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Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 December 2023) | Viewed by 26152

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Dr. Angela Pia Cazzolla

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Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
Interests: orthodontics; paediatric dentistry; rare diseases; craniofacial morphology; COVID-19 disease
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Dr. Domenico Ciavarella

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Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, FG, Italy
Interests: obstructive sleep apnea; temporomandibular joint disease; orthodontics; craniofacial morphology
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Dr. Nunzio Francesco Testa

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Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, FG, Italy
Interests: maxillofacial dismorphism; maxillofacial surgery; orthodontics; implantology; oral pathology
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Dr. Michele Di Cosola

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Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
Interests: implantology; maxillofacial dismorphism; maxillofacial surgery; oral pathology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

I invite you to contribute to a Special Issue of Applied Sciences entitled "Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery", which aims to present the most up-to-date knowledge in the field of new technologies applied to dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery.

In the last decade, dentistry and maxillofacial surgery have seen important progress in the field of materials, means and methods used, with a notable improvement in the field of clinical applications. Knowledge of the application of new technologies, of the interaction process of new materials with oral tissues and of the biological effects they can produce, is necessary to improve the quality of treatments and avoid serious side effects. This Special Issue focuses on the most recent significant innovations applied in the main branches of dentistry, such as restorative dentistry, prosthetics, oral surgery, implantology, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery, focusing attention on the technological aspects (digital imaging, CAD/CAM), on surgical methods (oncological reconstructive surgery on the head and neck, post-traumatic surgery, temporo-mandibular pathologies) and on the clinical aspects of the various biomaterials.

Therefore, I invite you to submit your research on these topics, in the form of original research papers, reviews, and perspective articles.

Dr. Angela Pia Cazzolla
Dr. Domenico Ciavarella
Dr. Nunzio Francesco Testa
Dr. Michele Di Cosola
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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17 pages, 5734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Color Stability, Stainability, and Surface Roughness of Permanent Composite-Based Milled and 3D Printed CAD/CAM Restorative Materials after Thermocycling

by Hatice Nalan Bozoğulları and Tuğba Temizci

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11895; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111895 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2508

Abstract

With the developments in digital dentistry in recent years, subtractive and additive manufacturing and materials have emerged for the production of dental restoration. Novel permanent composite-based restorative materials are also among these materials. Because of their variety and increased use by clinicians, it is also important to know the properties, such as surface roughness and color stability, that are necessary for the longevity of these new materials. This study aimed to investigate the color stability, stainability, and surface roughness (R_a) of additively and subtractively manufactured permanent composite-based restorative materials and compare them with a feldspathic glass ceramic. Two different subtractively manufactured composite-based blocks (Cerasmart 270, Vita Enamic), two different additively manufactured permanent composite-based resins (Crowntec and Permanent Crown Resin), and one feldspathic glass ceramic (Vita Mark II) as a control were compared. A total of 150 specimens were prepared (10 per material for surface roughness and 20 per material for color stability and stainability). The R_a values and the color parameters were measured before and after thermocycling. The specimens of the staining test were then divided into two subgroups and stored for 7 days in distilled water (control) or coffee. The color parameters were remeasured after the storage period. The color differences (∆E₀₀) were evaluated for each measuring range, and these values are interpreted in terms of clinical perceptibility (ΔE₀₀ ≤ 1.30) and clinical acceptability (ΔE₀₀ ≤ 2.25) thresholds. All data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). While Vita Enamic exhibited the highest mean R_a, Crowntec showed the lowest mean R_a after thermocycling. Crowntec had the highest mean ΔE₀₀ both after thermocycling and storage in solutions. While Vita Mark II displayed the lowest mean ΔE₀₀ after thermocycling. Cerasmart 270 showed the lowest stainability in coffee. All tested materials showed acceptable surface roughness after thermocycling that was equal to or below the plaque accumulation threshold of 0.2 µm. However, the mean ΔE₀₀ of tested materials were lower than clinical acceptability thresholds, except for Crowntec in all measuring ranges and Vita Enamic immersed in coffee. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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13 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Premixed Tricalcium Silicate Containing Bioceramic Sealer Used with Warm Carrier-Based Technique: A 12-Month Prospective Pilot Study

by Andrea Spinelli, Fausto Zamparini, Jacopo Lenzi, Maria Giovanna Gandolfi and Carlo Prati

