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Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under...
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Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 11686

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Junfei Gu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Interests: crop physiology; grain yield; nitrogen use efficiency; photosynthesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Junhu Dai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Interests: plant and vegetation phenology; vegetation geography; global change and phenology; global change and plant geography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nitrogen (N) is pivotal to crop yield, and the application of N fertilizer in crop production systems is a crucial aspect of modern crop management practices and one of the determining factors that increase crop yield, thereby keeping pace with the increase in the human population. However, most N fertilizers added to crop fields are not taken up by plants but lost to the environment in the form of ammonia, nitrate, and nitrous oxide. This ‘reactive N’ causes serious environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and detrimental impacts on human health. Furthermore, N cycling in a cropping system is complicated, and solutions must be identified based on an in-depth understanding of the transformation of N in soil and the biochemical processes of N in rice plants. Thus, a portfolio solution is needed in which integrative management should be established to reduce N loss and increase N use efficiency in rice production.

Dr. Junfei Gu
Prof. Dr. Junhu Dai
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • ammonium
  • nitrate
  • nitrogen
  • rhizosphere
  • eutrophication

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 223 KiB  
Editorial
Optimizing Irrigation and Nitrogen Regimes in Rice Plants Can Contribute to Achieving Sustainable Rice Productivity
by Junfei Gu
Agronomy 2023, 13(10), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102495 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1453
Abstract
Ensuring Food security is increasingly challenging each year as the global population is projected to be 9 [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

18 pages, 7015 KiB  
Article
An Estimation of the Leaf Nitrogen Content of Apple Tree Canopies Based on Multispectral Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery and Machine Learning Methods
by Xin Zhao, Zeyi Zhao, Fengnian Zhao, Jiangfan Liu, Zhaoyang Li, Xingpeng Wang and Yang Gao
Agronomy 2024, 14(3), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030552 - 8 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1213
Abstract
Accurate nitrogen fertilizer management determines the yield and quality of fruit trees, but there is a lack of multispectral UAV-based nitrogen fertilizer monitoring technology for orchards. Therefore, in this study, a field experiment was conducted by UAV to acquire multispectral images of an [...] Read more.
Accurate nitrogen fertilizer management determines the yield and quality of fruit trees, but there is a lack of multispectral UAV-based nitrogen fertilizer monitoring technology for orchards. Therefore, in this study, a field experiment was conducted by UAV to acquire multispectral images of an apple orchard with dwarf stocks and dense planting in southern Xinjiang and to estimate the nitrogen content of canopy leaves of apple trees by using three machine learning methods. The three inversion methods were partial least squares regression (PLSR), ridge regression (RR), and random forest regression (RFR). The results showed that the RF model could significantly improve the accuracy of estimating the leaf nitrogen content of the apple tree canopy, and the validation set of the four periods of apple trees ranged from 0.670 to 0.797 for R2, 0.838 mg L−1 to 4.403 mg L−1 for RMSE, and 1.74 to 2.222 for RPD, among which the RF model of the pre-fruit expansion stage of the 2023 season had the highest accuracy. This paper shows that the apple tree leaf nitrogen content estimation model based on multispectral UAV images constructed by using the RF machine learning method can timely and accurately diagnose the growth condition of apple trees, provide technical support for precise nitrogen fertilizer management in orchards, and provide a certain scientific basis for tree crop growth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change)
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20 pages, 3931 KiB  
Article
Agronomic Performances and Seed Yield Components of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) Germplasm in a Semi-Arid Environment
by Giovanni Preiti, Antonio Calvi, Giuseppe Badagliacca, Emilio Lo Presti, Michele Monti and Monica Bacchi
Agronomy 2024, 14(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14020303 - 30 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1627
Abstract
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is widely known among grain legumes for its high nutritional quality, playing an important role in enhancing Mediterranean farming systems as a sustainable crop. Field experiments comparing 121 lentil accessions (microsperma and macrosperma types from different countries) [...] Read more.
