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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2022) | Viewed by 18309

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Dr. Luca Sbricoli

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Guest Editor

Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35100 Padova, Italy
Interests: nanostructured materials; cell biology; nanotechnology; nanomaterials; scanning electron microscopy; endodontics; materials; tissue engineering; biomaterials; biomaterial engineering; dental implants; implantology
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Dr. Riccardo Guazzo

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Prof. Dr. Eriberto A. Bressan

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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, there has been an increased presence of new technologies in the world of implantology. The introduction of new protocols, high-performance materials, and the evolution of equipment has had a decisive impact on the daily routine of dental practice. This Special Issue "New Materials and New Technologies in Implant Dentistry" will include all the latest innovations in the field of implantology. Reviews, clinical studies, original research articles, communications, and concept papers that are relevant to the topic will be accepted. In particular, priority will be given to new digital technologies, intraoral scanner applications, 3D printing, CAD/CAM, oral surgery techniques, implant surface modifications, and new materials in the field of dental implants. Therefore, it is my great pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue.

Dr. Luca Sbricoli
Dr. Riccardo Guazzo
Prof. Dr. Eriberto A. Bressan
Guest Editors

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Keywords

implant dentistry
implantology
periodontics
dental materials
dental technology
intraoral canner
biomaterials

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 1218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Three Chlorhexidine-Based Mouthwashes on Human Gingival Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study

by Giulia Brunello, Kathrin Becker, Luisa Scotti, Dieter Drescher, Jürgen Becker and Gordon John

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052417 - 25 Feb 2022

Viewed by 2533

Abstract

Mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine (CHX) are deemed to be associated with dose-dependent side effects, including burning sensation and taste alteration. To overcome these drawbacks, mouthwashes with CHX at lower concentrations with or without adjunctive agents are proposed. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of three CHX-based mouthwashes on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). After 3 days of cell culture, groups were randomly treated for 30 s, 60 s or 120 s with (a) CHX 0.05% in combination with cetylpyridnium chloride (CPC) 0.05%; (b) CHX 0.1%; (c) CHX 0.2%; or (d) NaCl as control. Cell viability, cytotoxicity and apoptosis were evaluated at 2 h, 3 days and 6 days after the exposure to the different solutions. Similar cell viability values were found among the test groups at all time points. At day 0, higher cytotoxicity was measured in the group treated with CHX 0.2%, in particular after long application time (120 s), while no significant difference was found between CHX + CPC and the control group. All the investigated mouthwashes were well tolerated by HGF cells for the tested application times. The highest cytotoxic effect was observed for CHX 0.2%; therefore, clinicians should consider limiting its usage to carefully selected clinical situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Implant Dentistry)

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12 pages, 2121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial Adhesion to Grade 4 and Grade 5 Turned and Mildly Acid-Etched Titanium Implant Surfaces: An In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study

by Luca Sbricoli, Gennaro Cecoro, Claudio Leone, Livia Nastri, Riccardo Guazzo, Luigi Guida and Marco Annunziata

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(16), 7185; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167185 - 4 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1873

Abstract

Aim of the present study was to investigate the bacterial adhesion to titanium (Ti) implant surfaces, different for composition and topographic features. Grade 4 and 5 turned (T-4, T-5,) and mildly acid-etched (MA-4, MA-5) Ti 6 × 1 mm disks were topographically analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy and 3D profilometry. Bacterial cultures (Streptococcus sanguinis) were in vitro seeded and, after two and six hours, adherent bacteria were quantified by colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. Ti samples were also exposed to the oral environment of six periodontally healthy volunteers and, after 12 h, the formed biofilm was evaluated by CFU counting. Inter-group differences were tested by the Mann–Whitney U-Test (α = 0.05). MA surfaces were significantly rougher than T ones, whereas no difference between grade 4 and grade 5 disks was detected. Significantly higher in vitro bacterial adhesion for MA than T disks was shown at two and six hours. Significantly higher values of CFU counting for MA than T surfaces and for grade 5 than grade 4 disks were found at the 12 h-ex vivo test. Bacterial adhesion showed to be sensitive to both Ti surface topography and composition, with possible implications on peri-implant tissue health maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Implant Dentistry)

