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Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition

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A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotic Therapy in Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 23186

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Prof. Dr. Andreas Braun

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Clinic for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Interests: periodontology; endodontology; cariology; photodynamics; laser dentistry
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Dr. Felix Krause

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Dear Colleagues,

After the success of the first volume of the Special Issue entitled “Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy”, we are planning to launch a second volume on the same topic.

The fundamental element of systematic periodontal or endodontic therapy is the removal of bacterial biofilms from the outer and inner surfaces of the teeth. In some cases, the use of an antibiotic that is effective against the individual germ spectrum may be justified in order to control disease processes and prevent the spread of inflammatory processes to other areas of the body. However, the possible side effects on the whole organism or even the development of resistance must be considered. Alternative approaches such as antimicrobial photochemical, photodynamic and photothermal methods use laser energy to induce a toxic effect on microorganisms. In the context of the treatment of periodontitis of different stages and severity as well as endodontic therapy measures, such methods show promising results, especially in adjuvant application to conventional approaches, and could therefore be a useful complement to existing periodontal and endodontic antimicrobial treatment measures. Volume 2 of this Special Issue aims to include actual studies on the use of antimicrobial therapy approaches in periodontal and endodontic therapy.

Prof. Dr. Andreas Braun
Dr. Felix Krause
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

periodontology
endodontology
cariology
photodynamics
laser dentistry

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Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy in Antibiotics (15 articles)

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8 pages, 769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Attitudes of Dental Students towards the Prescription of Antibiotics during Endodontic Treatment

by Lauzan haj Khalaf, Salma Kabbaj and Babacar Toure

Antibiotics 2024, 13(10), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13100913 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 640

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic-prescribing attitudes of dental students during the management of endodontic infections. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in the five faculties of dental medicine in Morocco. A self-administered questionnaire was used and completed online. This questionnaire has three parts: the first includes the socio-demographic data, the second is related to the types of antibiotics prescribed, and the final addresses clinical scenarios in which antibiotics are prescribed. Data were analyzed with Jamovi, and X₂ and ANOVA tests were performed. Results: Three hundred and sixty-five students participated in this study. The average duration of antibiotic therapy was 5.87 ± 1.45. Of all the students, 83.8% prescribe amoxicillin first. For patients with penicillin allergy, clindamycin was the most prescribed, amounting to 53.9%. Antibiotics are prescribed for all pulp and periapical pathologies. For acute pulpitis and acute apical periodontitis, a statistically significant difference between the different faculties was noted (p = 0.03). Regarding apical abscesses, antibiotic prescription was more frequent at the public faculty of Casablanca, corresponding to 92.8%. (p = 0.02). Conclusion: It appears from this study that there is a need for faculties to develop innovative teaching models to improve students’ level of knowledge on antibiotics and their indications in endodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Gingival Crevicular Fluid after Minimally Invasive Periodontal Surgery with or without Er:YAG and Nd:YAG Laser Application

by Ewa Dolińska, Anna Skurska, Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska, Robert Milewski and Małgorzata Pietruska

Antibiotics 2024, 13(8), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080704 - 27 Jul 2024

Viewed by 993

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate alterations in the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) within gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) extracted from the intrabony periodontal defect site before and after minimally invasive regenerative surgery, with or without supplemental laser application. The surgical procedure was performed using the modified minimally invasive surgical technique (M-MIST). Methods: Thirty-eight patients, each presenting with a single vertical defect, were randomly assigned to either the test (M-MIST + Er:YAG + Nd:YAG) or the control group (M-MIST). IL-8 and MMP-9 levels (primary outcomes of the study) were assessed prior to therapy, after 2 and 4 weeks, and 6 months following the surgical procedure by means of dedicated ELISA kits. Results: Both procedures were clinically effective as evidenced by probing depth (PD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain at the 6-month follow-up. No statistical differences were observed in the levels of MMP-9 and IL-8 between the groups at any time point assessed. The changes in the level of MMP-9 and IL-8 over time were not statistically significant in any group. IL-8 was positively correlated with MMP-9 in the control group throughout the study and in the test group 2 weeks and 6 months post-op. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the additional application of Er:YAG + Nd:YAG lasers alongside the M-MIST procedure did not enhance the clinical and biochemical treatment outcomes compared to M-MIST alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporary Root Canal Obturation with a Calcium Hydroxide-Based Dressing: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Johannes-Simon Wenzler, Wolfgang Falk, Roland Frankenberger and Andreas Braun

Antibiotics 2023, 12(12), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121663 - 26 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2974