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is widely known among grain legumes for its high nutritional quality, playing an important role in enhancing Mediterranean farming systems as a sustainable crop. Field experiments comparing 121 lentil accessions (microsperma and macrosperma types from different countries) were conducted in a semi-arid environment of south Italy over two growing seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018). Their agronomic performance was determined, focusing on phenological, morphological, productive, and qualitative variability. Changes in rainfall and temperatures affected the agronomic traits, especially yield components. In both years, the average grain yield (GY) (2.31 and 2.22 t ha−1, respectively) was above the threshold of 2 t ha−1. Consistent yield exceeding the field average in both growing seasons revealed the superiority of accessions from Egypt, Cyprus, Algeria, Nepal, and Tunisia. Moreover, microsperma yielded more (+0.31 and +0.41 t ha−1 in the first and second year, respectively) than macrosperma accessions. Flowering (DASF—days after sowing to flowering) and thousand seed weight (TSW) appeared to be the most important traits related to grain yield. Flowering earliness seems to act as a mechanism for overcoming abiotic stresses. The analysis of yield components revealed a different productive determinism within the two subspecies. As also highlighted by the Principal Component Analysis, microsperma accessions presented on average a significantly higher number of pods per plant (PP) and seeds per pod (SP), despite the considerable variability among countries of origin. The results showed phenological and morphological variability among genotypes, which should be taken into account in view of future selection programs focused on obtaining lentil ideotypes suitable for the Mediterranean environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change)
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12 pages, 2002 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Warming-Amplified Phosphorus Addition on a Peatland’s N2O Emissions
by Boli Yi, Fan Lu, Xu Chen, Jiaqi Zhang, Jun-Xiao Ma, An Chang and Zhao-Jun Bu
Agronomy 2023, 13(12), 2947; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122947 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1290
Abstract
Natural montane peatlands are generally not a significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O) due to environment limitations, including phosphorus (P) scarcity and temperature lowness. Phosphorus enrichment and warming caused by global change are altering these limitations, and are likely to increase [...] Read more.
Natural montane peatlands are generally not a significant source of nitrous oxide (N2O) due to environment limitations, including phosphorus (P) scarcity and temperature lowness. Phosphorus enrichment and warming caused by global change are altering these limitations, and are likely to increase the source function of N2O. However, the combined effects of P addition and warming on N2O fluxes and biotic/abiotic factors in peatlands are still uncertain. To address this, we investigated the long-term (12 yrs) effects of P addition (5 and 10 kg ha−1 yr−1) and its interaction with warming on N2O fluxes in a peatland. The results showed that although long-term P addition did not significantly affect the source/sink function of N2O in the peatland, it stimulated enzyme activities and promoted peat decomposition. However, warming amplified the effect of P addition to increase N2O emissions by stimulating enzyme activities and changing soil stoichiometry, so even turned the peatland into a significant source of N2O with an emission of approximate 100 g m−2 during the growing season. Our study suggests that P enrichment against the current background of global warming will enhance the possibility of strong N2O emissions in montane peatlands, which may increase the risk that global warming will be further aggravated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change)
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17 pages, 1458 KiB  
Article
Better Land and Nitrogen Complementarity for Green Forage Than for Silage in Barley–Field Bean Intercropping
by Francesco Giovanni Salvo Angeletti, Silvia Pampana, Sergio Saia and Marco Mariotti
Agronomy 2023, 13(12), 2886; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13122886 - 24 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1211
Abstract
Biomass and nitrogen (N) accumulation in intercrops for forage production under different fertilizations have seldom been assessed and, more occasionally, have been investigated at different stages. The biomass and N contents of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and field bean (Vicia faba [...] Read more.
Biomass and nitrogen (N) accumulation in intercrops for forage production under different fertilizations have seldom been assessed and, more occasionally, have been investigated at different stages. The biomass and N contents of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and field bean (Vicia faba L. var minor) grown as sole crops and intercrops, with five N rates from 0 to 200 kg ha−1, both at the heading and early dough stage of the cereal, for green forage and silage purposes, were determined in a two-year field experiment in Central Italy. We discovered differences between the two harvests both in their biomass production and N content as, at the latter stage, they, respectively, increased by 27 and 13%. The sole and intercropped crops showed differences at the two stages, essentially in the response of their inflorescences. N fertilization was more effective at the latter stage, because of the barley’s response to the nutrient availability. However, while nitrogen use efficiency improved with crop ageing, the values of the land equivalent ratio and the nitrogen land equivalent ratio declined; thus, a better complementarity in the use of land and N between the two species seemed to be achieved when the intercrop was grown for green forage purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change)
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20 pages, 7716 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Nitrogen Regime Improves Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation during Grain Filling to Increase Rice Yield
by Shenqi Zhou, Kun Liu, Xinxin Zhuo, Weilu Wang, Weiyang Zhang, Hao Zhang, Junfei Gu, Jianchang Yang and Lijun Liu
Agronomy 2023, 13(8), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13081983 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1307
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is a critical element that affects rice yield. However, its effects on dry matter accumulation (DMA), N accumulation, and their physiological mechanisms with grain yield and N utilization efficiency still lack in-depth study. Three large-scale japonica rice varieties—Jinxiangyu 1, Nanjing [...] Read more.
