Actuators

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15 pages, 4720 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of the Crystal Structure on the Piezoelectricity of [001]-Textured (Na, K)(Nb, Sb)O₃-SrZrO₃-(Bi, Ag)ZrO₃ Lead-Free Piezoelectric Thick Film

by Su-Hwan Go, Dae-Su Kim, Yeon-Gyeong Chae, Seok-June Chae, Eun-Ji Kim, Hyeon-Min Yu, Bum-Joo Kim, Seok-Jung Park, Joun-Ho Lee and Sahn Nahm

Actuators 2023, 12(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12020066 - 3 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1797

Abstract

An amount of 3.0 mol% NaNbO₃ seeds was used to align the grains of 0.96(Na_0.5K_0.5)(Nb_0.93Sb_0.07)O₃-(0.04−x)SrZrO₃-x(Bi_0.5Ag_0.5)ZrO₃ [NKNS-(0.04−x)SZ-xBAZ] thick films (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) along the [...] Read more.

An amount of 3.0 mol% NaNbO₃ seeds was used to align the grains of 0.96(Na_0.5K_0.5)(Nb_0.93Sb_0.07)O₃-(0.04−x)SrZrO₃-x(Bi_0.5Ag_0.5)ZrO₃ [NKNS-(0.04−x)SZ-xBAZ] thick films (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) along the [001] direction. All the textured thick films had large Lotgering factors (>95%). The textured NKNS-0.02SZ-0.02BAZ thick film has a rhombohedral-orthorhombic-tetragonal (R-O-T) structure with a large proportion of the R-O structure (>80%) and nanodomains (0.7 nm in width and 6 nm in length). This thick film exhibited a large d₃₃ value (760 ± 20 pC/N), k_p value (0.58) and strain (0.16% at 4.0 kV/mm), with good temperature stability and fatigue properties. The high piezoelectricity of this thick film can be attributed to its high degree of texturing, optimized domain configuration, and the presence of nanodomains. The piezoelectric ceramic with a large d15/d33 value showed a large d33 value after [001] texturing because of the easy rotation of the spontaneous polarizations. Hence, the d15/d33 value can be used to select piezoelectric ceramics with large d33 values after [001] texturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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21 pages, 8695 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact Force Analysis in Inertia-Type Piezoelectric Motors

by Burhanettin Koc and Bülent Delibas

Actuators 2023, 12(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12020052 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2485

Abstract

In an inertia-type motor, a piezoelectric multilayer actuator is espoused to a transient vibration velocity as high as 1.0 m/s during slip time. This vibration velocity makes the inertia-type motors dynamic but not quasi-static. We propose a kinetic model to describe the condition [...] Read more.

In an inertia-type motor, a piezoelectric multilayer actuator is espoused to a transient vibration velocity as high as 1.0 m/s during slip time. This vibration velocity makes the inertia-type motors dynamic but not quasi-static. We propose a kinetic model to describe the condition under which slippage can occur between a slider and a stator. The transient current absorbed by the multilayer actuators in a stator during slip time defines the slippage behavior of the slider. A new thickness-mode force factor expression (A₃₃), which is a relation between the transient current and the transient vibration velocity, is described in electrical domain. Impact force acting on a friction coupler produced by the actuators in the stator is proportional to the rate of change in the transient current during the sliding time. Additionally, we present the structure and characteristics of a two-phase inertia-drive-type piezoelectric motor, on which the proposed model was evaluated. Driving the multilayer actuators with truncated and mirrored sawtooth signals enhances the system dynamics. As one actuator expands and the other shrinks, their respective hysteretic nonlinearities are canceled. The motor operating frequency can be as great as 30 kHz and typically load characteristics are unloaded velocity greater than 16.0 mm/s and generated force higher than 3.0 N. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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17 pages, 4528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rotary-Linear Ultrasonic Motor Using MnO₂-Doped (Ba_0.97Ca_0.03)(Ti_0.96Sn_0.005Hf_0.035)O₃ Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics with Improved Curie Temperature and Temperature Stability

by Cheng-Che Tsai, Sheng-Yuan Chu, Wei-Hsiang Chao and Cheng-Shong Hong

Actuators 2022, 11(9), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11090248 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2090

Abstract

In this work, a cylindrical lead-free rotary-linear ultrasonic motor was attached to piezoelectric plates of MnO₂-doped (Ba_0.97Ca_0.03)(Ti_0.96Sn_0.005Hf_0.035)O₃ ceramics using the first bending vibration to pull a thread output shaft of [...] Read more.