Abstract

Successful bacterial inactivation or elimination is essential for successful outcomes in endodontics. This study investigated the efficacy of a calcium hydroxide paste (Ca(OH)₂) as a temporary medical dressing for 1 week after chemomechanical root canal treatment (CMRCT). Microbiological samples from 26 patients were collected after endodontic emergency treatment as follows: (1) removal of the provisional filling material; (2) CMRCT; (3) irrigation with sodium hypochlorite I (3%); (4) medicinal insertion of Ca(OH)₂; and (5) irrigation with sodium hypochlorite II (3%). A microbiological examination was carried out after the specimens had been taken from the root canals via saline and sterile paper points. CMRCT resulted in a significant reduction in total bacterial load (TBL) in the root canal (p < 0.05). Additional irrigation (3) resulted in a further significant reduction in TBL (p < 0.05). In contrast, Ca(OH)₂ medication did not prevent the bacterial load from returning to the previous level immediately after CMRCT, but did not increase above that level either (p < 0.05). However, the increase in TBL was significant (p < 0.05) in comparison with the disinfection groups (I/II). Administration of Ca(OH)₂ for 1 week shows that in combination with an additional disinfection procedure, an increase in TBL must be expected, but not above the level of conditions after CMRCT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacteremia Prevention during Periodontal Treatment—An In Vivo Feasibility Study

by Patrick Jansen, Georg Conrads, Johannes-Simon Wenzler, Felix Krause and Andreas Braun

Antibiotics 2023, 12(10), 1555; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12101555 - 20 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2258

Abstract

The link between periodontitis and systemic diseases has increasingly become a focus of research in recent years. In this context, it is reasonable—especially in vulnerable patient groups—to minimize bacteremia during periodontal treatment. The aim of the present in vivo feasibility study was to investigate the possibility of laser-based bacteremia prevention. Patients with stage III, grade B generalized periodontitis were therefore treated in a split-mouth design either with prior 445 nm laser irradiation before nonsurgical periodontal therapy or without. During the treatments, clinical (periodontal measures, pain sensation, and body temperature), microbiological (sulcus samples and blood cultures before, 25 min after the start, and 10 min after the end of treatment), and immunological parameters (CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α) were obtained. It was shown that periodontal treatment-related bacteremia was detectable in both patients with the study design used. The species isolated were Schaalia georgiae, Granulicatella adiacens, and Parvimonas micra. The immunological parameters increased only slightly and occasionally. In the laser-assisted treatments, all blood cultures remained negative, demonstrating treatment-related bacteremia prevention. Within the limitations of this feasibility study, it can be concluded that prior laser disinfection can reduce bacteremia risk during periodontal therapy. Follow-up studies with larger patient numbers are needed to further investigate this effect, using the study design presented here. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 2749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Lipoprotein-Gene ragB-1 of Porphyromonas gingivalis—A Pilot Study

by Sarah Böcher, Hendrik L. Meyer, Evdokia Dafni and Georg Conrads

Antibiotics 2023, 12(9), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12091458 - 19 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1178

Abstract

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) is a key pathogen involved in periodontal diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and phylogenetic origin of the lipoprotein-gene ragB in its most virulent variant, ragB-1 (co-transcribed with ragA-1 as locus rag-1), in different P.g. strains collected worldwide. A total of 138 P.g. strains were analyzed for the presence of ragB-1 by pooled analysis and subsequently individual PCRs. Sequencing a core fragment of ragB-1 of the individual strains made it possible to carry out a phylogenetic classification using sequence alignment. In total, 22 of the 138 P.g. strains tested positive for ragB-1, corresponding to a prevalence of 16%. The fragment investigated was highly conserved, with variations in the base sequence detected in only three strains (OMI 1072, OMI 1081, and OMI 1074). In two strains, namely OMI 1072 (original name: I-433) and OMI 1081 (original name: I-372), which originate from monkeys, two amino-acid alterations were apparent. Since ragB-1 has also been found in animal strains, it may be concluded that rag-1 was transferred from animals to humans and that this originally virulent variant was weakened by mutations over time so that new, less virulent, adapted commensal versions of rag (rag-2, -3, and -4), with P.g. as the host, evolved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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Review

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20 pages, 2150 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Different Wavelengths of LED Lights in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Periodontal Disease

by Yasuo Takeuchi, Akira Aoki, Koichi Hiratsuka, Chanthoeun Chui, Akiko Ichinose, Nay Aung, Yutaro Kitanaka, Sakura Hayashi, Keita Toyoshima, Takanori Iwata and Shinich Arakawa