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9 pages, 1748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RETRACTED: Accuracy Assessment of Implant Placement in a Newly Developed Dynamic Navigation System: A Pilot Study

by Tomoyuki Setoguchi, Yoichiro Ogino, Riichi Ouchida, Akira Takahashi, Yasunori Ayukawa and Kiyoshi Koyano

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(14), 6593; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146593 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2425 | Retraction

Abstract

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the accuracy of a newly developed dynamic navigation system and to compare the accuracy between flapless and open-flap surgery, and between surgeons. The subjects were patients who were scheduled to receive implants of the same size using the newly developed dynamic navigation system. The study’s procedures included cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) filming with fiducials, virtual planning of implant placement and the use of motion tracking technology for calibration and practical implant placement. The accuracy was evaluated using preoperative (virtual implant) and postoperative (actual implant) CBCT images based on angular, apical, coronal and vertical deviations. The differences of deviations between flapless and open-flap surgery, and between two surgeons, were statistically compared. In total, 66 implants were placed in 39 patients. The median and interquartile range of angular, apical, coronal and vertical deviations were 3.07° (2.52–3.54°), 0.96 mm (0.75–1.42 mm), 0.76 mm (0.57–1.37 mm) and 0.71 mm (0.61–0.88 mm), respectively. These deviations were similar to those found in previous studies. Flapless surgery resulted in a more accurate placement with respect to apical and coronal deviations, and the differences between the two surgeons were limited. The newly developed dynamic navigation system is considered to be eligible for clinical use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Implant Dentistry)

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8 pages, 2771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Fit on Ten Screw-Retained FrameworksRealized through Digital Full-Arch Implant Impression

by Maurizio De Francesco, Edoardo Stellini, Stefano Granata, Sergio Mazzoleni, Francesco Saverio Ludovichetti, Carlo Monaco and Adolfo Di Fiore

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5617; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125617 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2438

Abstract

Background: Discordant opinions have emerged among clinicians and researchers regarding a digital impression for full-arch implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). The purpose of this study was to assess the fit of screw-retained milled frameworks on six implants realized from digital impressions through the Sheffield test. Methods: One patient received a maxillary full-arch implant-supported FDP. Six months after the surgical procedure, ten intraoral full-arch digital impressions were performed to mill ten frameworks. To clinically assess the fit, the Sheffield test was applied for all frameworks. The gaps among the frameworks and the implant analogs were measured using a microscope on the master model realized with a traditional impression. The Wilcoxon sum-rank test was used to compare the misfit value among the different implant positions. Results: The Sheffield test did not show gaps in the framework–implant interfaces when the screw was completely tightened on the more distal implant for all the milled frameworks. The mean misfit value calculated after microscope examination was 38 ± 5 μm. Differences that were statistically significant emerged when the misfit values of central positions were compared with other values. Conclusions: The use of full-arch implant digital impressions represents a viable alternative to traditional impressions for the fabrication of implant-supported FDPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Implant Dentistry)

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12 pages, 1928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Temperature Variation Using a 3D-Printed Surgical Guide with Internal Irrigation

by Michele Stocchero, Stefano Sivolella, Giulia Brunello, Arianna Zoppello, Francesco Cavallin and Lisa Biasetto

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(6), 2588; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062588 - 14 Mar 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

