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Applied Sciences
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Salivary Biomarkers: Future Diagnostic and Clinical Utilities
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Salivary Biomarkers: Future Diagnostic and Clinical Utilities

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 16015

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Anna Zalewska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Experimental Dentistry Laboratory, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej 24A Str., 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
Interests: saliva; oxidative stress; salivary gland pathology; dental materials; mitochondria; antioxidants.
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mateusz Maciejczyk

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
Interests: oxidative stress; antioxidants; redox state; Mitochondria; redox biomarkers; salivary biomarkers; neurodegeneration; immunodeficiency; Chromosome Instability; colorectal cancer
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Karolina Gerreth

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Risk Group Dentistry, Chair of Pediatric Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska Street, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
Interests: oral health; epidemiology; disabilities; chronic diseases; rare disaeses; genetic diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Saliva is a secretion of the salivary glands that provides a fluid environment for the oral cavity. Saliva moisturizes the tissues of the oral cavity, enables articulation, takes part in digestion, and protects the surface of teeth and mucous membranes from external factors. Increasingly, saliva is also used in biomedical diagnostics. This fact is not surprising, because saliva is a rich source of proteins, lipids, hormones, and electrolytes. Special attention should be paid to salivary immune defense systems, which include lactoferrin, lysozyme, peroxidase, histatins, and mucins. Saliva is used in the diagnosis of not only oral diseases, but also systemic diseases such as cancer and metabolic, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune disorders. In this Special Issue, we deal with the use of salivary biomarkers in oral and medical diagnostics.

Prof. Dr. Anna Zalewska
Dr. Mateusz Maciejczyk
Dr. Karolina Gerreth
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • antioxidants
  • oxidative stress
  • saliva
  • salivary biomarkers
  • salivary diagnostics
  • salivary markers in general diseases
  • salivary markers in oral diseases

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1636 KiB  
Article
The Association of Salivary Conductivity with Cardiomegaly in Hemodialysis Patients
by An-Ting Lee, Yen-Pei Lu, Chun-Hao Chen, Chia-Hao Chang, Yuan-Hsiung Tsai, Chun-Wu Tung and Jen-Tsung Yang
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7405; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167405 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2248
Abstract
Patients on maintenance hemodialysis are at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Fluid overload is generally regarded as the main cause of cardiovascular death among them. Cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) by chest plain film is routinely performed to evaluate their volumetric states and [...] Read more.
Patients on maintenance hemodialysis are at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Fluid overload is generally regarded as the main cause of cardiovascular death among them. Cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) by chest plain film is routinely performed to evaluate their volumetric states and cardiac conditions. We recently reported that salivary conductivity is a reliable marker for assessing fluid status in healthy adults. This cross-sectional study aims to explore the association between salivary conductivity and CTR. Cardiomegaly is defined as a CTR greater than 0.5. A total of 129 hemodialysis patients were enrolled, 42 of whom (32.6%) had cardiomegaly. Patients with cardiomegaly had significantly lower serum osmolality, lower serum sodium, and lower salivary conductivity, but a higher percentage of underlying atrial fibrillation. In the multiple linear regression analysis, CTR was negatively associated with salivary conductivity or to the serum sodium level and positively correlated with older age. We further divided patients into low, medium, and high salivary conductivity groups according to the tertials of conductivity levels. There was a significant trend for the increment of cardiomegaly from high to low salivary conductivity groups (p for trend: 0.021). The receiver operating characteristic curves for the diagnostic ability of salivary conductivity on cardiomegaly reported the area under the curve equal to 0.626 (95% CI: 0.521–0.730, p = 0.02). Moreover, older age and higher serum osmolality were independent determinants for salivary conductivity by multiple linear regression analysis. This work has presented that salivary conductivity is a novel approach to uncover fluid overload and cardiomegaly among chronic hemodialysis patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Biomarkers: Future Diagnostic and Clinical Utilities)
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10 pages, 1368 KiB  
Article
Salivary Extracellular DNA and DNase Activity in Periodontitis
by Barbora Konečná, Alexandra Gaál Kovalčíková, Alexandra Pančíková, Bohuslav Novák, Eva Kovaľová, Peter Celec and Ľubomíra Tóthová
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7490; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217490 - 25 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2850
Abstract
Extracellular DNA (ecDNA) is a potential marker and predictor in several inflammatory diseases. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is associated with epithelial cell death and could lead to release of DNA. Our aim was to analyze salivary DNA concentration and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity [...] Read more.
Extracellular DNA (ecDNA) is a potential marker and predictor in several inflammatory diseases. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease, is associated with epithelial cell death and could lead to release of DNA. Our aim was to analyze salivary DNA concentration and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity in periodontitis patients. We hypothesized that salivary ecDNA will be higher than in controls and could serve as a marker of periodontitis severity. Samples of saliva were collected from 25 patients with chronic periodontitis and 29 age-matched controls. DNA was quantified fluorometrically in whole saliva, as well as in supernatants after centrifugation (depletion of cells at 1600× g) and in double-centrifuged supernatants (depletion of cell debris at 1600× g and 16,000× g). The subcellular origin of ecDNA was assessed using real-time PCR. In comparison to controls, patients with periodontitis had twofold higher salivary DNA (p < 0.01), higher mitochondrial DNA in centrifuged supernatants (p < 0.05) and lower nuclear ecDNA in double-centrifuged samples (p < 0.05). No correlations were found between salivary DNA and oral health status, but mitochondrial DNA positively correlated with papillary bleeding index in centrifuged samples. Salivary DNase activity was comparable between the groups. In conclusion, we proved that salivary DNA is higher in periodontitis. The source of the higher mitochondrial DNA in cell-free saliva and the causes of lower nuclear ecDNA remain to be elucidated. Further studies should focus on the role of mitochondrial DNA as a potential driver of inflammation in periodontitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Biomarkers: Future Diagnostic and Clinical Utilities)
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Review