Antibiotics 2023, 12(12), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121676 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2550

Abstract

Therapeutic light has been increasingly used in clinical dentistry for surgical ablation, disinfection, bio-stimulation, reduction in inflammation, and promotion of wound healing. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a type of phototherapy, has been used to selectively destroy tumor cells. Antimicrobial PDT (a-PDT) is used to inactivate causative bacteria in infectious oral diseases, such as periodontitis. Several studies have reported that this minimally invasive technique has favorable therapeutic outcomes with a low probability of adverse effects. PDT is based on the photochemical reaction between light, a photosensitizer, and oxygen, which affects its efficacy. Low-power lasers have been predominantly used in phototherapy for periodontal treatments, while light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have received considerable attention as a novel light source in recent years. LEDs can emit broad wavelengths of light, from infrared to ultraviolet, and the lower directivity of LED light appears to be suitable for plaque control over large and complex surfaces. In addition, LED devices are small, lightweight, and less expensive than lasers. Although limited evidence exists on LED-based a-PDT for periodontitis, a-PDT using red or blue LED light could be effective in attenuating bacteria associated with periodontal diseases. LEDs have the potential to provide a new direction for light therapy in periodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Interaction of Two Widely Used Endodontic Irrigants, Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite, and Its Impact on the Disinfection Protocol during Root Canal Treatment

by Dirk-Joachim Drews, Anh Duc Nguyen, Antje Diederich and Christian Ralf Gernhardt

Antibiotics 2023, 12(3), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030589 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 9114

Abstract

In recent years, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate have been the gold standard of irrigation solutions utilized within the disinfection protocol during root canal treatments. Nowadays, it is known that, during chemical disinfection of the root canal, consecutive application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate leads to the formation of an orange-brown precipitate. This precipitate is described as being chemically similar to para-chloroaniline, which is suspected to have cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Concerns also exist regarding its influence on the leakage of root canal fillings, coronal restorations, and tooth discoloration. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the interaction of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine digluconate on the tooth and its surrounding tissues, and to discuss the effect of the precipitate formed during root canal treatment. We further address options to avoid the formation of the precipitate and describe alternative irrigation solutions that should not interact with sodium hypochlorite or chlorhexidine digluconate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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Other

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30 pages, 2426 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Microbiome of Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review of Next-Generation Sequencing Studies

by Koay Chun Giok and Rohit Kunnath Menon

Antibiotics 2023, 12(11), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12111610 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2449

Abstract

(1) Introduction: Current evidence shows that mechanical debridement augmented with systemic and topical antibiotics may be beneficial for the treatment of peri-implantitis. The microbial profile of peri-implantitis plays a key role in identifying the most suitable antibiotics to be used for the treatment and prevention of peri-implantitis. This systematic review aimed to summarize and critically analyze the methodology and findings of studies which have utilized sequencing techniques to elucidate the microbial profiles of peri-implantitis. (2) Results: Fusobacterium, Treponema, and Porphyromonas sp. are associated with peri-implantitis. Veillonella sp. are associated with healthy implant sites and exhibit a reduced prevalence in deeper pockets and with greater severity of disease progression. Streptococcus sp. have been identified both in diseased and healthy sites. Neisseria sp. have been associated with healthy implants and negatively correlate with the probing depth. Methanogens and AAGPRs were also detected in peri-implantitis sites. (3) Methods: The study was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42023459266). The PRISMA criteria were used to select articles retrieved from a systematic search of the Scopus, Cochrane, and Medline databases until 1 August 2023. Title and abstract screening was followed by a full-text review of the included articles. Thirty-two articles were included in the final qualitative analysis. (4) Conclusions: A distinct microbial profile could not be identified from studies employing sequencing techniques to identify the microbiome. Further studies are needed with more standardization to allow a comparison of findings. A universal clinical parameter for the diagnosis of peri-implantitis should be implemented in all future studies to minimize confounding factors. The subject pool should also be more diverse and larger to compensate for individual differences, and perhaps a distinct microbial profile can be seen with a larger sample size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

The use on antibiotics and analgesics in acute endodontic care: A register-based study in Sweden


Andreas Cederlund (a), Margareta Hultin (b), Frida Lundgren (d) & Bodil Lund (b,c)



(a) Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Eastmaninstitutet, Folktandvården Stockholm, Sweden; 
(b) Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 
(c) Medical Unit of Plastic Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;  
(d) The National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm, Sweden.

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