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Abstract

Circadian Variation of Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients: Implications for Sampling and Analysis Strategies †

by
Majed A. Suwaydi
1,2,*,
Ching Tat Lai
1,
Alethea Rea
3,
Mary E. Wlodek
1 and
Donna T. Geddes
1
1
School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
2
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
3
Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the More Than Just Milk Lactation Science Symposium, Perth, Australia, 25 November 2022.
Proceedings 2023, 84(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084015
Published: 27 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of More Than Just Milk Lactation Science Symposium)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The daily variation in human milk (HM) hormones and macronutrients is not well characterised and sample protocols are highly variable between studies. Method: During a 24 h period, the mothers (n = 10) hand-expressed small milk samples, immediately before and after each breastfeeding or expression from each breast. Test-weighing was used to determine the volume of HM consumed in each feed. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, and glucose were measured by variable biochemical assays. A linear mixed model was fitted to eleven outcomes of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, fat, glucose (dose and concentration for each), and feed volume. The explanatory variables considered were a circadian cycle (cosine and sine terms), and for dose and concentration outcomes, an indicator variable for pre- or post-feed. The random effect was a circadian cycle (cosine and sine terms) for each mother. Results: The average infant intake of HM was 1060 mL/day (8 to 20 feeds/day). Pre- and post-feed differences were found in the concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and fat (p < 0.05). Significant circadian variation across the 24 h period was found in adiponectin concentration, insulin (both concentration and dose), fat dose, glucose (both concentration and dose), and milk volume. Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of establishing standardised and rigorous sampling protocols considering all levels of variations (within-feed or circadian) to provide a better determination of the impact of these components on infant health and development.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A.S., D.T.G. and C.T.L.; data curation and writing—original draft, M.A.S. and C.T.L.; writing—review and editing D.T.G., C.T.L. and M.E.W.; visualization, A.R.; supervision, C.T.L., D.T.G. and M.E.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by Jazan University, Saudi Arabia and Medela AG, Switzerland. M.A.S receives a postgraduate scholarship from Jazan University (Saudi Arabia). D.T.G. and C.T.L. receive salaries from an unrestricted research grant paid by Medela AG (Switzerland) and administered by The University of Western Australia.

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study was approved by The University of Western Australia’s Human Research Ethics Committee (RA/4/1/4492).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Data sharing not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

D.T.G. declares participation in the Scientific Advisory Board of Medela AG. M.A.S. received a postgraduate scholarship from Jazan University. D.T.G. and C.T.L. receive salary from an unrestricted research grant paid by Medela AG and administered by The University of Western Australia. The funding bodies had no input into the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Suwaydi, M.A.; Lai, C.T.; Rea, A.; Wlodek, M.E.; Geddes, D.T. Circadian Variation of Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients: Implications for Sampling and Analysis Strategies. Proceedings 2023, 84, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084015

AMA Style

Suwaydi MA, Lai CT, Rea A, Wlodek ME, Geddes DT. Circadian Variation of Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients: Implications for Sampling and Analysis Strategies. Proceedings. 2023; 84(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084015

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suwaydi, Majed A., Ching Tat Lai, Alethea Rea, Mary E. Wlodek, and Donna T. Geddes. 2023. "Circadian Variation of Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients: Implications for Sampling and Analysis Strategies" Proceedings 84, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084015

APA Style

Suwaydi, M. A., Lai, C. T., Rea, A., Wlodek, M. E., & Geddes, D. T. (2023). Circadian Variation of Human Milk Hormones and Macronutrients: Implications for Sampling and Analysis Strategies. Proceedings, 84(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023084015

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