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Applied Mechanics
Special Issues
Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials
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Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials

A special issue of Applied Mechanics (ISSN 2673-3161).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 19674

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Anna Rudawska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Production Computerisation and Robotisation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
Interests: analysis of the influence of technological and structural factors on the strength of adhesive joints of polymers and metals; design of bonding technologies; testing of adhesive properties; issues related to obtaining the appropriate adhesive properties to increase the strength of adhesive joints; modification of epoxy adhesives; design of different assembly joint solutions; design of assembly technologies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

The scope of this Special Issue is the dissemination of high-quality research carried out in the area of mechanical properties of epoxy construction materials, using epoxy composites, epoxy resin epoxy adhesives, modifications of epoxy construction materials, obtaining the mechanical properties adequate to various environmental conditions, and taking advantage of epoxy construction materials, in various branches of industry. This Special Issue also intends to disseminate research carried out in the modeling, simulation, and testing of epoxy construction materials considering different advanced tests methods. Both original research papers and review articles are welcome.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

  • Mechanical properties, structure, and applications of epoxy composites, epoxy resins, and epoxy adhesives;
  • Mechanical properties of modified epoxy construction materials;
  • Advanced application of epoxy construction materials;
  • Resistance of epoxy construction materials in various environments;
  • Modeling and designing simulation of behavior epoxy construction materials in various environments;
  • Advanced tests methods of epoxy construction materials.

Prof. Dr. Anna Rudawska
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Mechanics is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • epoxy composite
  • epoxy resin
  • epoxy adhesive
  • mechanical properties
  • material properties
  • modeling
  • simulation
  • testing
  • application
  • environmental factors

