Applied Sciences

Editorial

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7 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: “Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II”

by Monica Gallo

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 10816; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910816 - 29 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1138

Abstract

Bioactive components are substances that positively influence the organism, resulting in a physiological benefit and/or reduction in the risk of developing certain pathologies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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22 pages, 3979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Profile, Atherogenic and Thrombogenic Indices, and Meat Quality as the Effect of Feed Additive in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

by Milena Bušová, Lenka Kouřimská, Marek Doležal, Vojtech Ilko, Diomid Revenco, Mahyar Zare, Jan Matoušek, Ilario Ferrocino, Irene Franciosa, Petr Smejkal, Matěj Přeslička and Markéta Prokešová

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(18), 10058; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810058 - 6 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1358

Abstract

Humic substances (HS) are often used as feesd additives in livestock feeding. The long-term effects of different concentrations of HS additives in aquafeed on growth and production performance, antioxidant status, stress resistance, gut microbiome, overall health condition, final product yield, sensory properties of [...] Read more.

Humic substances (HS) are often used as feesd additives in livestock feeding. The long-term effects of different concentrations of HS additives in aquafeed on growth and production performance, antioxidant status, stress resistance, gut microbiome, overall health condition, final product yield, sensory properties of fresh and cooked meat, and composition of fatty acids of market size in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) originating from aquaculture were compared in this study. C. gariepinus were exposed to dietary inclusions of HS (0, 1, and 3, and 6% w/w) in a long-term experiment (six months in total) until fish reached market size. The growth parameters, condition factor, and selected somatic indices did not differ (p > 0.05) between the tested groups (HS0–HS6). Biochemical parameters were not different between the tested HS groups by the end of experiment, and only glucose (GLC) levels significantly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of HS fed as an additive. The levels of cortisol (COR) and GLC did not differ between the tested groups (p > 0.05) after the stress challenge, but the results of GLC levels before and after the stress challenge showed an increasing tendency with increasing levels of HS addition in the diet. The levels of COR were slightly lower in groups HS3 and HS6 than in HS1 and the control group. In the case of protein and fat contents, differences between groups (HS0–HS6) were statistically insignificant. Significant differences were found, however, in water and ash content. In some cases, statistically significant differences were found in fatty acid profiles and in nutritional indices assessing fatty acids between samples. Sensory characteristics of fresh fillets did not differ between the tested groups HS0–HS6. The total content of polyphenols increased depending on the addition of humates. The main gut microbiota of samples analyzed (HS0–HS3 group) comprised the following three genera: Ralstonia, Pseudomonas and Cetobacterium; other genera were present in all samples at a low relative abundance: Staphylococcus, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, and Anaerobacillus. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas decreased while the presence of Cetobacterium increased in samples fed with 3% of HS. The results of our study yielded a comprehensive set of experimental results about African catfish fed with HS as additives. Although a significant effect of HS on overall performance of C. gariepinus was not proven, a positive effect on antioxidant status was seen as well as a decrease in gut microorganisms that can be present as pathogenic contaminants in aquatic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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11 pages, 1575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Resveratrol and Static Magnetic Field Interactions on the Oxidation–Reduction Parameters of Melanoma Malignant Cells

by Agnieszka Synowiec-Wojtarowicz, Agata Krawczyk and Magdalena Kimsa-Dudek

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8042; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148042 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1180

Abstract

Background: Scientific research has confirmed the biological activity of resveratrol, which includes its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and anticancer properties. There is no known interaction between a static magnetic field and resveratrol that can modulate resveratrol’s effect on cells. Thus, the main aim [...] Read more.

Background: Scientific research has confirmed the biological activity of resveratrol, which includes its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and anticancer properties. There is no known interaction between a static magnetic field and resveratrol that can modulate resveratrol’s effect on cells. Thus, the main aim of our research was to assess the effect of the co-exposure to resveratrol and a static magnetic field on the oxidation–reduction homeostasis of C32 and Colo829 melanoma cells. Methods: The studies consisted of determining the activity of the antioxidant enzymes that constitute the body’s first line of defense—SOD, GPx and CAT—and determining the lipid peroxidation product—MDA—and the value of the total antioxidant status of melanoma cells. Results and conclusions: Resveratrol was shown to exhibit anticancer properties, possibly through the ferroptosis of melanoma cells. A static magnetic field was also found to abolish the anticancer properties of resveratrol and to have a protective effect against melanoma cells by restoring the redox balance in the cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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19 pages, 1408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Interactions between Linalool and Some Antimycotic Agents against Candida spp. as a Basis for Developing New Antifungal Preparations

by Anna Biernasiuk and Anna Malm

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5686; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095686 - 5 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2040

Abstract

The incidence of superficial infections, including oral candidiasis, has recently increased significantly. Their treatment is quite difficult due to the growing resistance of Candida spp. to antifungal agents. Therefore, it is necessary to search for novel antimycotics or alternative antifungal therapies. The purpose [...] Read more.

The incidence of superficial infections, including oral candidiasis, has recently increased significantly. Their treatment is quite difficult due to the growing resistance of Candida spp. to antifungal agents. Therefore, it is necessary to search for novel antimycotics or alternative antifungal therapies. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of natural terpene—linalool (LIN)—against both reference fungi belonging to yeasts and Candida spp. isolates from the oral cavities of immunocompromised, hemato-oncology patients. Moreover, its mechanism of action and interactions with selected antifungal drugs or antiseptics were investigated. The broth microdilution technique, ergosterol or sorbitol tests, and a checkerboard method were used for individual studies. The LIN showed potential activity toward studied strains of fungi with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the range of 0.5–8 mg/mL and fungicidal effect. This compound was also found to bind to ergosterol in the yeast cell membrane. Additionally, the interactions between LIN with antiseptics such as chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium, and triclosan showed beneficial synergistic effect (with FIC = 0.3125–0.375), or an additive effect with silver nitrate and chlorquinaldol (FIC = 0.625–1). Moreover, statistically significant differences in MIC values were found for the synergistic combinations of LIN. No interaction was indicated for nystatin. These results confirm that the LIN seems to be a promising plant component used alone or in combination with other antimycotics in the prevention and treatment of superficial fungal infections. However, further clinical trials are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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18 pages, 5202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Pterospartum tridentatum Leaf Extract in Acute and Chronic Inflammation

by Inês Martins Laranjeira, João N. D. Gonçalves, Cátia Gonçalves, Marlene Silva, Nuno Mouta, Alberto C. P. Dias and Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(7), 4494; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074494 - 1 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

Pterospartum tridendatum is an important source of active compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. The ability of P. tridentatum leaves methanolic extract in preventing/reversing inflammation was studied in adult rats using a model of experimental osteoarthritis (OA) and ear edema. Control animals (SHAM) were administered [...] Read more.

