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Agronomy
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Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress
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Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Crop Breeding and Genetics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2024) | Viewed by 10774

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Eleni Tani

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Guest Editor
Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
Interests: epigenetics and abiotic/biotic stresses; plant breeding under abiotic and biotic stresses; breeding for weed management; relationships between wild relatives and cultivated species
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Eleni Abraham

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: fodder crops; plant breeding; plant genetics; abiotic stresses
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Climate change is a global phenomenon that affects many sectors of society and the economy. This phenomenon is mainly observed due to fluctuations in temperatures, precipitation, extreme weather events and variability in seasonality. Agriculture is one of the most sensitive sectors to climate change as crop production directly depends on weather conditions. This means that climate variability threatens the adaptation and availability of crops and, consequently, food security. On the other hand, agriculture has different environmental impacts depending on the level of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators) and energy used by farming practices. The impact of climate change on agriculture can be mitigated by modifying farming practices, and complementary to this, by using appropriate crops and varieties adapted to new climatic conditions. The challenge for the agricultural sector is, on the one hand, to adopt environmentally friendly practices and, on the other hand, to utilize genetic material with a wide adaptive capacity.

In this Special Issue, we invite you to present research results in all topics related to crop biology and breeding under environmental stress and to discuss current trends and prospects of progress in these fields. Survey papers and reviews are also welcomed.

Dr. Eleni Tani
Dr. Eleni Abraham
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agronomy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • crop resilience
  • plant breeding
  • sustainability
  • resistance mechanisms
  • plant stressors

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 5788 KiB  
Article
Effect of Sowing Date on Some Agronomical Characteristics of Rye Cultivars in Iraq
by Dhurgham Sabeeh Kareem Altai, Ali H. Noaema, Ali R. Alhasany, Ágnes Hadházy, Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki, Waleed A. E. Abido and Katalin Magyar-Tábori
Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 1995; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091995 - 2 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 574
Abstract
The introduction of rye cultivation in Iraq necessitates the implementation of agrotechnological experiments. Two-year irrigated field experiments were carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate (in the southwestern region of Iraq) in 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to evaluate the performance of three European rye cultivars introduced [...] Read more.
The introduction of rye cultivation in Iraq necessitates the implementation of agrotechnological experiments. Two-year irrigated field experiments were carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate (in the southwestern region of Iraq) in 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to evaluate the performance of three European rye cultivars introduced to Iraq, focusing on the most significant agronomical and morphological characteristics. Three sowing dates (01 November, 15 November and 01 December) were tested in a split plot, randomized complete block design. We observed that both the cultivar and sowing date, but not the crop year, influenced the studied characteristics. In general, the early sowing dates enhanced the growth and development of rye and resulted in a higher yield compared to the later sowing dates. We observed that all evaluated rye cultivars can be grown safely in the agroclimatic and soil characteristics of this region. The grain yield was 3.1, 4.2 and 6.9 t ha−1 on average for all the sowing dates, and the above ground biomass results were 13.6, 12.0 and 22.9 on average for all sowing dates in ‘Krzyca’, ‘Dańkowskie złote’ and ‘Horyzo’, respectively. In addition, the highest grain yield (8.8 t ha−1) was harvested in ‘Horyzo’ when it was sown on 01 November; thus, we recommend choosing ‘Horyzo’ for cultivation in Iraq and sowing it in early November. Although further study is required to improve agro-technology (such as the nutrient supply) by using a larger number of cultivars, we can conclude that rye can be grown safely in Iraq under irrigated conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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12 pages, 1683 KiB  
Article
Cowpea: Prospecting for Heat-Tolerant Genotypes
by Jaqueline de Almeida Silva, Juliane Rafaele Alves Barros, Elioenai Gomes Freire Silva, Maurisrael de Moura Rocha and Francislene Angelotti
Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091969 - 31 Aug 2024
Viewed by 631
Abstract
Selecting genotypes tolerant to high temperatures is an important measure for agricultural maintenance and production in climate change scenarios. Thus, this study aimed to select cowpea genotypes tolerant to increased air temperature. A total of 20 cowpea genotypes were used, cultivated under temperature [...] Read more.
