five components of the park: furnishings and facilities, water, green space, pavement and roads, and users. This study also suggests ways to distinguish management as urban and local dimensions by categorizing the hierarchy of technologies as urban, park, and facility scale. In conclusion, this presents guidelines for the introduction of next-generation technologies that can be applied to urban parks as a way to actively respond to changes that have already begun. Full article

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23 pages, 9699 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

CFD Investigation of Ventilation Strategies to Remove Contaminants from a Hospital Room

by Mustafa Alkhalaf, Adrian Ilinca and Mohamed Yasser Hayyani

Designs 2023, 7(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010005 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4115

Abstract

The primary requirement in designing air conditioning systems in healthcare facilities is eliminating contaminants. It is considered one of the crucial health elements in building design, particularly in the presence of many airborne diseases such as COVID-19. The purpose of this numerical research [...] Read more.

The primary requirement in designing air conditioning systems in healthcare facilities is eliminating contaminants. It is considered one of the crucial health elements in building design, particularly in the presence of many airborne diseases such as COVID-19. The purpose of this numerical research is to simulate various ventilation designs for a hospital room model by taking into account results obtained by previous researchers. Four designs with three airflows, 9, 12, and 15 ACH (Air Change per Hour), are applied to explore the capacity of the ventilation system to remove contaminants. The objective is to determine the influence of airflow and the diffuser location distribution on the pollutants elimination represented by carbon dioxide. The Reynold Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the k-ε turbulence model were used as the underlying mathematical model for the airflow. In addition, boundary conditions were extracted from ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers Society) ventilation publications and relevant literature. Contrary to what was expected, this study’s results demonstrated that increased ventilation alone does not always improve air distribution or remove more contaminants. In addition, pollutant removal was significantly affected by the outlet’s location. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment)

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17 pages, 905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whist Game Cards Calibration Strategies-Based Technique for Conceptual Design Morphological Chart Refinement

by Ali Jamea, Liting Jing, Xiang Peng, Jiquan Li and Shaofei Jiang

Designs 2023, 7(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7010004 - 2 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1495

Abstract

High-quality concept design is a key factor of successful product performance and efficiency. Conventional conceptual design morphological chart serves to combine product concept designs. Nevertheless, the huge number of combined concept designs and how to reduce is an important research point. In this [...] Read more.

High-quality concept design is a key factor of successful product performance and efficiency. Conventional conceptual design morphological chart serves to combine product concept designs. Nevertheless, the huge number of combined concept designs and how to reduce is an important research point. In this paper, concepts design combined after refinement of possible sub-functions means (M) in the product conceptual design morphological chart to less and most promising means based on calibration proceeded in binary for the means regarding numerical scales applied to a package of quality attributes (QAs). The calibration proceeds in accordance with single suit whist game between two competitors’ strategies. The game tricks number depends on QAs number, and the summation of tricks scored by each means give M numerical value. Means with the high numerical values keep existence while means with the weak numerical values were eliminated from the chart. The case study approved the current technique reliability and flexibility for assessing sub-functions means which accommodates a wide variety of QAs to solve the problem of useless and abundance concepts design through morphological chart refinement. In addition, these capabilities make designers able to specify more QAs to meet different product stakeholders’ requirements. Beside these advantages, the opportunities for further development and limitations are considered in discussion and conclusion. Full article

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Designs, Volume 7, Issue 1 (February 2023) – 33 articles

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