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is a critical element that affects rice yield. However, its effects on dry matter accumulation (DMA), N accumulation, and their physiological mechanisms with grain yield and N utilization efficiency still lack in-depth study. Three large-scale japonica rice varieties—Jinxiangyu 1, Nanjing 46, and Huaidao 5—were used in two field experiments with varying N fertilizer application rates to examine grain yield and N utilization efficiency. The results showed that: (1) In the range of 0~360 kg ha−1 total N application rate (TNAR), the rice yields of the three cultivars were maximum under the TNAR at 270 kg ha−1. The optimal TNAR for the highest yield of Jinxiangyu 1, Nanjing 46, and Huaidao 5 were calculated based on quadratic regressions with values of 305.5 kg ha−1, 307.6 kg ha−1, and 298.0 kg ha−1, and the corresponding yields were 10.3 t ha−1, 10.6 t ha−1 and 10.2 t ha−1, respectively. The N utilization efficiency decreased gradually with the increase in TNAR, and the recovery efficiency decreased from 35.7~38.19% to 29.61~31.59%. (2) The yield was significantly positively correlated with DMA and N accumulation from the heading stage (HD) to the maturity stage (MA). The DMA and N accumulation of HD-MA were significantly positively correlated with leaf photosynthetic rate, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) accumulation in stems, root oxidation activity, zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in roots, and nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity in HD. (3) In the range of 0~216 kg ha−1 panicle N application rate (PNAR), the rice yield was maximum under the PNAR at 108 kg ha−1. The optimal PNAR for the highest yield of Jinxiangyu 1 was calculated based on the quadratic regression with values of 139.5 kg ha−1, and the highest yield was 9.72 t ha−1. The leaf photosynthetic rate, NSC accumulation in stems, root oxidation activity, Z + ZR contents in roots, and NR activity in leaves in rice were higher under 108 kg ha−1 PNAR. Excessive application of panicle fertilizer reduced the above physiological indicators and rice yield. The above results showed that optimizing N fertilizer could increase the leaf photosynthetic rate, NSC accumulation in stems, root oxidation activity, Z + ZR contents in roots, and NR activity from HD to MA, which was beneficial to improving DMA and N uptake during HD-MA, thus improving grain yield and N utilization efficiency in rice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change)
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17 pages, 4105 KiB  
Article
Growth, Yield, and Agronomic Use Efficiency of Delayed Sown Wheat under Slow-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer and Seeding Rate
by Muhammad Rizwan Shoukat, Yves N’Dri Bohoussou, Naeem Ahmad, Ibrahim A. Saleh, Mohammad K. Okla, Mohamed S. Elshikh, Adeel Ahmad, Fasih Ullah Haider, Khuram Shehzad Khan, Muhammad Adnan, Quaid Hussain and Muhammad Waheed Riaz
Agronomy 2023, 13(7), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071830 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2770
Abstract
Delayed sowing of wheat is a common problem in Punjab that exacerbates serious yield loss. However, individual or combined applications of seed rate and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer significantly impacted their efficacy in improving crop growth and productivity. In this regard, the present study [...] Read more.
Delayed sowing of wheat is a common problem in Punjab that exacerbates serious yield loss. However, individual or combined applications of seed rate and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer significantly impacted their efficacy in improving crop growth and productivity. In this regard, the present study explored the potential of slow-release nitrogen fertilizers (control (CK), simple urea (SU), neem-coated urea (NCU), and sulfur-coated urea (SCU)) to improve the growth, yield, and physiological and biochemical attributes of delayed sown wheat with three seed rate [(100 kg ha−1 (S1), 125 kg ha−1 (S2), and 150 kg ha−1 (S3)]. The study was carried out at the Postgraduate Agricultural Research Station of the University of Agriculture Faisalabad in 2018–19 and 2019–20. The study findings revealed that the sulfur-coated urea performed better under S3 seed rate. Combining SCU with S3 significantly increased leaf area index by 0.99 cm2 and plant height by 8.24% compared to simple urea, maximum spikelets, and spike length by 3.9 and 3.8 cm, respectively. The SCU with S3 treatment also increased the biological yield by 43% and 41% and the grain yield by 46% in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, respectively, compared to CK. Similarly, higher N contents in straw and grain were recorded in the interaction of SCU with S3 treatment. Likewise, the SCU with S3 treatment enhanced the physiological attributes, i.e., chlorophyll contents and transpiration rate, by 18% and 25%, respectively, and decreased internal CO2 by 25.5%, compared to CK. In conclusion, applying sulfur-coated urea with a seed rate of 150 kg ha−1 could be considered a potential strategy for improving the growth and productivity of delayed sown wheat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Phenology and Nitrogen Fertilizer under Global Climate Change)
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