In this work, a cylindrical lead-free rotary-linear ultrasonic motor was attached to piezoelectric plates of MnO₂-doped (Ba_0.97Ca_0.03)(Ti_0.96Sn_0.005Hf_0.035)O₃ ceramics using the first bending vibration to pull a thread output shaft of the interior of a stator. The effect of the proposed ceramics’ d₃₃ and Q_m values are the key factors for ultrasonic motors. Therefore, MnO₂-doped (Ba_0.97Ca_0.03)(Ti_0.96Sn_0.005Hf_0.035)O₃ lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with high values of d₃₃ = 230 pC/N, Q_m = 340.8 and a good temperature stability of their dielectric and piezoelectric properties are suitable for application to linear piezoelectric motors. The structure of the linear piezoelectric motor was simulated and fabricated by Finite Element Analysis. The characteristics of linear piezoelectric motors were also studied. The output characteristics of the lead-free piezoelectric motor were a left-pull velocity = 3.21 mm/s, a right-pull velocity = 3.39 mm/s, an up-pull velocity = 2.56 mm/s and a force >2 N at 39.09 kHz for an input voltage of approximately 200 V_p-p (peak to peak). These results are comparable to those for a lead-based piezoelectric motor that uses PZT-4 ceramics. The proposed lead-free piezoelectric motors were successfully fabricated and used to pull a 0.5 mL commercial insulin syringe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 4385 KiB

Open AccessReview

Loss Determination Techniques for Piezoelectrics: A Review

by Yoonsang Park, Minkyu Choi and Kenji Uchino

Actuators 2023, 12(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12050213 - 21 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2526

Abstract

Nowadays, heat dissipation in electronic devices is one of the serious issues to be resolved in energy and environmental terms. Piezoelectric materials are being utilized in many electronic devices, yet the roadblock toward further miniaturization of piezoelectric devices was identified as heat dissipation. [...] Read more.

Nowadays, heat dissipation in electronic devices is one of the serious issues to be resolved in energy and environmental terms. Piezoelectric materials are being utilized in many electronic devices, yet the roadblock toward further miniaturization of piezoelectric devices was identified as heat dissipation. Three types of losses (dielectric, elastic, and piezoelectric) are known to be related to the heat dissipation mechanism of piezoelectric materials, therefore obtaining accurate values of the loss factors is essential for minimizing the heat dissipation of piezoelectric devices. The purpose of this review is to introduce several loss determination techniques for piezoelectric materials. The review starts with brief discussions of the loss factors and of the importance of piezoelectric loss that is related to the antiresonance frequency. Then, the review covers the methods developed by our research group, including High Power Piezoelectric Characterization Systems (HiPoCS^TM), the crystallographic orientation method and the partial electrode method, as well as other methods such as the pulse-echo method and computer-based approaches. The review continues with a discussion of piezoelectric device modeling (analytical solution and equivalent circuits) that considers loss factors. Finally, the review provides concluding remarks for addressing current issues and suggesting possible solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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16 pages, 32931 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Recent Advances in Piezoelectric Ceramic 3D Printing

by Jiwon Park, Dong-Gyu Lee, Sunghoon Hur, Jeong Min Baik, Hyun Soo Kim and Hyun-Cheol Song

Actuators 2023, 12(4), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12040177 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5003

Abstract

Piezoelectric materials are a class of materials that can generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress, or vice versa. These materials have a wide range of applications, from sensors and actuators to energy-harvesting devices and medical implants. Recently, there has been [...] Read more.

Piezoelectric materials are a class of materials that can generate an electric charge when subjected to mechanical stress, or vice versa. These materials have a wide range of applications, from sensors and actuators to energy-harvesting devices and medical implants. Recently, there has been growing interest in using 3D printing to fabricate piezoelectric materials with complex geometries and tailored properties. Three-dimensional printing allows for the precise control of the material’s composition, microstructure, and shape, which can significantly enhance piezoelectric materials’ performance. Three-dimensional printing has emerged as a promising technique for fabricating piezoelectric materials with tailored properties and complex geometries. The development of high-performance piezoelectric materials using 3D printing could have significant implications for various applications, including sensors, energy harvesting, and medical devices. In this review paper, 3D printing methods for piezoelectric materials, their advantages and disadvantages, representative piezoelectric ceramics, and examples of 3D printing are presented. Furthermore, the applications utilizing these materials are summarized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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34 pages, 14498 KiB

Open AccessReview

Flexoelectric Effect of Ferroelectric Materials and Its Applications

by Dongxia Tian, Dae-Yong Jeong, Zhenxiao Fu and Baojin Chu

Actuators 2023, 12(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12030114 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3883

Abstract

The flexoelectric effect, which exists in all dielectrics, is an electromechanical effect that arises due to the coupling of strain gradients (or electric field gradients) with electric polarization (or mechanical stress). Numerous experimental studies have demonstrated that ferroelectric materials possess a larger flexoelectric [...] Read more.