Pterospartum tridendatum is an important source of active compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. The ability of P. tridentatum leaves methanolic extract in preventing/reversing inflammation was studied in adult rats using a model of experimental osteoarthritis (OA) and ear edema. Control animals (SHAM) were administered phosphate buffer solution (PBS), while OA animals received either P. tridentatum 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, or a commercial anti-inflammatory (15 mg/Kg, Ibuprofen) via gavage, daily, for three weeks. Ear edema was induced, and the animals were divided into five groups treated with: (i) ethanol, (ii) P. tridentatum, (iii) croton oil, (iv) croton oil + P. tridentatum, and (v) croton oil + medrol. The inflammatory effect was evaluated by the measurement of the knee and ear edema. The chromatographic profile, evaluated by HPLC-DAD, showed numerous phenolic compounds are present. In the docking analysis of these compounds, isoquercetin demonstrated strong molecular interactions for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARƴ, respectively), protein kinase 2 subunit α (CK2 α), and 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteins. Genistein had strong docking binding energies for CK2α and prostaglandin H (2) synthase-1. Our analysis showed the treatment with P. tridentatum extract reversed OA-induced edema in the rat knee, as well as ear edema, highlights this plant as a potential source of compounds that can be used as adjuvants in the management of inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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10 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential of Amaranth as a Basic Raw Material for the Production of Pasta for a Vegan Diet

by Ilze Beitane and Alla Marisheva

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3944; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063944 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

The growing public interest in vegan products due to their association with health creates a need for new nutritious products that could cover nutritional deficiencies in the vegan diet. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of amaranth pasta and amaranth pasta blends [...] Read more.

The growing public interest in vegan products due to their association with health creates a need for new nutritious products that could cover nutritional deficiencies in the vegan diet. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of amaranth pasta and amaranth pasta blends with buckwheat or oat flour for a vegan diet to provide the limiting nutrients. Different types of pasta were developed in the current study—pasta from amaranth flour, and pasta samples from amaranth flour partly substituted with buckwheat or oat flour. The nutritional and energetic value, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and iron content were determined for all samples. All developed pasta samples can be evaluated as products with increased nutritional value, which provide more than 15% protein of the total energy with a sufficient content of lysine, methionine, and threonine; the iron content in the samples covered over 30% of the daily reference intake for iron; and the content of unsaturated fatty acids was above 70% of the total fat content. More nutritious pasta for a vegan diet can be obtained by substituting amaranth flour with buckwheat or oat flour. By improving the technology of amaranth pasta developed to obtain instant pasta, it would be possible to develop disaster food with high nutritional value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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12 pages, 1093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Antibacterial Activity, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of Nine Hypericum Species Grown in Greece

by Eleni Kakouri, Dimitra Daferera, Panayiotis Trigas, Despina Charalambous, Maria Pantelidou, Petros A. Tarantilis and Charalabos D. Kanakis

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3305; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053305 - 5 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2558

Abstract

Hypericum perforatum is an herb whose use dates back centuries. Extracts of the plant are available as over-the-counter treatment options for depression. The genus consists of approximately 500 species, most of which have not yet been studied. Antimicrobial resistance has reached alarming levels, [...] Read more.

Hypericum perforatum is an herb whose use dates back centuries. Extracts of the plant are available as over-the-counter treatment options for depression. The genus consists of approximately 500 species, most of which have not yet been studied. Antimicrobial resistance has reached alarming levels, indicating a post-antibiotic era as many of the available treatment options become less effective. For this reason, nine Hypericum species were studied for their antimicrobial activity and their total phenolic and flavonoid content. Extracts were tested against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Extracts inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis). The lowest MIC and MBC values were calculated for the extract of H. perforatum against both microorganisms tested, reaching 0.06 mg/mL for S. aureus and 0.13 mg/mL for E. faecalis. Total phenolic content was the highest in the H. perforatum extract (86 ± 12.90 mg GAE/g dry plant material). H. tetrapterum presented the highest flavonoid content, equal to 1.58 ± 0.4 mg RE/g of dry plant material. The Hypericum species studied herein are less common or have not yet been examined compared to H. perforatum; therefore, our study adds new data to the knowledge of the genus Hypericum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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20 pages, 1719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Mutagenic and Immunomodulatory Effects of Astragali Radix Extract on a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Mouse Model

by Hye-Rim Park, Joo Wan Kim, Jung-Ok Lee, Jong-Deuk Ahn, Min-Cheol Yang, Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir, Jae-Suk Choi and Sae-Kwang Ku

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 2959; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052959 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1681

Abstract

Although the immunomodulatory effects of Astragali Radix extract (AR) have been documented, its anti-mutagenic activity, a problem arising from chemotherapeutic agents, is rarely reported. Therefore, the anti-mutagenic and immunomodulatory effects of AR were investigated using a cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppressed mouse model to develop [...] Read more.