Selecting genotypes tolerant to high temperatures is an important measure for agricultural maintenance and production in climate change scenarios. Thus, this study aimed to select cowpea genotypes tolerant to increased air temperature. A total of 20 cowpea genotypes were used, cultivated under temperature regimes of 20–26–33 °C and 24.8–30.8–37.8 °C in a completely randomized experimental design under a 2 × 20 factorial scheme (temperature regimes × genotypes). The BRS Inhuma, Bico-de-Ouro-17-45, BRS Guariba, and BRS Imponente genotypes did not show significant differences in the analyzed physiological responses to the increase in air temperature. The BRS Inhuma, Bico-de-Oouro-17-19, Bico-de-Ouro-17-44, Bico-de-Ouro-17-45, BRS Guariba, and BRS Imponente genotypes showed increased temperature tolerance as thermal stress did not affect production. The Pingo-de-Ouro-17-48, MNC00-595F-27, MNC06-895E-1, and MNC09-981B-2 genotypes reduced water efficiency by −26.85, −25.19, −40.04, and −60.37%, respectively, due to the increase in temperature. The results obtained in this work represent a pre-selection of genotypes that are tolerant to high temperatures, with the BRS Inhuma, Bico-de-Ouro-17-45, BRS Guariba, and BRS Imponente genotypes indicated as tolerant to increased temperatures based on the interaction of physiological and productive responses. There is an urgent need to select cowpea genotypes tolerant to increased temperature to maintain production in climate change scenarios and ensure agricultural systems’ sustainability and food security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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16 pages, 3780 KiB  
Article
How Do Drought, Heat Stress, and Their Combination Impact Stem Reserve Mobilization in Wheat Genotypes?
by Behrouz Vaezi, Ahmad Arzani and Thomas H. Roberts
Agronomy 2024, 14(8), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081867 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 648
Abstract
Drought and heat stresses represent the primary agricultural challenges in arid and semiarid regions globally. In wheat, among the most vulnerable stages to these stresses is the grain-filling process. This critical phase relies heavily on photosynthesis during the late growth stage and the [...] Read more.
Drought and heat stresses represent the primary agricultural challenges in arid and semiarid regions globally. In wheat, among the most vulnerable stages to these stresses is the grain-filling process. This critical phase relies heavily on photosynthesis during the late growth stage and the mobilization of stem reserves. This study evaluated 60 spring wheat lines from the CIMMYT-Mexico Core Germplasm (CIMCOG) panel alongside four Iranian wheat cultivars under normal, drought, heat, and combined drought and heat stress conditions in two growing seasons. Several agronomic traits, including those associated with stem reserve mobilization, were assessed during the study. The combined analysis of variance revealed significant impacts of both independent and combined drought and heat stresses on the measured traits. Moreover, these stresses influenced the inter-relationships among the traits. High-yielding genotypes were identified through a combination of ranking and genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis. Among the top 40 genotypes, 21 were identified as environment-specific, while 19 remained common across at least two environments. Environmental dependence of grain yield responses to the sinks including stem reserve mobilization and spike reserve mobilization was found. Utilizing a machine learning algorithm, a regression tree analysis unveiled specific traits—including grain filling and canopy temperature—that contributed significantly to the high-yielding features of the identified genotypes under the various environmental conditions. These traits can serve as indirect selection criteria for enhancing yield under stressful conditions and can also be targeted for manipulation to improve wheat stress tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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11 pages, 1871 KiB  
Communication
Effect of γ-Irradiation on the Growth and Yield Response of Three Varieties of Pea (Pisum spp.)
by Efi Sarri, Styliani-Maria Samolada, Anastasios Katsileros, Nasya Tomlekova, Eleni M. Abraham and Eleni Tani
Agronomy 2024, 14(8), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081695 - 1 Aug 2024
Viewed by 853
Abstract
In this study, three pea varieties (Pisum sativum), including one field pea variety ‘Dodoni’, and two varieties of garden peas ‘Early Onward’ and ‘Rondo’, were irradiated with 100 Gy gamma rays. The irradiated seeds were then cultivated in the experimental field [...] Read more.