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11835; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111835 - 29 Oct 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1347

Abstract

Background: This pilot prospective study analysed the clinical use of a new bioceramic premixed CaSi-containing sealer in association with a warm carrier-based technique. Methodology: Healthy patients (n = 38) requiring 40 root canal treatments were enrolled. Periapical X-rays were taken preoperatively, after root canal filling and after 1, 6, and 12 months. Two evaluators assessed the Periapical Index (PAI) and the sealer extrusion. The healing rate and survival rate were also evaluated. Barnard test was used to assess the relationship of each potential prognostic factor with periapical index (PAI) at 12-month follow-up. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Root canal treatments (n = 38) were analysed at the end-line (12 months). The total drop-out was 5% (two patients; two teeth). A total of 31 teeth (82%) (PAI 1-2) showed complete healing, while 7 (18%) are still healing. Cumulative survival was 100%. Apical extrusion of the sealers was observed in 18 cases (47%). Of these extrusions, nine (50%) resulted radiographically undetectable after 12 months. Conclusions: The study supports the use of premixed CaSi-based bioceramic sealers in association with carrier-based techniques. Periapical extrusion of the sealer and its radiographic modification or disappearance are possible events reported in the first 12 months. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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11 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Biomarkers Measured on Salivary Matrix: Study of Biological Variability in a Cohort of Young Subjects

by Vincenzo Brescia, Angela Pia Cazzolla, Antonietta Fontana, Lucia Varraso, Carmela Capobianco, Roberto Lovero, Lorenzo Lo Muzio, Mario Dioguardi, Maria Felicia Faienza, Vito Crincoli, Francesca Di Serio and Domenico Ciavarella

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10234; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810234 - 12 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1034

Abstract

Levels of bone turnover markers (BTM) can be measured using saliva. The aim of the present study was to determine the Biological Variability of BTM in young subjects, on serial biological salivary samples. Saliva samples of 20 apparently healthy young subjects (9 females and 11 males) have been analyzed. Samples collected using salivette with cotton swabs were obtained three times every 15 days. PTHrP; TRAcP-5b and P1NP have been assayed. The ANOVA test was used to calculate intra and interindividual variance (CVI and CVG). The individuality index (II) and reference change value (RCV) were evaluated for the clinically significant variation between two results in the same individual. CVI was highest for PTHrP and lowest for P1NP while CVG was highest for TRAcP-5b. RCV was maximum for PTHrP and minimum for P1NP. The critical difference (RCV) is of particular interest in evaluating variations in the concentrations of BMT on the salivary matrix during oral pathologies and/or dental treatments The salivary dosage of BMT during dental treatments could be fundamental to establishing establish the timing of the treatment and, in the case of orthodontic treatments, to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied forces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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21 pages, 9156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate versus Delayed Implant Placement in Patients with Tooth Agenesis: An In-Line Retrospective Pilot Study Comparing Clinical and Patient-Related Outcomes

by Perez Alexandre, Shabana Hamzah and Tommaso Lombardi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9368; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169368 - 18 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2337