Although the immunomodulatory effects of Astragali Radix extract (AR) have been documented, its anti-mutagenic activity, a problem arising from chemotherapeutic agents, is rarely reported. Therefore, the anti-mutagenic and immunomodulatory effects of AR were investigated using a cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppressed mouse model to develop an alternative immunomodulatory agent. The fluid-bed-dried aqueous extract of AR containing 37.5% dextrin and exopolymers purified from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001 (EAP) were used in this study. The therapeutic potentials of AR at doses ranging from 100 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg was estimated by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) based cytotoxicity and splenocyte proliferation assay, body weight and lymphatic organ weight measurements, hematological measurements, serum and spleen cytokine level measurements, natural killer (NK) cell activity measurements, real-time RT-PCR expressions of splenic mRNA, a micronucleus test, histopathological observations, and immunohistochemical measurements. In CPA-treated mice, a clear immunosuppressive effect was observed for all tested parameters. However, the oral administration of AR (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent and favorable inhibitory activities on CPA-induced immunosuppression and mutagenicity as compared to 200 mg/kg EAP. Furthermore, AR (100–400 mg/kg) up-regulated the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) which are related to NK-, T-, and B-cell activation, with no critical cytotoxicity. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that AR at an appropriate oral dose could act as a potential alternative agent with significant anti-mutagenicity and immunomodulatory properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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12 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addition of Mentha arvensis in Infusions of Cleistocalyx operculatus Improves the Hedonic Score and Retains the High Antioxidant and Anti Lipid-Peroxidation Effects

by Tran Thi Le Minh, Luu Thi Bich Kieu, Son Thi Tuyet Mai, Dang Long Bao Ngoc, Le Thi Bich Thuy, Nguyen Thi Quyen, Ton Trang Anh, Le Van Huy, Nguyen Vu Phong, Chung Thi My Duyen, Nguyen Hoang Minh and Gontier Eric

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052873 - 23 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2053

Abstract

(1) Background: Many human diseases are associated with oxidative stress, which is caused by reactive oxygen species and free radicals generated in living cells. Some biomass extracts derived from various types of plants can act as efficient drugs against pathological disorders related to [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Many human diseases are associated with oxidative stress, which is caused by reactive oxygen species and free radicals generated in living cells. Some biomass extracts derived from various types of plants can act as efficient drugs against pathological disorders related to oxidative stress. Numerous herbal blends have thus been shown to improve health. Cleistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.) Merr. and L.M.Perry teas have been considered in that way. Problem: Because of amertume, the taste of C. operculatus avoids or limits a large use of such alleged healthy leaf infusions. (2) Methods: The phytochemistry, oxygen, free radical scavenging activity, and antilipid peroxidation of C. operculatus teas were here studied in vitro. Then different mixes of C. operculatus and Mentha arvensis were infused together and tasted in a hedonic test. The chemical and biological properties of the best mix were then analyzed. (3) Results: The herbal blend of C. operculatus revealed significant scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) with IC₅₀ values of 35.6 µg/mL. Induced by hydroxyl radicals, this beverage could significantly inhibit the lipid peroxidation of mouse brain homogenates. Our results demonstrate that the lipid peroxidation inhibition of dried leaves of C. operculatus might be related to its scavenging effects on oxygen free radicals. This C. operculatus bitter blend was then combined with various amounts of M. arvensis Linn. The taste was evaluated, and further biochemical analyses were conducted on the best 7/3 ratio. They showed that the healthy properties were maintained. (4) Conclusion: The optimized 7/3 ratio of the Cleistocalyx/Mentha mix led to the best results in terms of taste (sensory tests). It is demonstrated that the potential health benefits against oxidative stress remained high as compared with pure C. operculatus infusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

14 pages, 11309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Isolation Procedure for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Spent Coffee Grounds

by Theodoros Chatzimitakos, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Konstantina Kotsou, Dimitrios Palaiogiannis, Eleni Bozinou and Stavros I. Lalas

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 2819; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052819 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3270

Abstract

Due to the worldwide consumption of coffee, many tons of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are discarded each year, as a by-product of coffee preparation. Not only their disposal is costly, but also it may cause the release of compounds that can endanger the [...] Read more.

Due to the worldwide consumption of coffee, many tons of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are discarded each year, as a by-product of coffee preparation. Not only their disposal is costly, but also it may cause the release of compounds that can endanger the environment. However, there are valuable chemical compounds that can be extracted from SCGs and used in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the main parameters affecting the extraction of caffeine and polyphenols (i.e., chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid) and to evaluate the antioxidant properties of the extracts. To this end, extraction solvent, temperature, time, and liquid-to-solid ratio were studied. A response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction process. According to the results, the caffeine content of the optimum extract was found to be 6.14 mg/g in dry SCGs, the total polyphenol content was 19.85 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, while the ferric reducing antioxidant power and DPPH scavenging values were 136.69 μmoL ascorbic acid equivalents/g and 230.41 μmoL DPPH/g, respectively. The experimental values were in close agreement with the predicted ones, highlighting the potential of SCGs to be used for the isolation of bioactive compounds with the proposed extraction procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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25 pages, 6986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Phenolic Compounds from Chlorella vulgaris and Comparison with Conventional and Supercritical Fluid Extraction

by Ioulia Georgiopoulou, Soultana Tzima, Vasiliki Louli and Kostis Magoulas

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2740; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042740 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4173

Abstract

The production of bioactive products from microalgae biomass with efficient and environmentally friendly technologies is a field of great research interest. The present work focuses on the recovery of high-added value bioactive components from Chlorella vulgaris through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with aq. ethanol [...] Read more.

The production of bioactive products from microalgae biomass with efficient and environmentally friendly technologies is a field of great research interest. The present work focuses on the recovery of high-added value bioactive components from Chlorella vulgaris through microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with aq. ethanol 90% v/v. The effect of extraction temperature (40–60 °C), duration (5–25 min), solvent-to-biomass ratio (20–90 mL_solv/g_biom), and microwave power (300–800 watts) was investigated regarding the extraction yield, extract’s chlorophyll, carotenoid and phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. MAE optimization at 60 °C, 300 watts, 14 min, and 22 mL_solv/g_biom led to 11.14% w/w yield, 63.36 mg/g_extr total chlorophylls, 7.06 mg/g_extr selected carotenoids of astaxanthin, lutein and β-carotene, 24.88 mg/g_extr total carotenoids, 9.34 mg_GA/g_extr total phenolics, and 40.49 mg_extr/mg_DPPH IC₅₀ (antioxidant activity indicator). Moreover, the conventional solid-liquid extraction (SLE) with aq. ethanol 90% v/v, the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO₂, as well as SFE with cosolvent addition (10% w/w ethanol), were also performed for comparison purposes. The results revealed that SLE presented the highest yield. However, the non-conventional methods of MAE and SFE led to extracts of competitive or even better quality under significantly shorter extraction duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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19 pages, 6338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous Extracts of Four Medicinal Plants and Their Allelopathic Effects on Germination and Seedlings: Their Morphometric Characteristics of Three Horticultural Plant Species

by Renata Erhatić, Dijana Horvat, Zoran Zorić, Maja Repajić, Tanja Jović, Martina Herceg, Matea Habuš and Siniša Srečec

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042258 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3799

Abstract

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon of synthesizing and excreting compounds that can affect the growth of various organisms, i.e., plant species. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible allelopathic influence of aqueous extracts, obtained from plant species chia (Salvia [...] Read more.