The flexoelectric effect, which exists in all dielectrics, is an electromechanical effect that arises due to the coupling of strain gradients (or electric field gradients) with electric polarization (or mechanical stress). Numerous experimental studies have demonstrated that ferroelectric materials possess a larger flexoelectric coefficient than other dielectric materials; thus, the flexoelectric response becomes significant. In this review, we will first summarize the measurement methods and magnitudes of the flexoelectric coefficients of ferroelectric materials. Theoretical studies of the flexoelectric coefficients of ferroelectric materials will be addressed in this review. The scaling effect, where the flexoelectric effect dramatically increases when reducing the material dimension, will also be discussed. Because of their large electromechanical response and scaling effect, ferroelectric materials offer vast potential for the application of the flexoelectric effect in various physical phenomena, including sensors, actuators, and transducers. Finally, this review will briefly discuss some perspectives on the flexoelectric effect and address some pressing questions that need to be considered to further develop this phenomenon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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16 pages, 1701 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electromechanical Actuators for Haptic Feedback with Fingertip Contact

by Jueyu Chen, Edwin Hang Tong Teo and Kui Yao

Actuators 2023, 12(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12030104 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6475

Abstract

Haptic technology that provides tactile sensation feedback by utilizing actuators to achieve the purpose of human–computer interaction is obtaining increasing applications in electronic devices. This review covers four kinds of electromechanical actuators useful for achieving haptic feedback: electromagnetic, electrostatic, piezoelectric, and electrostrictive actuators. [...] Read more.

Haptic technology that provides tactile sensation feedback by utilizing actuators to achieve the purpose of human–computer interaction is obtaining increasing applications in electronic devices. This review covers four kinds of electromechanical actuators useful for achieving haptic feedback: electromagnetic, electrostatic, piezoelectric, and electrostrictive actuators. The driving principles, working conditions, applicable scopes, and characteristics of the different actuators are fully compared. The designs and values of piezoelectric actuators to achieve sophisticated and high-definition haptic effect sensations are particularly highlighted. The current status and directions for future development of the different types of haptic actuators are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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24 pages, 5031 KiB

Open AccessReview

Strain Characteristics of PLZT-Based Ceramics for Actuator Applications

by Apichart Limpichaipanit and Athipong Ngamjarurojana

Actuators 2023, 12(2), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/act12020074 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2492

Abstract

Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics exhibit excellent dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, and they can be used in many applications, including actuators. In this review, the processing and properties of PLZT-based ceramics will be the main focus of the first part. An [...] Read more.

Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics exhibit excellent dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties, and they can be used in many applications, including actuators. In this review, the processing and properties of PLZT-based ceramics will be the main focus of the first part. An introduction to PLZT ceramics is given and the methods to improve processing of PLZT-based ceramics are explained in terms of the addition of sintering aids, fabrication in the form of composites, and the application of dopants. The second part will be related to strain measurement to investigate converse piezoelectric properties (actuating effect). Strain measurement techniques by Michelson interferometry and case studies in PLZT-based ceramics (aging effect, temperature dependence and magnetic field effect) are included. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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19 pages, 6183 KiB

Open AccessReview

Core–Shell Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles: Materials, Synthesis, Magnetoelectricity, and Applications

by Hyunseok Song, Michael Abraham Listyawan and Jungho Ryu

Actuators 2022, 11(12), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/act11120380 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5154

Abstract

Nanoparticles with small diameters and large surface areas have potential advantages and are actively utilized in various fields related to biomedical and catalytic applications. Multifunctional applications can be achieved by endowing nanoparticles with piezoelectric, quantum dot, magnetothermal, and piezoluminescent properties. In particular, multiferroic [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles with small diameters and large surface areas have potential advantages and are actively utilized in various fields related to biomedical and catalytic applications. Multifunctional applications can be achieved by endowing nanoparticles with piezoelectric, quantum dot, magnetothermal, and piezoluminescent properties. In particular, multiferroic magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) can generate electricity by coupling piezoelectric and magnetostrictive properties when an external magnetic field, which is harmless to the human body, is applied. In this regard, magnetoelectricity (ME) induced by a magnetic field makes MENPs useful for various biomedical and electrocatalytic applications. The ME voltage coefficients, which express the efficiency of energy conversion from magnetic field to electricity, show differences depending on the setup for ME measurements of MENPs. Therefore, numerous attempts have been made to optimize the ME characterization method to reduce measurement errors resulting from charge leakages caused by the specimen preparation, as well as to investigate the ME effect of a single nanoparticle. Our review is focused on the structures, syntheses (hydrothermal and sol–gel methods), activation mechanism, and measurement of magnetoelectricity, as well as applications, of core–shell MENPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Actuators—A Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Kenji Uchino)

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