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Fundamentals and Applications of Reactive Materials
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Fundamentals and Applications of Reactive Materials

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 9142

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Christoph Pauly

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrucken, Germany
Interests: reactive multilayers; self-propagating reactions; ruthenium aluminide; focused ion beam; EBSD; scanning electron microscopy
Dr. Karsten Woll

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
Interests: reactive materials; self-sustaining reactions; phase transformations; diffusion; metallic multilayers; nanocalorimetry; differential scanning calorimetry; X-ray diffraction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to the Special Issue on “Fundamentals and Applications of Reactive Materials”.

In the wide range of exothermic phase formations, transformations in reactive materials are of particular interest. Reactions can be externally driven or self-sustaining following a trigger impulse. They can serve as an energy source for triggering further reactions or for joining applications as well as for the synthesis of high-temperature materials under exceptional non-equilibrium conditions. Underlying processes happen in times as short as a few microseconds on the nanometer scale while easily achieving more than 1500 K and velocities of up to more than 100 m/s. At the same time, the characteristics of the reaction are not only determined by the materials they comprise but also by their arrangement, morphology and surrounding conditions. This poses extraordinary challenges and opportunities for both fundamental research and applications, calling for high-resolution, time-resolved experiments, multiscale simulations and advanced modeling approaches that consider physical metallurgy, chemistry, advanced microstructure research and mechanical engineering.

In this Special Issue, you are invited to share the latest results in this diverse field of research. Full-length articles, communications and review articles will be considered for publication.

Dr. Christoph Pauly
Dr. Karsten Woll
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • reactive materials
  • self-propagating reactions
  • thermal explosion
  • combustion synthesis
  • reactive joining
  • ignition
  • nanocalorimetry
  • thermal analysis

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 5391 KiB  
Article
The Simulated Effect of Adding Solder Layers on Reactive Multilayer Films Used for Joining Processes
by Adam Yuile, Alexander Schulz, Erik Wiss, Jens Müller and Steffen Wiese
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052397 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2349
Abstract
In order to introduce new bonding methods in the area of electronic packaging a theoretical analysis was conducted, which should give substantial information about the potential of reactive multilayer systems (rms) to create sufficient local heat for joining processes between silicon chips and [...] Read more.
In order to introduce new bonding methods in the area of electronic packaging a theoretical analysis was conducted, which should give substantial information about the potential of reactive multilayer systems (rms) to create sufficient local heat for joining processes between silicon chips and ceramic substrates. For this purpose, thermal CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations have been carried out to simulate the temperature profile of the bonding zone during and after the reaction of the rms. This thermal analysis considers two different configurations. The first configuration consists of a silicon chip that is bonded to an LTCC-substrate (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) using a bonding layer that contains an rms and a solder preform. The reaction propagation speed of the reactive multilayer was set to a value of 1 m/s, in order to partially melt a solder preform underneath a silicon chip. The second configuration, which consists only of the LTCC-substrate and the rms, was chosen to study the differences between the thermal outputs of the two arrangements. The analysis of the CFD simulations was particularly focused on interpretations of the temperature and liquid fraction contours. The CFD thermal simulation analysis conducted contains a melting/solidification model which can track the molten/solid state of the solder in addition to modelling the influence of latent heat. To provide information for the design of a test-substrate for experimental investigations, the real behaviour of Pt-100 temperature probes on the LTCC-substrate was simulated, in order to monitor an actual bonding in the experiment. All simulations were carried out using the ANSYS Fluent software. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals and Applications of Reactive Materials)
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13 pages, 3020 KiB  
Article
Phase Transformation and Characterization of 3D Reactive Microstructures in Nanoscale Al/Ni Multilayers
by Yesenia Haydee Sauni Camposano, Sascha Sebastian Riegler, Konrad Jaekel, Jörg Schmauch, Christoph Pauly, Christian Schäfer, Heike Bartsch, Frank Mücklich, Isabella Gallino and Peter Schaaf
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9304; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199304 - 7 Oct 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2476
Abstract
Reactive multilayer systems represent an innovative approach for potential usage in chip joining applications. As there are several factors governing the energy release rate and the stored chemical energy, the impact of the morphology and the microstructure on the reaction behavior is of [...] Read more.
Reactive multilayer systems represent an innovative approach for potential usage in chip joining applications. As there are several factors governing the energy release rate and the stored chemical energy, the impact of the morphology and the microstructure on the reaction behavior is of great interest. In the current work, 3D reactive microstructures with nanoscale Al/Ni multilayers were produced by alternating deposition of pure Ni and Al films onto nanostructured Si substrates by magnetron sputtering. In order to elucidate the influence of this 3D morphology on the phase transformation process, the microstructure and the morphology of this system were characterized and compared with a flat reactive multilayer system on a flat Si wafer. The characterization of both systems was carried out before and after a rapid thermal annealing treatment by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the cross sections, selected area diffraction analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The bent shape of multilayers caused by the complex topography of silicon needles of the nanostructured substrate was found to favor the atomic diffusion at the early stage of phase transformation and the formation of two intermetallic phases Al0.42Ni0.58 and AlNi3, unlike the flat multilayers that formed a single phase AlNi after reaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals and Applications of Reactive Materials)
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18 pages, 3876 KiB  
Article
A Benchmark Study of Burning Rate of Selected Thermites through an Original Gasless Theoretical Model
by Sarah Brotman, Mehdi Djafari Rouhani, Samuel Charlot, Alain Estève and Carole Rossi
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6553; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146553 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3305
Abstract
This paper describes a kinetic model dedicated to thermite nanopowder combustion, in which core equations are based on condensed phase mechanisms only. We explore all combinations of fuels/oxidizers, namely Al, Zr, B/CuO, Fe2O3, WO3, and Pb3 [...] Read more.
This paper describes a kinetic model dedicated to thermite nanopowder combustion, in which core equations are based on condensed phase mechanisms only. We explore all combinations of fuels/oxidizers, namely Al, Zr, B/CuO, Fe2O3, WO3, and Pb3O4, with 60 % of the theoretical maximum density packing, at which condensed phase mechanisms govern the reaction. Aluminothermites offer the best performances, with initiation delays in the range of a few tens of microseconds, and faster burn rates (60 cm s−1 for CuO). B and Zr based thermites are primarily limited by diffusion characteristics in their oxides that are more stringent than the common Al2O3 barrier layer. Combination of a poor thermal conductivity and efficient oxygen diffusion towards the fuel allows rapid initiation, while thermal conductivity is essential to increase the burn rate, as evidenced from iron oxide giving the fastest burn rates of all B- and Zr-based thermites (16 and 32 cm·s−1, respectively) despite poor mass transport properties in the condensed phase; almost at the level of Al/CuO (41 versus 61 cm·s−1). Finally, formulations of the effective thermal conduction coefficient are provided, from pure bulk, to nanoparticular structured material, giving light to the effects of the microstructure and its size distribution on thermite performances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals and Applications of Reactive Materials)
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