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon of synthesizing and excreting compounds that can affect the growth of various organisms, i.e., plant species. The aim of this work was to investigate the possible allelopathic influence of aqueous extracts, obtained from plant species chia (Salvia hispanica L.), black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), and nettle (Urtica dioica L.), on the seed germination growth and morphometric characteristics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings in laboratory conditions. Pepper, spinach, and lettuce seedlings were treated with aqueous extracts of chia, nettle, wormwood, and black cumin of different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10%, respectively). The aqueous extracts were prepared according to the method developed by Norsworthy and the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in aqueous extracts were performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Phytochemical composition of chia aqueous extracts showed the highest content (above the 1 mg L⁻¹) of epicatechin, quinic acid, caffeic acid, esculetin and cinnamic acid in the comparison with others from the total of 19 detected chemical compounds. In aqueous extracts of black cumin, there were six compounds detected in content above 1 mg L⁻¹, i.e., epicatechin, quinic acid, caffeic acid, esculetin, cinnamic acid, and kaempferol. The same compounds were the most abundant in wormwood extracts, along with gallic acid. Epicatechin and esculetin were only two compounds detected in aqueous extract of nettle in concentration higher than 1 mg L⁻¹. According to the results of this study, only the treatment of spinach seeds with chia aqueous extract in concentration of 2.5% before germination stimulates the germination of spinach seeds, and wormwood herbs and chia extracts in concentrations of 2.5 and 5% stimulate the germination of lettuce seeds and the growth of hypocotyl and radicle length of developed seedlings. The treatment of pepper and lettuce seeds with aqueous extract of nettle in concentration of 10% completely inhibited seed germination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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25 pages, 8217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Adsorption of Crystal Violet and Chromium (VI) by Activated Carbon Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds

by Ilyasse Loulidi, Maria Jabri, Abdelouahed Amar, Abderahim Kali, Awad A. Alrashdi, Chaimaa Hadey, Mbarka Ouchabi, Palsan Sannasi Abdullah, Hassane Lgaz, Youngjae Cho and Fatima Boukhlifi

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020985 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3275

Abstract

In the context of the circular economy, used coffee grounds were transformed into powdered activated carbon by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide. Its characterisation was conducted in comparison with that of a commercial activated carbon by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy [...] Read more.

In the context of the circular economy, used coffee grounds were transformed into powdered activated carbon by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide. Its characterisation was conducted in comparison with that of a commercial activated carbon by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Boehm titration, and point zero charge (pH_PZC) and by determination of the methylene blue number (MBN) and the iodine number (IN). Performance of the prepared activated carbon was tested in the adsorption of the cationic dye crystal violet (CV) and hexavalent chromium. Batch adsorption tests were carried out and the effects of operating parameters were studied. The results collected on the adsorption kinetics show that the adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics and that the Langmuir isotherm best fits the equilibrium data for crystal violet and hexavalent chromium. The thermodynamic study showed that the adsorption of both adsorbates is spontaneous and exothermic and leads to a decrease in disorder at the solid–liquid interfaces. These results indicate that this activated carbon can be used as an alternative adsorbent to remove cationic dyes and heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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21 pages, 4970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Response Surface Method in Pulsed Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Complex Plant Materials—A Case Study on Cannabis sativa L.

by Zbigniew Kobus, Agnieszka Buczaj, Anna Pecyna, Jacek Kapica, Pavol Findura and Sławomir Kocira

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(2), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13020760 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2096

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to optimize the effect of particle size, time and ultrasonic intensity on the extraction of phenolic compounds and energy efficiency. Sonication was performed with a VC750 Sonics processor at the following amplitudes: 30, 50 and 70%, which [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to optimize the effect of particle size, time and ultrasonic intensity on the extraction of phenolic compounds and energy efficiency. Sonication was performed with a VC750 Sonics processor at the following amplitudes: 30, 50 and 70%, which corresponds to the ultrasonic intensity, respectively: 1.6; 5.1 and 8.6 W∙cm⁻². The frequency of ultrasound was 20 kHz. Extraction was carried out in a 5 s on–10 s off pulse system. The content of polyphenols and their antioxidant activity were assayed by the spectrophotometric method. Response surface methodology (RMS) was used to optimize the investigated variables. On the basis of the developed model, the highest polyphenols yield was obtained under the following extraction conditions (particle size 0.65 mm, extraction time 13.14 min, ultrasound intensity 6.92 W∙cm⁻², which resulted in a maximum value of 15.24 mg GAE∙g⁻¹ dry matter of hemp. Taking into account the lowest unit energy consumption, the best conditions were obtained for particle size of approx. 0.5 mm, extraction time 7.7 min, and ultrasound intensity 1.8 W∙cm⁻², which resulted in a phenolic yield of 10.14 mg GAE∙g⁻¹ dry matter of hemp. The best agreement between values of optimization variables within investigated criteria was obtained for the variable particle size. The developed models of pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction can be used for obtaining polyphenols from Cannabis sativa L. at low unit energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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16 pages, 2252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Melanogenesis Effect of Rosa rugosa on α-MSH-Induced B16F10 Cells via PKA/CREB Pathway Activation

by Xianrong Zhou, Jung Hwan Oh, Fatih Karadeniz, Jiho Yang, Hyunjung Lee, Youngwan Seo and Chang-Suk Kong

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010184 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2139

Abstract

Melanin protects the skin against UV damage, whereas excessive melanin accumulation causes abnormal pigmentation and even melanoma. It has been reported that Rosa rugosa exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation activities. The current study evaluated the melanogenesis-suppressing effect of R. rugosa extract and [...] Read more.