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 3127 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Effect of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles on the Thermomechanical Performance of Different Forms of Carbon Allotropes/Epoxy Hybrid Nanocomposites
by Sotirios G. Stavropoulos, Aikaterini Sanida and Georgios C. Psarras
Appl. Mech. 2022, 3(2), 560-572; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech3020033 - 6 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2229
Abstract
The incorporation of ceramic nanoinclusions in carbon nanocomposites can induce additional functionality in the field of magnetic properties, piezoelectricity, etc. In this study, series of nanocomposites, consisting of different carbon nanoinclusions (carbon black, MWCNTs, graphene nanoplatelets, nanodiamonds) and magnetite nanoparticles incorporated into a [...] Read more.
The incorporation of ceramic nanoinclusions in carbon nanocomposites can induce additional functionality in the field of magnetic properties, piezoelectricity, etc. In this study, series of nanocomposites, consisting of different carbon nanoinclusions (carbon black, MWCNTs, graphene nanoplatelets, nanodiamonds) and magnetite nanoparticles incorporated into a commercially available epoxy resin were developed varying the filler type and concentration. Experimental data from the static tensile tests and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrated that the elastic tensile modulus and storage modulus of hybrid nanocomposites increase with an increase in filler content up to almost 100% due to the inherent filler properties and the strong interactions at the interface between the epoxy matrix and the nanoinclusions. Strong interactions are implied by the increasing values of the glass transition temperature recorded by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). On the contrary, tensile strength and fracture strain of the nanocomposites were found to decrease with filler content. The results highlight the potentials and capabilities of developing hybrid multifunctional nanocomposites with enriched properties while holding their structural integrity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials)
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15 pages, 4627 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Cyclic Crack Opening-Closure during Epoxy-Curing Period of a CFRP Strengthening System Bonded on Concrete Substrate
by Marc Quiertant, Claude Boulay, Laurent Siegert and Christian Tourneur
Appl. Mech. 2022, 3(1), 88-102; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech3010006 - 13 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2281
Abstract
This article investigates the potential detrimental effects of cyclic load during the installation of externally bonded (EB) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) on a damaged reinforced concrete (RC) structure. Four RC specimens were tested in three point bending to study the consequences of crack [...] Read more.
This article investigates the potential detrimental effects of cyclic load during the installation of externally bonded (EB) carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) on a damaged reinforced concrete (RC) structure. Four RC specimens were tested in three point bending to study the consequences of crack cyclic opening-closure during epoxy-curing period. A first RC specimen (without bonded CFRP) was loaded monotonically up to failure to serve as undamaged control sample. The three other specimens were pre-cracked before being subjected to a fatigue loading procedure to simulate service condition of a damaged RC structure. Two of the three pre-cracked specimens were strengthened by EB CFRP. One specimen was repaired before the fatigue test while the other one was repaired during the fatigue test. Finally, remaining capacities of all three pre-cracked specimens were measured through monotonic bending tests until failure. It was found that, although bonding of CFRP reinforcement during cyclic load can induce some interesting features with regard to serviceability, cyclic crack opening and closing alters the cure process of epoxy located below the initial crack and decreases the effectiveness of the strengthening at ultimate state. Extended experimental studies are then needed to assess reliable safety factor for the design of repairing operations in which the bridge has to be maintained in service during CFRP installation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials)
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20 pages, 6042 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Hermetically Sealed Metallic Feedthroughs through Injection-Molded Epoxy-Molding Compounds
by Mehmet Haybat, Thomas Guenther, Romit Kulkarni, Serhat Sahakalkan, Tobias Grözinger, Thilo Rothermel, Sascha Weser and André Zimmermann
Appl. Mech. 2021, 2(4), 976-995; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech2040057 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3294
Abstract
Electronic devices and their associated sensors are exposed to increasing mechanical, thermal and chemical stress in modern applications. In many areas of application, the electronics are completely encapsulated with thermosets in a single process step using injection molding technology, especially with epoxy molding [...] Read more.
Electronic devices and their associated sensors are exposed to increasing mechanical, thermal and chemical stress in modern applications. In many areas of application, the electronics are completely encapsulated with thermosets in a single process step using injection molding technology, especially with epoxy molding compounds (EMC). The implementation of the connection of complete systems for electrical access through a thermoset encapsulation is of particular importance. In practice, metal pin contacts are used for this purpose, which are encapsulated together with the complete system in a single injection molding process step. However, this procedure contains challenges because the interface between the metallic pins and the plastic represents a weak point for reliability. In order to investigate the reliability of the interface, in this study, metallic pin contacts made of copper-nickel-tin alloy (CuNiSn) and bronze (CuSn6) are encapsulated with standard EMC materials. The metal surfaces made of CuNiSn are further coated with silver (Ag) and tin (Sn). An injection molding tool to produce test specimens is designed and manufactured according to the design rules of EMC processing. The reliability of the metal-plastic interfaces are investigated by means of shear and leak tests. The results of the investigations show that the reliability of the metal-plastic joints can be increased by using different material combinations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials)
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15 pages, 6767 KiB  
Article
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Enhanced Bagasse-Epoxy Hybrid Composites under Varied Low Tensile Strain Rates
by Tan Ke Khieng, Sujan Debnath, Mahmood Anwar, Alokesh Pramanik and Animesh Kumar Basak
Appl. Mech. 2021, 2(4), 863-877; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech2040050 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2460
Abstract