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22 pages, 859 KiB  
Review
The Link between Oral and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and a Synopsis of Potential Salivary Biomarkers
by Allison Bartlett, Robert G. Gullickson, Rajan Singh, Seungil Ro and Stanley T. Omaye
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6421; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186421 - 15 Sep 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6452
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide recent evidence for the oral–gut axis connection and to discuss gastrointestinal (GI) immune response, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, and potential salivary biomarkers for determining GI health. IBD affects an estimated 1.3% of the US [...] Read more.
The objective of this review is to provide recent evidence for the oral–gut axis connection and to discuss gastrointestinal (GI) immune response, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, and potential salivary biomarkers for determining GI health. IBD affects an estimated 1.3% of the US adult population. While genetic predisposition and environment play a role, abnormal immune activity and microbiota dysbiosis within the gastrointestinal tract are also linked in IBD pathogenesis. It has been inferred that a reduced overall richness of bacterial species as well as colonization of opportunistic bacteria induce systemic inflammation in the GI tract. Currently, there is supporting evidence that both oral and gut microbiota may be related to the development of IBD. Despite this, there are currently no curative therapies for IBD, and diagnosis requires samples of blood, stool, and invasive diagnostic imaging techniques. Considering the relative ease of collection, emerging evidence of association with non-oral diseases may imply that saliva microbiome research may have the potential for gut diagnostic or prognostic value. This review demonstrates a link between saliva and intestinal profiles in IBD patients, suggesting that saliva sampling has the potential to serve as a non-invasive biomarker for gut diseases such as IBD in the oral–gut axis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Biomarkers: Future Diagnostic and Clinical Utilities)
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35 pages, 1401 KiB  
Review
Salivary Redox Biomarkers in the Course of Caries and Periodontal Disease
by Anna Skutnik-Radziszewska and Anna Zalewska
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6240; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186240 - 8 Sep 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3692
Abstract
Caries are a pathological process of extracorporeal nature, characterized by demineralization of inorganic substances as well as proteolysis triggered by acids produced by bacteria present in dental plaque, as a result of metabolism of sugars of both external and internal origin. Periodontal disease, [...] Read more.
Caries are a pathological process of extracorporeal nature, characterized by demineralization of inorganic substances as well as proteolysis triggered by acids produced by bacteria present in dental plaque, as a result of metabolism of sugars of both external and internal origin. Periodontal disease, on the other hand, is a multifactorial degenerative disease associated with inflammation, involving a group of tissues that surround the dental cervix and root of the tooth. It is believed that one of the mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of caries and periodontitis are disorders of local and/or general oxidative stress (OS) parameters. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the relationship between oxidative stress markers and oral diseases. In most analyzed studies, technical and biological variability was so high that none of the markers so far has proven suitable for routine clinical use. The aim of systematic reviews of the literature is to present the existing studies on OS parameters, mainly concerning the activity of antioxidant enzymes in saliva of patients with caries and periodontitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Salivary Biomarkers: Future Diagnostic and Clinical Utilities)
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