Melanin protects the skin against UV damage, whereas excessive melanin accumulation causes abnormal pigmentation and even melanoma. It has been reported that Rosa rugosa exhibits antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation activities. The current study evaluated the melanogenesis-suppressing effect of R. rugosa extract and its solvent fractions (H₂O, n-BuOH, 85% aq. MeOH, and n-hexane). The effect of R. rugosa on the extra/intra-cellular melanin and intracellular active tyrosinase levels, melanogenesis-related gene and protein expression, and PKA/CREB signaling pathway activation was investigated in α-MSH-induced B16F10 cells. The results showed that R. rugosa effectively suppressed melanin secretion and tyrosinase activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations. R. rugosa extract down-regulated the melanogenesis-related expression of genes and proteins of tyrosinase, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2. Furthermore, R. rugosa effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of the PKA/CREB proteins. Finally, the total polyphenol content of R. rugosa crude extract and its H₂O, n-BuOH, 85% aq. MeOH, and n-hexane solvent fractions were 1383.9 ± 44.5, 2004.7 ± 43.4, 7270.3 ± 54.5, 2064.1 ± 34.8, and 1091.1 ± 26.2 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g extract, respectively. The anti-melanogenesis effect of R. rugosa was suggested to be exhibited by downregulating the PKA/CREB signaling pathway potentially due to a high content of polyphenols. Overall, R. rugosa crude extract and its solvent fractions could be considered sources of bioactive ingredients that can be used against hyperpigmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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21 pages, 6424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extraction and Characterization of Fucoidan Derived from Sargassum ilicifolium and Its Biomedical Potential with In Silico Molecular Docking

by Archana Lakshmanan, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Viji Maluventhen, Arunkumar Malaisamy, Rathinasamy Baskaran, Wen-Chao Liu and Maruthupandian Arumugam

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 13010; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122413010 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3995

Abstract

Fucoidan, a polymer derived from seaweed, poses a broad range of biological applications, and its potential medicinal benefits have been widely studied over the past decade. In this study, fucoidan was extracted from marine macroalga Sargassum ilicifolium and its bioactive potential for in [...] Read more.

Fucoidan, a polymer derived from seaweed, poses a broad range of biological applications, and its potential medicinal benefits have been widely studied over the past decade. In this study, fucoidan was extracted from marine macroalga Sargassum ilicifolium and its bioactive potential for in silico molecular docking was investigated. Additionally, the computational in silico docking studies were applied on the fucoidan against anticancer and antioxidant target proteins by using Glide ligand docking, Schrodinger software. The FT-IR analysis revealed that fucoidan mainly consisted of the fucose residues (59.1%) and a few monosaccharides, such as uronic acid (11.7%) and sulphate (18.3%). The in vitro tests revealed that fucoidan possessed various antioxidative properties and anticoagulant activities. Fucoidans played an inhibitory role in the colony formation of HepG2 cells. The NADPH oxidase (−7.169 Kcal/mol) and cellular tumor antigen p53 protein (−6.205 Kcal/mol) exhibited the highest antioxidant and anticancer proteins, respectively. Overall, the present study results provide a theoretical foundation for broadening the application of fucoidan from S. ilicifolium as a pharmaceutical ingredient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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10 pages, 1830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Beech Bark Extract in the Reduction of Discomfort from Acute Pericoronitis

by Adina Simona Coșarcă, Vlad Golu, Despina Luciana Bereczki Temistocle, Anca Frățilă, Cecilia Petrovan, Sanda Cosarca, Năstaca-Alina Coman, Corneliu Tanase and Alina Ormenișan

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12351; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312351 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3038

Abstract

Pericoronitis is characterized by inflammation of the tissues surrounding an erupting tooth and occurs most commonly in lower wisdom teeth. The extent of inflammatory phenomena can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life because of the pain, bleeding, and discomfort caused by it. [...] Read more.

Pericoronitis is characterized by inflammation of the tissues surrounding an erupting tooth and occurs most commonly in lower wisdom teeth. The extent of inflammatory phenomena can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life because of the pain, bleeding, and discomfort caused by it. The treatment of pericoronitis is carried out locally by irrigation and debridement in the early stages, but also generally by antibiotic therapy, when purulent secretion is present under the operculum and in the periodontal area. This study aims to evaluate the effect of beech bark extract (BBE) in the treatment of pericoronitis of the lower third molar. Parameters evaluated were pain, trismus, and bleeding index in a clinic study. Four groups of 20 patients were evaluated and grouped according to the irrigation solution used during the treatment: chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX), BBE and chlorhexidine mixture solution 0.2% (1:1), and BBE and saline solution (control). The evaluation was carried out before and after the irrigation. Following the assessment of pain and trismus, a significant decrease in pain and a significant increase in mouth opening after 3 days was observed in patients treated with BBE, CHX, and BBE + CHX (p = 0.00). In the case of control patients, no significant decrease in pain (p = 0.83) was observed after 3 days, nor was there a significant increase in the opening of the oral cavity (p = 0.157). The evaluation of the inflammation index showed a significant decrease in gingival bleeding after 3 days for most patients treated with tested solutions (p < 0.05). It was concluded that irrigation with BBE was more effective in reducing pain, trismus, and bleeding compared to the other solutions (control, CHX, BBE + CHX), and this natural extract can be a choice in case of pericoronitis debut. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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14 pages, 1536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antiproliferative Activity of Ptaeroxylon obliquum Leaf Extracts, Fractions and Isolated Compounds on Several Cancer Cell Lines

by Edward T. Khunoana, Jacobus N. Eloff, Thanyani E. Ramadwa, Sanah M. Nkadimeng, Mamoalosi A. Selepe and Lyndy J. McGaw

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 11004; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111004 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2154

Abstract

Several cancers are induced by microbial infections or chronic inflammation. Ptaeroxylon obliquum is traditionally used to treat various infections characterized by inflammation. The in vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of P. obliquum leaf extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were determined. Antiproliferative activity was [...] Read more.