In this study, three pea varieties (Pisum sativum), including one field pea variety ‘Dodoni’, and two varieties of garden peas ‘Early Onward’ and ‘Rondo’, were irradiated with 100 Gy gamma rays. The irradiated seeds were then cultivated in the experimental field of the Plant Breeding and Agricultural Experimentation Laboratory of the Agricultural University of Athens, in the period of 2021–2022, affording them the chance to reveal their full potential under natural environmental conditions. The M1 generation plants were compared to non-irradiated plants in terms of their agro-morphological traits. The results indicate a statistically significant difference on several traits: plant height, plant weight, dry biomass, pod length, and the number of seeds per pod. On the other hand, no significant difference was detected in: plant growth rate, the number of shoots and leaves per plant, pods and seed yield per plant, and 1000-seed weight. However, the three pea varieties did not seem to respond in the same way. The M1 generation plants of the two garden pea varieties (‘Early Onward’ and ‘Rondo’) showed a shorter plant height and pod length than their corresponding non-irradiated plants. Likewise, the number of seeds per pod for both ‘Early Onward’ and ‘Dodoni’ was lower for the mutant plants than it was for the plants used as the control. In contrast, mutant plants of the ‘Dodoni’ variety indicated a greater plant weight and dry biomass per plant compared to non-irradiated plants. Finally, the correlation found between agronomic traits was the same regardless of the treatment (control and mutant plants). The number of seeds per plant indicated a positive correlation with the pods per plant and plant weight. Similarly, the dry biomass was positively correlated with plant weight, while being negatively correlated with pod length. Thus, the results obtained in the present study clearly indicate that there were differences between seeds irradiated with gamma rays and non-irradiated seeds in terms of their overall performance and various quantitative pea traits, which should to be further investigated in M2 and the following generations. Peas have gathered a significant market interest and demand. Given their narrow genetic base, we employed gamma irradiation technology, which can be effectively integrated with omics technologies in future generations. This study underscores the necessity to explore performance characteristics and integrate them with quality traits. Our findings reveal that each generation exhibits unique attributes, and specifically, provide a valuable foundation for identifying valuable characteristics for future breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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19 pages, 1996 KiB  
Article
First Steps towards Pre-Breeding of Sideritis scardica: A Phenotypic, Agronomic, and Phytochemical Profiling Approach
by Eirini Sarrou, Nektaria Tsivelika, Stefan Martens, Maria Irakli, Fotini Bletsaki, Sarra Broufa, Sampson Panajiotidis, Paschalina S. Chatzopoulou and Eleni M. Abraham
Agronomy 2024, 14(7), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071448 - 3 Jul 2024
Viewed by 806
Abstract
Sideritis scardica (S. scardica) Griseb., also known as mountain tea, is an important medicinal and aromatic plant species. Due to the high cross-pollination ability of the species, diverse genotypes and phenotypes occur naturally. Considering that superior uniform genotypes are necessary for [...] Read more.
Sideritis scardica (S. scardica) Griseb., also known as mountain tea, is an important medicinal and aromatic plant species. Due to the high cross-pollination ability of the species, diverse genotypes and phenotypes occur naturally. Considering that superior uniform genotypes are necessary for highly qualitative and sustainable production, this study aimed to conduct a pre-breeding evaluation of three clones (SID1, SID2, and SID3) originating from a selected S. scardica population growing in Greece. According to a phenotypic and agronomic evaluation, SID2 seemed to be superior among the three clones, expressing a good profile with desirable traits (i.e., desired inflorescence length and leaf surface, high length of stems, and high fresh and dry plant biomass). Furthermore, SID3 presented some remarkable measurements regarding morphological (upright growth habit) and agronomic (high number of stems and plant dry weight, desired plant surface) traits. The phytochemical profile of the three clones was assessed with regard to their volatile and polyphenolic compounds. Forty-four constituents were identified in S. scardica essential oil, including hydrocarbon monoterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, oxygenated monoterpenes, and other groups (monoterpene ketones, saturated fatty alcohols, benzoic esters). Liquid chromatographic analysis revealed SID2 as the clone most abundant in the major polyphenolic metabolites: verbascoside (2234.3 mg 100 g−1), isoscutellarein-7-O [6″-O-acetyl]-allosyl(1 → 2) glucoside (1456.5 mg 100 g−1), and 4-methyl hypolaetin-7-O [6″-O-acetyl]-allosyl(1 → 2) glucoside (861.8 mg 100 g−1). The results indicate the ability to combine morphological, agronomic, and phytochemical traits, in order to identify superior S. scardica genotypes for further evaluation and utilization in breeding programs, aiming to create cultivars or varieties for farming purposes with desired performance and high quantitative and qualitative yields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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41 pages, 12106 KiB  
Article
Effect of Drought and Seed Tuber Size on Agronomical Traits of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under In Vivo Conditions
by Alexandra Hanász, László Zsombik, Katalin Magyar-Tábori and Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki
Agronomy 2024, 14(6), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061131 - 26 May 2024
Viewed by 1151
Abstract
Drought may considerably decrease the growth and yield of potatoes. Small tubers may have lower performance and be more sensitive to abiotic stresses than larger tubers. Since an increase in drought areas may be expected, the development of potato varieties with drought tolerance [...] Read more.