Abstract

This retrospective study compared clinical, radiological, and patient- and clinician-reported outcomes between immediate and delayed implants placed in patients with tooth agenesis as part of one-stage implant therapy with a split-mouth design. A total of 12 sites of permanent tooth agenesis in five patients received 12 implants (2.4 implants per patient), six being immediate implants in deciduous teeth post-extraction sites, and six being late implants replacing already extracted or spontaneously lost deciduous teeth. Data reporting was performed descriptively without statistical comparative analysis between study groups. Radiographic crestal bone level changes between the time of surgery and 1-year post-surgery did not indicate any marked difference between treatment groups. Patient-reported outcomes related to post-surgical pain and patient preference indicated less pain in immediately treated sites, resulting in a corresponding patient preference related to this treatment modality. Clinician-rated satisfaction levels did not differ. The results of this pilot study support the use of immediate implant placement as a suitable procedure in cases of tooth agenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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16 pages, 4934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcome of Class I and II Restorations with and without an Intermediary Layer of a Flowable Composite after 24 Months: A Prospective, Randomized, Split-Mouth-Designed, Controlled and Single-Blinded Clinical Trial

by Christian Ralf Gernhardt, Anh Duc Nguyen, Mary Michaelis and Natalie Pütz

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4224; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074224 - 27 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3496

Abstract

The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the impact of an additional use of a flowable composite on the clinical success of Class I and II composite restorations. Furthermore, different clinical criteria were recorded to determine if the combination with a flowable material shows significant advantages compared to the composite material alone. In 50 patients, one cavity was solely filled with a nano-hybrid composite (control group) and the second cavity in combination with an additional layer of flowable composite (test group) using a universal adhesive system in the self-etch modus. Clinical assessments were performed according to the modified criteria proposed by USPHS/Ryge. After 24 months, 47 patients were examined resulting in a recall rate of 94%. The cumulative survival rate for all restorations after 24 months was 96.8%. Three restorations (3.2%) failed due to the loss of vitality. All failed restorations were located in the test group (6.4%), and none in the control group (0%). This resulted in a cumulative success rate in the control group of 100% and 93.6% in the test group, showing a significantly different annual failure rate (AFR) of 0% and 3.2%, respectively (p < 0.05; Mann–Whitney U-test). Beside the differences regarding the tooth vitality, success rate, and AFR, no significant influence of the flowable composite on the different evaluated clinical parameters could be detected. Therefore, the application of an additional layer of the flowable composite might have neither a positive nor a negative effect on composite restorations in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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11 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anchorage Loss Evaluation during Maxillary Molars Distalization Performed by Clear Aligners: A Retrospective Study on 3D Digital Casts

by Saveria Loberto, Valeria Paoloni, Chiara Pavoni, Paola Cozza and Roberta Lione

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3646; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063646 - 13 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4337

Abstract

The purpose of the research was to analyze the premolar and canine anchorage loss observed during maxillary molars distalization in subjects with Class II malocclusion treated with clear aligners. A total of 49 subjects (27 females, 22 males, mean age 14.9 ± 6 years) derived from the Department of Orthodontics of the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: Caucasian ancestry, Class I or minor Class II skeletal malocclusion, Class II occlusal relationship, permanent dentition with fully erupted second molars, and good compliance with aligners. Each patient underwent the same non-extractive molar distalization protocol with no auxiliaries other than attachments and Class II elastics. Prior to treatment (T1) and at the end of the first maxillary molars distalization movement (T2), digital dental casts were taken by using an iTero intraoral scanner. Linear measurements were performed in order to evaluate the anchorage loss at the level of the second and first premolars and the canines. The statistical comparison of T2 and T1 values was obtained using a paired t-test (p < 0.05). A statistically significant distalization of the maxillary first permanent molars (2.5 mm) was observed; a slight and not significant anchorage loss of the first and second premolars was assessed, while a statistically significant mesial movement of upper canines (1.33 mm) was highlighted. Clear aligner treatment was effective in obtaining a molar distalization movement. However, during molar distalization, an anchorage loss at the level of upper canines was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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17 pages, 4987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of NiTi Rotary Files Fabricated through Gold-Wire, CM-Wire, T-Wire, and R-Phase Heat Treatment

by Soram Oh, Tae-Hwan Kim and Seok Woo Chang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3604; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063604 - 11 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5267