Several cancers are induced by microbial infections or chronic inflammation. Ptaeroxylon obliquum is traditionally used to treat various infections characterized by inflammation. The in vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of P. obliquum leaf extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were determined. Antiproliferative activity was assessed against normal Vero cells, and several cancerous human cells, including human breast cancer (MCF-7), hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using a colorimetric tetrazolium bromide assay. Radical scavenging activity was tested using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-instrpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. Obliquumol, O-methylalloptaeroxylin and a mixture of lupeol and β-amyrin were isolated from the chloroform fraction using silica gel open column chromatography. Acetone extracts were toxic to HepG2 cells with IC₅₀ values from 8 to 200 µg/mL but were less toxic to other cells with selectivity index as high as 14. Aqueous extracts and fractions were non-toxic at concentrations tested against all the cell lines (IC₅₀ > 100 µg/mL). Isolated compounds had IC₅₀ values ranging from 52 to 539 µg/mL and 189 to 247 µg/mL against HepG2 and HeLa cells, respectively. Light microscopy showing changes in HepG2 and HeLa cell morphology supported the cytotoxicity of the acetone extracts. Water extracts scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC₅₀ values as low as 29.06 µg/mL and 43.4 µg/mL. P. obliquum extracts may be useful as sources of anticancer therapy, as they have selective cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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26 pages, 3557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Detection of Cannabis-Induced Alteration in Cardiac Autonomic Regulation of the Indian Paddy-Field Workers Using Empirical Mode Decomposition, Discrete Wavelet Transform and Wavelet Packet Decomposition Techniques with HRV Signals

by Suraj Kumar Nayak, Maciej Jarzębski, Anna Gramza-Michałowska and Kunal Pal

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10371; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010371 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Early detection of the dysfunction of the cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR) may help in reducing cannabis-related cardiovascular morbidities. The current study examined the occurrence of changes in the CAR activity that is associated with the consumption of bhang, a cannabis-based product. For this [...] Read more.

Early detection of the dysfunction of the cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR) may help in reducing cannabis-related cardiovascular morbidities. The current study examined the occurrence of changes in the CAR activity that is associated with the consumption of bhang, a cannabis-based product. For this purpose, the heart rate variability (HRV) signals of 200 Indian male volunteers, who were categorized into cannabis consumers and non-consumers, were decomposed by Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Discrete Wavelet transform (DWT), and Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD) at different levels. The entropy-based parameters were computed from all the decomposed signals. The statistical significance of the parameters was examined using the Mann–Whitney test and t-test. The results revealed a significant variation in the HRV signals among the two groups. Herein, we proposed the development of machine learning (ML) models for the automatic classification of cannabis consumers and non-consumers. The selection of suitable input parameters for the ML models was performed by employing weight-based parameter ranking and dimension reduction methods. The performance indices of the ML models were compared. The results recommended the Naïve Bayes (NB) model developed from WPD processing (level 8, db02 mother wavelet) of the HRV signals as the most suitable ML model for automatic identification of cannabis users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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15 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ameliorative Effects of Annona muricata Leaf Ethanol Extract on Renal Morphology of Alloxan-Induced Mice

by Supri Irianti Handayani, Mutiara Intan Permata Sari, Meilania Saraswati Sardjana, Kusmardi Kusmardi, Siti Nurbaya, Rosmalena Rosmalena, Ernawati Sinaga and Vivitri Dewi Prasasty

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9141; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189141 - 12 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2912

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which affects multiple tissues including kidneys. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata) are known to have antidiabetic potential, but their molecular and cellular effects are poorly characterized. We identified the bioactive compounds [...] Read more.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which affects multiple tissues including kidneys. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata) are known to have antidiabetic potential, but their molecular and cellular effects are poorly characterized. We identified the bioactive compounds in soursop leaf ethanol extract (SLEE). The SLEE substances demonstrated the total alkaloid and total flavonoid contents. Twelve bioactive compounds profiles were identified in SLEE classified as alkaloid, flavonol glycoside, and monoterpenoid lactone derivatives. The SLEE treatments in mice were performed by dividing Swiss Webster mice into five groups, including negative and positive controls and three experimental groups provided with SLEE (doses 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW) for 14 days. The mice in the experimental groups were treated with alloxan to induce diabetes. The renal samples were stained for H&E for morphological changes. However, 600 mg/kg of SLEE showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the height of the Bowman’s space and prevented the tubularization of the left kidney’s glomerulus (p < 0.05). Altogether, we report no significant difference in the glomerular diameter, the thickness of the proximal convoluted tubules, the height of the Bowman’s space, and the glomerular tubularization after 14 days of treatment with SLEE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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10 pages, 1162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Atopic Dermatitis Activity of Cornus walteri and Identification of the Bioactive Compounds

by Bum Soo Lee, Ye-Ryeong Cho, Minju Jeong, Yoon Seo Jang, Jin-Chul Kim, Sanguine Byun and Ki Hyun Kim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8857; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178857 - 3 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by hyperactivated immune reactions in the skin. AD is a prevalent health concern in developing countries, with a particularly high incidence among children. Despite ongoing research on AD, prevention and treatment strategies for patients [...] Read more.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by hyperactivated immune reactions in the skin. AD is a prevalent health concern in developing countries, with a particularly high incidence among children. Despite ongoing research on AD, prevention and treatment strategies for patients remain inadequate. In this study, the inhibitory effects of Cornus walteri on AD were investigated. C. walteri (Cornaceae), commonly known as “Walter’s dogwood,” is a deciduous shrub used as a traditional medicine to treat dermatologic inflammation caused by lacquer poisoning. However, the role of C. walteri in AD remains largely unknown. To evaluate its anti-AD potential, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of the MeOH extract of C. walteri stems (CWS) using the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line. CWS reduced the secretion of AD-related chemokines, eotaxin-3/CCL26 and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17). In addition, CWS also inhibited the mRNA expression of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and upregulated filaggrin, which plays an essential role in skin barrier functions. To identify the bioactive constituents of CWS, phytochemical investigation of CWS led to the isolation of potential bioactive constituents (1–6), including four triterpenoids, one steroid and one diterpene analog, the structures of which were identified as lupeol (1), betulinic acid (2), 5α-stigmast-3,6-dione (3), 3-O-acetylbetulin (4), betulinic acid methyl ester (5) and norphytan (6) through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography (LC)–mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The isolated compounds (1–6) were evaluated for their inhibitory activities against eotaxin-3 expression. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 significantly reduced the levels of eotaxin-3. These findings provided experimental evidence that CWS, particularly active compounds 1, 2 and 3, could be further utilized as potential therapeutic agents to treat AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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14 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Therapeutic Potential of Chrysin in Improving Bone Health