Drought may considerably decrease the growth and yield of potatoes. Small tubers may have lower performance and be more sensitive to abiotic stresses than larger tubers. Since an increase in drought areas may be expected, the development of potato varieties with drought tolerance has become necessary. Two-year greenhouse experiments were conducted to test the drought tolerance of potato breeding lines (C103, C107, C20) with great osmotic stress tolerance. Minitubers with diameters of 25–35, 20–24, 15–19 and 10–14 mm were planted. Treatments were the optimal irrigated control (100%) and moderate and severe drought (60% and 20% of optimum water supply). To study the after-effects of drought, tubers from different treatments were planted separately the following year because seed tuber priming may increase drought tolerance. Seed tubers (25–35 mm), two irrigation treatments (control and severe drought), and two control cultivars were used in the second year. We observed the rate of emergence from day-after-planting (DAP) 20 to 30 and flowering from 48 to 54. NDVI measurements were performed on the DAP35-45-75. Plant height and fresh weight of aboveground biomass (AGB) were recorded on DAP76. Harvested tubers were counted, weighed, and size-categorized, and then the number and fresh tuber yield per plant (TN and TY) were calculated. Stress indices (SI) were calculated as percentages of the results of control plots to compare the responses of genotypes to drought stress. We found that each breeding line showed adequate drought tolerance, although only the C103 and C107 breeding lines were stable in in vivo conditions. SI values for tuber number/tuber yield were 103/57; 102/63; 83/52; 80/58 and 55/41 in C103, C107, C20, ‘Boglárka’ and ‘Desiree’ (the last two were control varieties), respectively. The size of the seed tuber significantly affected each character, and usually minitubers larger than 20 mm performed better than smaller ones. No significant after-effect of drought stress on the next generation was found. Although we found a positive correlation (r = 0.83) between NDVI values and yield parameters, the correlations in our study were not consistent in all genotypes and water treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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18 pages, 4059 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Drought Responses of Wild Soybean Accessions at Different Growth Stages
by Thi Cuc Nguyen, Hyun Jo, Hai Anh Tran, Jinwon Lee, Jeong-Dong Lee, Jeong Hoe Kim, Hak Soo Seo and Jong Tae Song
Agronomy 2024, 14(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030471 - 27 Feb 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1890
Abstract
Drought is a significant abiotic stress that limits crop production. Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are regarded as drought-sensitive. In the present study, the drought responses of wild soybean accessions were evaluated at different growth stages. Based on the leaf wilting index [...] Read more.