Abstract

Although nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary files are invaluable tools in dentistry, the relationship between their properties and performance has not been elucidated. Herein, the performance of gold heat-treated (ProTaper Gold and ProfaTaper Gold), controlled memory (CM)-wire (HyFlex CM and V Taper 2H), T-wire (2Shape), and R-phase heat-treated (K3XF) NiTi files was evaluated; the non-heat-treated ProFile was used as the control. The bending, buckling, cyclic fatigue, and torsional resistances of the NiTi files were determined, and their phase transformation behavior was studied through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The angle of rotation until fracture (ARF), ultimate torsional strength (UTS), and stiffness were evaluated via torsional resistance testing. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc analyses were conducted using the Games–Howell test and Tukey’s test. ProFile displayed the highest buckling resistance (8 N), CM-wire NiTi files exhibited the lowest bending resistance (0.660–0.758 N cm), and HyFlex CM displayed the highest cyclic fatigue resistance. ProTaper Gold exhibited high UTS and low ARF. K3XF demonstrated high bending resistance and the lowest cyclic fatigue resistance. The CM-wire NiTi files were the most suitable for use in curved canals, while the gold-wire NiTi files were ideal for constricted canals. ProFile was recommended for use in re-treatment cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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12 pages, 5153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Numerical-Method-Aided Optimization of a Novel Attachment System for Implant-Retained Dental Prostheses Using NiTi Shape Memory Alloys

by Pejman Shayanfard, Frank Wendler, Philipp Hempel and Matthias Karl

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010491 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1826

Abstract

While nickel-titanium (NiTi) is the primary shape memory alloy (SMA) used in endodontic instruments, restorative dental components so far have not been fabricated from SMAs. The flexibility of these materials may solve problems in implant prosthodontics resulting from non-parallel implant positions and transfer inaccuracies. Based on a prototype of a novel attachment system for implant overdentures, a finite element model was created and used for studying different loading situations and design parameters followed by numerical analysis aided design optimization. The results revealed that the basic design of the attachment is capable of compensating misalignments of supporting implants as well as transfer inaccuracies of a clinically relevant magnitude by accommodating the large deformations induced under masticatory loading upon martensitic phase transformation at almost constant stress. The application of NiTi resulted in the reduction of the reaction forces recorded in the surrounding of the supporting implant, as well, the reaction forces between male and female parts of the attachment system could be reduced which will minimize wear phenomena and subsequent maintenance costs. These effects were seen to be enhanced in the optimized design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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13 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Dental Erosion and Diet in Young Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

by Dolores Casaña Ruiz, Laura Marqués Martínez and Esther García Miralles

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3519; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063519 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3210

Abstract

Dental erosion is the irreversible loss of tooth enamel caused by acid attack without any bacterial involvement. Interest in dental erosion has increased considerably during the past decade. This paper aims to determine the prevalence of and association of dental erosion with diet or beverages in children. A systematic review of the literature has been carried out in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. A search was performed in PubMed, Embase Scopus and Web of Science databases, and completed manually. Those studies that dealt with erosive risk factors related to diet and that included their effect on deciduous or mixed dentition were selected. Dual independent screening, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were concluded. A total number of 708 articles were identified from the initial electronic search of the four databases. Some 466 articles were selected after duplicated articles were discarded. After reading the title and abstract, we eliminated 376 articles; the remaining 90 were meant to be read in order that we could dispatch the ones that did not answer the research question or the inclusion criteria. A total of 25 articles remained for the systematic review. Erosive lesions are favored by the consumption of carbonated and isotonic drinks, fruit juices and acid sauces. Carbonated, isotonic drinks and fruit drinks favor the development of erosive lesions, not so the consumption of fruit juices mixed with dairy products such as milkshakes, yogurts and/or tea. The findings of this article will help researchers, academics and students to characterize the scientific results regarding dental erosion and diet, to evaluate management strategies and to identify significant topics and questions that will help to design future research with the aim of the prevention of the disease. Registration number: CDR42023389750. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology Applied to Dentistry and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery)

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