by Siva Swapna Kasarla, Sujatha Dodoala, Sunitha Sampathi, Narendra Kumar Talluri, Vijayabhaskarreddy Junnuthula and Sathish Dyawanapelly

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8728; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178728 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2055

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency is endemic worldwide. Although several strategies have been established to enhance vitamin D₃ levels, studies specifically focusing on the inhibition of vitamin D metabolism, which may prolong the availability of active vitamin D in pathological conditions, have been less [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency is endemic worldwide. Although several strategies have been established to enhance vitamin D₃ levels, studies specifically focusing on the inhibition of vitamin D metabolism, which may prolong the availability of active vitamin D in pathological conditions, have been less explored. Studies also suggest that higher doses of vitamin D₃ fail to achieve optimum vitamin D levels. In this context, we focused on the enzyme CYP3A4, which promotes the inactivation of active vitamin D. The current study aimed to decipher the impact of chrysin, a proven CYP3A4 inhibitor, as an intervention and its effects in combination with low-dose vitamin D₃ (40 IU) and bone health in vitamin D deficiency conditions. The in vivo activity of chrysin was evaluated in female Wistar albino rats fed a vitamin-D-deficient diet to attain vitamin D deficiency for 28 days. Chrysin was given alone and in combination with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and/or vitamin D₃. All therapeutic interventions were assessed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25-OH-D₃) by LC-MS and biochemical, urinary, and bone parameters. Animals treated with chrysin alone and in combination with low-dose vitamin D₃ and/or CaCO₃ showed an eminent rise in serum 25-OH-D₃ levels along with increased serum biochemical parameters. In contrast, a significant decrease in the urinary parameters followed by beneficial effects on bone parameters was noticed in contrast with the vitamin-D-deficient diet group. Our findings revealed that although chrysin alone showed a notable effect on 25-OH-D₃ and osseous tissue, comparatively, it showed an intensified therapeutic effect in combination with vitamin D₃ and CaCO₃_, which can be employed as a cost-effective option to improve bone health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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13 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of a Natural Polyphenol Extract from Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) on the Growth, Survival, and Feed Conversion Efficiency of Juvenile Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

by Sam Penglase, Thomas Ackery, Barry Kitchen, Matthew Flavel and Kelly Condon

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8090; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168090 - 12 Aug 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2330

Abstract

Farmed shrimp feeds are under continuous development to maximise shrimp growth, health, and feed efficiency. There is evidence in aquaculture species that botanical ingredients may be capable of improvements in each of these traits. However, the full potential of these ingredients remains largely [...] Read more.

Farmed shrimp feeds are under continuous development to maximise shrimp growth, health, and feed efficiency. There is evidence in aquaculture species that botanical ingredients may be capable of improvements in each of these traits. However, the full potential of these ingredients remains largely unexplored. We investigated the effect of dietary additions of a polyphenol-rich sugarcane extract (PRSE) at the rate of 0, 2, 4, or 6 g kg⁻¹ of diet, on the growth, survival, feed conversion ratio, and pathogen loading of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) over a 10-week feeding period in a small-scale intensive RAS system. Shrimp fed the highest level of PRSE compared to the control were 54% heavier (15.4 vs. 10.0 g; p < 0.05), had 39% lower feed conversion ratios (1.9 vs. 3.1; p < 0.05), had a higher survival rate (50 vs. 26%), and an increased carapace length (27.5 vs. 23.3 mm; p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that polyphenol-rich sugarcane extracts have the potential to improve shrimp growth and FCR when added into feed formulations. Further research should be conducted in commercial rearing conditions for validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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12 pages, 5501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.): Evaluation of Proximate Composition, Polyphenol Content, Mineral and Antioxidant Activities

by Ammara Arshad, Hira Iqbal, Ayesha Siddiqa, Taha Zulfiqar, Muhammad B. K. Tareen, Dua Amna, Muhammad Shakir, Abu Hazafa, Muhammad Naeem, José M. Lorenzo and Rubén Domínguez

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11844; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411844 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4745

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to differentiate and compare the proximate composition, minerals, flesh colour, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activities of varieties of white-fleshed sweet potato (WFSP) and potato (WFP) locally grown in Pakistan. The results showed that WFP presented higher [...] Read more.

The objective of the present study was to differentiate and compare the proximate composition, minerals, flesh colour, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activities of varieties of white-fleshed sweet potato (WFSP) and potato (WFP) locally grown in Pakistan. The results showed that WFP presented higher moisture and crude fat content, while WFSP offered better ash, crude protein, and crude fibre contents. Colour analysis revealed that WFSP and WFP showed the highest L* (lightness) values and exhibited the maximum total phenolic content and total flavonoids content of 9.27 ± 0.88 mg GAE/g and 19.01 ± 0.66 mg QE/g. In vitro, results demonstrated that WFSP possessed better antioxidant activity with the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power of 58.67 ± 0.22 mM Fe²⁺/g and DPPH scavenging activity of 39.12 ± 0.33% compared to WFP. It is concluded that WFSP possesses a better proximate and mineral profile followed by higher antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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25 pages, 3656 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Bioconjugated Transition Metal Complexes for Cancer Therapy

by Enrica Bortolamiol, Fabiano Visentin and Thomas Scattolin

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5561; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095561 - 29 Apr 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3721

Abstract

The introduction of biologically relevant organic moieties in the coordination sphere of transition metal complexes has recently become a well-established strategy to increase the selectivity and biocompatibility of metallodrugs. In this review, the major advances achieved in this area of research in the [...] Read more.