Drought is a significant abiotic stress that limits crop production. Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are regarded as drought-sensitive. In the present study, the drought responses of wild soybean accessions were evaluated at different growth stages. Based on the leaf wilting index of 411 accessions at the vegetative stage, seven highly tolerant (HT) and 24 tolerant (T) accessions were identified, although most wild soybeans were classified as moderate (M), sensitive (S), and highly sensitive (HS) genotypes. In addition, with selected wild soybeans, stomatal density decreased in HT accessions but increased in HS accessions under drought conditions at the vegetative stage. However, for cultivated soybeans, the stomatal density of the drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive were not significantly different between the two conditions. The expression levels of drought-related transcriptional factors indicated that the HT genotype showed a higher expression level of drought-related genes than that of the HS genotype at the vegetative stage. At the reproductive stages, 12 wild soybeans randomly selected from HT, T, S, and HS based on assessment at the vegetative stage showed consistent drought responses with seed yield, root development, and water status. However, the extent of the detrimental effect of drought on the germination rates and root length of 165 wild soybeans at the germination stage varied depending on the genotype, indicating that there may not be a robust correlation between phenotypic measurements at the germination stage and drought-related assessments at the two growth stages. The information from this study can provide useful breeding materials for the development of drought-tolerant cultivars from wild soybeans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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23 pages, 2812 KiB  
Article
Interpreting the Interaction of Genotype with Environmental Factors in Barley Using Partial Least Squares Regression Model
by Kamenko Bratković, Kristina Luković, Vladimir Perišić, Jasna Savić, Jelena Maksimović, Slađan Adžić, Aleksandra Rakonjac and Mirela Matković Stojšin
Agronomy 2024, 14(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14010194 - 16 Jan 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1705
Abstract
Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a complex problem that complicates the barley selection and breeding process. The knowledge of the relationship between cereal phenology and climatic data is important for understanding GEI and the physiological pathways responsible for the interaction effect. The [...] Read more.
Genotype by environment interaction (GEI) is a complex problem that complicates the barley selection and breeding process. The knowledge of the relationship between cereal phenology and climatic data is important for understanding GEI and the physiological pathways responsible for the interaction effect. The grain yield of twenty winter barley genotypes in six environments was observed. Factors influencing the variability were analyzed using a linear mixed model. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was applied to determine the most relevant environmental variables in certain stages of development that explained GEI effects. Biplot with environmental variables explained 43.7% of the GEI. The barley was generally the most sensitive to the environmental conditions (relative humidity, maximum temperature and its variation, sun hours, and precipitation) during the anthesis and filling stage (May) which caused GEI. Temperature variables did not show significance only in the vegetative phase. Different genotypes responded differently to environmental factors. Genotypes NS-525, NS-589, and J-103 were highlighted as widely adaptable, and Zaječar was a suitable and reliable location for yield testing. The GEI information presented in this paper can be useful in traditional plant breeding and future breeding programs through molecular research of crop developmental genes and examination of physiological processes in two-row barley. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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17 pages, 3708 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Association Analysis Reveals the Gene Loci of Yield Traits under Drought Stress at the Rice Reproductive Stage
by Nansheng Wang, Zhiyuan Gao, Wanyang Zhang, Yingzhi Qian, Di Bai, Xueyu Zhao, Yaling Bao, Zhenzhen Zheng, Xingmeng Wang, Jianfeng Li, Wensheng Wang and Yingyao Shi
Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 2096; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082096 - 10 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1770
Abstract
Drought is an important factor limiting the growth and development of rice and thereby seriously affects rice yield. The problem may be effectively solved by dissecting the drought-resistance mechanism of rice, creating excellent drought-resistant germplasm, and mining new drought-resistant genes. In this study, [...] Read more.
Drought is an important factor limiting the growth and development of rice and thereby seriously affects rice yield. The problem may be effectively solved by dissecting the drought-resistance mechanism of rice, creating excellent drought-resistant germplasm, and mining new drought-resistant genes. In this study, 305 accessions (189 Xian, 104 Geng, 5 Aus, and 7 Basmati) were used to identify drought-related phenotypes such as grain yield per plant (GYP), grain number per panicle (GNP), panicle number per plant (PNP), and plant height (PH) under two-year drought stress. The 2017 GYP and 2018 GNP were Xian max, 2018 GYP, 2017 GNP, 2017 and 2018 PNP, and 2018 PH were Basmati max, and only the 2017 PH was Geng max. The population genetic diversity and population structure were analyzed by combining 404,388 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers distributed on 12 chromosomes. A total of 42 QTLs with significant correlations was identified, among which 10 were adjacent to the loci reported to be associated with drought resistance. Four candidate genes, LOC_Os03g48890, LOC_Os04g35114, LOC_Os11g45924, and LOC_Os06g38950, were identified by functional annotation and haplotype analysis. The R2 of qGYP3.1 was 11.53%, the R2 of qGNP4.2 was 12.09%, the R2 of qPNP11.1 was 10.01%, and the R2 of qPH6.1 was 13.06%. The results have an important theoretical significance and practical application value for the improvement of drought resistance in rice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Biology and Breeding under Environmental Stress)
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