The production demand of high-performance polymer composites utilizing natural and renewable resources, especially agricultural waste fibres, is rapidly growing. However, these polymers’ mechanical properties are strain rate-dependent due to their viscoelastic nature. Particularly, for natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs), the involvement of fillers [...] Read more.
The production demand of high-performance polymer composites utilizing natural and renewable resources, especially agricultural waste fibres, is rapidly growing. However, these polymers’ mechanical properties are strain rate-dependent due to their viscoelastic nature. Particularly, for natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs), the involvement of fillers has caused rather complex failure mechanisms under different strain rates. Moreover, unevenly and micro-sized bagasse-reinforced polymer composites often cause the formation of micro-cracks and voids in composites. Consequently, the rates of crack initiation and propagation of these composites become extremely sensitive. This, in turn, causes low and unpredictable tensile performance at higher tensile crosshead speeds, even within the low strain rate range. In this study, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were applied to enhance the bagasse-epoxy composites’ strength. The effects of the weightage in the SWCNT loadings on the composites’ tensile properties were subsequently investigated under low strain rates of 0.0005 s−1, 0.005 s−1 and 0.05 s−1. The composites’ failure shifted to a higher distribution (65.7% improvement, from 37.23 to 61.68 MPa, across strain rates) due to the addition of 0.05% SWCNTs, as indicated in a Weibull distribution plot. The high aspect ratio and strong interface adhesion of SWCNTs in and toward the epoxy matrix contributed significantly to the composites’ strengths. However, a further increase in SWCNT content in the tested composites caused early embrittlement due to agglomeration. The toughness and characteristic strength improved significantly as the strain rate increased. A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed that the SWCNTs’ high aspect ratios and large surface areas improved the interface bonding between the filler and matrix. However, higher SWCNT loadings (0.15% and 0.25%) caused a reverse effect in the same properties of these composites under the same strain rate variations, due to agglomeration. Finally, an empirical relationship was developed to describe the strain rate effect of tensile properties containing 0.05% SWCNT-reinforced bagasse-epoxy composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials)
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20 pages, 5183 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Characterization of Bio-Epoxy Eggshell Composites
by Stephen Owuamanam, Majid Soleimani and Duncan E. Cree
Appl. Mech. 2021, 2(4), 694-713; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech2040040 - 29 Sep 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3882
Abstract
In this study, an innovative composite was fabricated in which the matrix is partially derived from natural sources and the filler from undervalued eggshell waste material. The effect of coating eggshells and mineral limestone with 2 wt.% stearic acid on the mechanical properties [...] Read more.
In this study, an innovative composite was fabricated in which the matrix is partially derived from natural sources and the filler from undervalued eggshell waste material. The effect of coating eggshells and mineral limestone with 2 wt.% stearic acid on the mechanical properties of a bio-epoxy matrix was investigated. Eggshells and limestone (untreated and stearic acid-treated) fillers were added to the bio-epoxy matrix in quantities of 5, 10, and 20 wt.% loadings using a solution mixing technique. The CaCO3 content in eggshells was confirmed to be 88 wt.%, and the crystalline phase was found to be calcite. The stearic acid coating did not show any decrease in crystallinity of the fillers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) displayed changes in the fractured surfaces, which infers the fillers altered the bio-epoxy polymer. The mechanical property results showed enhancements in the composite tensile modulus and flexural modulus compared to the pure bio-epoxy, as expected. In contrast, despite the improvement in the tensile and flexural strengths of the stearic acid-treated fillers, the composite strength values were not higher than those of the unfilled bio-epoxy matrix. The energy absorbed by all composites in Charpy impact tests fell below that of the pure bio-epoxy and decreased with an increase in filler content for both untreated and stearic acid-treated fillers tested at 23 and −40 °C. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) with ranking based on Tukey’s method. The study identified that the addition of 5, 10, and 20 wt.% in a bio-epoxy matrix may be acceptable provided the end product requires lower tensile and flexural load requirements than those of the pure bio-epoxy. However, filler loadings below 5 wt.% would be a better choice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials)
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12 pages, 4513 KiB  
Article
Studies on the Modification of Commercial Bisphenol-A-Based Epoxy Resin Using Different Multifunctional Epoxy Systems
by Ankur Bajpai, James R. Davidson and Colin Robert
Appl. Mech. 2021, 2(2), 419-430; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech2020023 - 21 Jun 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3675
Abstract
The tensile fracture mechanics and thermo-mechanical properties of mixtures composed of two kinds of epoxy resins of different chemical structures and functional groups were studied. The base resin was a bi-functional epoxy resin based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and the other [...] Read more.
The tensile fracture mechanics and thermo-mechanical properties of mixtures composed of two kinds of epoxy resins of different chemical structures and functional groups were studied. The base resin was a bi-functional epoxy resin based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) and the other resins were (a) distilled triglycidylether of meta-amino phenol (b) 1, 6–naphthalene di epoxy and (c) fluorene di epoxy. This research shows that a small number of multifunctional epoxy systems, both di- and tri-functional, can significantly increase tensile strength (14%) over neat DGEBA while having no negative impact on other mechanical properties including glass transition temperature and elastic modulus. In fact, when compared to unmodified DGEBA, the tri-functional epoxy shows a slight increase (5%) in glass transition temperature at 10 wt.% concentration. The enhanced crosslinking of DGEBA (90 wt.%)/distilled triglycidylether of meta-amino phenol (10 wt.%) blends may be the possible reason for the improved glass transition. Finally, the influence of strain rate, temperature and moisture were investigated for both the neat DGEBA and the best performing modified system. The neat DGEBA was steadily outperformed by its modified counterpart in every condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Construction Materials)
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