The introduction of biologically relevant organic moieties in the coordination sphere of transition metal complexes has recently become a well-established strategy to increase the selectivity and biocompatibility of metallodrugs. In this review, the major advances achieved in this area of research in the last three years are described in detail. Particular attention is given to the metal complexes bearing the main biomolecules of life: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides, proteins and vitamins. Each paragraph summarizes the synthetic strategy employed to obtain the complexes of interest as well as the most interesting biological results obtained with these potential metallodrugs. Moreover, the structure–activity relationships observed by the different research groups are described and discussed, with the goal of suggesting to the reader the ligand/metal centre combinations that provide the most promising results in the fight against cancer. Some of the compounds examined in this review as well as other bioconjugated metal complexes published in recent decades exhibit interesting selectivity towards cancer cells over normal ones and a specific mode of action. These latter aspects are the basis of what is commonly known as anticancer target therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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17 pages, 1658 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) Leaf Polyphenols for Modulation of Body Composition

by Erika Dobroslavić, Ivona Elez Garofulić and Jasminka Z. Ilich

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(4), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042275 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2621

Abstract

Due to increased life spans and senescence in society, there is a growing need for supplements that enable healthy aging. Aging is accompanied by changes in body composition such as loss of bone and muscle mass and increase/redistribution of adipose tissue. These changes [...] Read more.

Due to increased life spans and senescence in society, there is a growing need for supplements that enable healthy aging. Aging is accompanied by changes in body composition such as loss of bone and muscle mass and increase/redistribution of adipose tissue. These changes may, at least in part, be alleviated by exercise, adequate diet and possibly some natural adjuvants. Laurel (L. nobilis L.) leaves are rich in secondary metabolites, especially polyphenols (mostly flavonols, phenolic acids and flavones) which have recently showed potential for modulation of body composition that could allow healthier aging. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the potential of laurel leaf polyphenols for modulating body composition. We searched the literature available on the PubMed electronic database related to the main polyphenolic representatives of laurel leaf extracts (namely, kaempferol, hydroxycinnamic acids and apigenin) and their modulation of bone, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. The search yielded 135 articles showing that the main laurel leaf polyphenols exhibit various positive effects on bones, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. These effects could ameliorate metabolic disorders related to modern lifestyles and result in an improvement of body composition and function, resulting in healthier aging, but more evidence-based research in humans is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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14 pages, 1015 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dendritic Cells (DCs)-Based Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review on the Prospects of Medicinal Plants and Their Phytochemicals as Potential Pharmacological Modulators

by Md. Selim Ahmed, Md Jamal Uddin, Muhammad Jahangir Hossen, Md. Ataur Rahman, Md. Mohibbullah, Md. Abdul Hannan and Jae-Suk Choi

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9452; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199452 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2942

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells in humans and animals that provide antigen-specific T-cell immunity in the body. It also establishes a linkage between innate and adaptive immune responses. Various studies have shown that malignancies or cancer may impair DCs and effector [...] Read more.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells in humans and animals that provide antigen-specific T-cell immunity in the body. It also establishes a linkage between innate and adaptive immune responses. Various studies have shown that malignancies or cancer may impair DCs and effector T-cell functions. DCs have now become a new molecular target for the treatment of cancer. Modified matured DCs could be novel biological modifiers to treat various diseases, including cancer. This review aims to provide an update on the impacts of various plant materials and their phytochemicals on DC-based cancer immunotherapy. Existing literature on DC-based cancer immunotherapy and plant-based pharmacological modulators has been explored over the last decade using various online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus. Mounting evidence from preclinical and clinical findings suggests that various plants and their bioactive phytochemicals are effective in modulating the immune system and signaling pathways involved in anti-tumor immunity. Despite the prospective role of herbs in DC-based cancer immunotherapy, most of the studies are limited by either preclinical models or crude plant extracts. This review provides a useful perspective for developing potential plant-derived pharmacological modulators in DC-based cancer immunotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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27 pages, 1670 KiB

Open AccessReview

Natural Sources, Pharmacological Properties, and Health Benefits of Daucosterol: Versatility of Actions

by Nasreddine El Omari, Imane Jaouadi, Manal Lahyaoui, Taoufiq Benali, Douae Taha, Saad Bakrim, Naoual El Menyiy, Fatima El Kamari, Gökhan Zengin, Sneh Punia Bangar, José M. Lorenzo, Monica Gallo, Domenico Montesano and Abdelhakim Bouyahya

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 5779; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12125779 - 7 Jun 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4655

Abstract

Daucosterol is a saponin present in various natural sources, including medicinal plant families. This secondary metabolite is produced at different contents depending on species, extraction techniques, and plant parts used. Currently, daucosterol has been tested and explored for its various biological activities. The [...] Read more.

Daucosterol is a saponin present in various natural sources, including medicinal plant families. This secondary metabolite is produced at different contents depending on species, extraction techniques, and plant parts used. Currently, daucosterol has been tested and explored for its various biological activities. The results reveal potential pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer. Indeed, daucosterol possesses important anticancer effects in many signaling pathways, such as an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bcl2, a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, upregulation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene, inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and distortion of cell-cycle progression and tumor cell evolution. Its neuroprotective effect is via decreased caspase-3 activation in neurons and during simulated reperfusion (OGD/R), increased IGF1 protein expression (decreasing the downregulation of p-AKT3 and p-GSK-3b4), and activation of the AKT5 signaling pathway. At the same time, daucosterol inhibits key glucose metabolism enzymes to keep blood sugar levels within normal ranges. Therefore, this review describes the principal research on the pharmacological activities of daucosterol and the mechanisms of action underlying some of these effects. Moreover, further investigation of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology are suggested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds from Various Sources: Beneficial Effects and Technological Applications II)

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