Bone overheating is a possible cause of implants early failure. When a surgical guide is used, the risk of heat injury is greater due to the reduced efficacy of the irrigation. The aim of this ex vivo study was to evaluate the effect of an additional built-in irrigation on bone temperature variation during implant osteotomy. Twelve bovine ribs were used. Cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) was performed and a 3D-printed surgical guide with additional built-in irrigation tubes was produced for each rib. A total of 48 osteotomies were prepared, to compare the supplementary internal irrigation system (Group A) with external irrigation alone (Group B), no irrigation (Group C) and with free-hand surgery with external irrigation (Group D). Temperature was measured by three thermocouples placed at depths of 1.5, 7, and 12 mm. The largest temperature variation at each thermocouple showed median values of 3.0 °C, 1.9 °C, and 2.3 °C in Group 1; 2.3 °C, 1.7 °C, and 0.9 °C in Group 2; 3.2 °C, 1.6 °C, and 2.0 °C in Group 3; 2.0 °C, 2.0 °C, and 1.3 °C in Group 4, respectively. No differences were found among the four groups. In general, the highest temperature increase was observed with the use of the first drill (cortical perforator). Post-experimental CBCT revealed the presence of radiopaque material clogging the aperture of the internal irrigation channels. Additional internal irrigation was not found to significantly contribute to decrease bone temperature in this ex vivo setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Implant Dentistry)

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10 pages, 1555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment of Full and Partial Arches with Internal-Conical-Connection Dental Implants: Clinical Results after 5 Years of Follow-Up

by Diego Lops, Riccardo Guazzo, Alessandro Rossi, Antonino Palazzolo, Vittorio Favero, Mattia Manfredini, Luca Sbricoli and Eugenio Romeo

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8709; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238709 - 4 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1874

Abstract

The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the implant therapy outcomes over a period of 5 years and to analyze several patient risk factors influencing the stability of the peri-implant tissues. Seventy-eight patients were consecutively treated between 2009 and 2017 and restored with implant-supported fixed prostheses. The following inclusion criteria were considered: partial or complete edentulism; residual bone volume of at least 3.3 mm in diameter and 8 mm in length; a favorable relationship between maxilla and mandible; at least a minimum 5 year follow-up for each implant included in the statistical analysis. Intraoral radiographs were taken at implant loading and every 12 months during the follow-up visits. They were subsequently stored on a personal computer and analyzed to determine the changes in bone level. Seventy-eight patients receiving 209 implants completed a minimum follow-up period of 5 years. One-hundred dental implants were inserted in the maxilla while 109 were placed in the mandible. Eleven (14.1%) out of 78 treated patients who received 29 (13.9%) dental implants were considered as drop-outs. On the whole, peri-implantitis was diagnosed in three implants. The average final pocket probing depth at implant level was 2.5 ± 1.2 mm. The average final bone loss after 5 years was 0.3 ± 0.4 mm, both at the mesial and distal aspect of the implant. The effects of the prosthesis type, sex and implant site did not statistically influence the marginal bone loss; on the contrary, a statistically significant difference regarding marginal bone loss was detected between smoker and non-smoker patients (p = 0.021). Implants with internal-conical abutment connection showed stable peri-implant bone levels at the medium-term follow-up. Nevertheless, further prospective long-term clinical studies are necessary to confirm these data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Implant Dentistry)

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15 pages, 3379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Chemical Characterization of Titanium and Zirconia Dental Implants with Different Macro- and Micro-Structure

by Maria Menini, Francesco Pera, Francesco Bagnasco, Francesca Delucchi, Elisa Morganti, Luigi Canullo and Paolo Pesce

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7520; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217520 - 26 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2770

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the macro- and micro-structure and the chemical composition of the surface of 5 different commercially available dental implants. Roughness values were also calculated. Materials and Methods: 1 zirconia implant (NobelPearl of Nobel Biocare) and 4 titanium implants, Syra (Sweden&Martina), Prama (Sweden&Martina), T3 (Biomet 3i), and Shard (Mech&Human), were analyzed through SEM-EDX analysis and quantitative evaluation of surface roughness (1 sample), and XPS chemical analysis (1 sample). Surface roughness was quantitatively assessed using the stereo-SEM method (SSEM). The following area roughness parameters were calculated, according to ISO25178: Sa, Sz, and Sdr. Results: From the SEM observations, all the implants analyzed presented modern well-developed micro-structures as the result of the specific process of double acid etching alone or combined with other additional treatments. Roughness values were generally greater at the level of the implant body and lower at the collar. The chemical characterization of the implant surfaces exhibited excellent results for all of the implants and indicated good care in the production processes. Conclusions: All the samples were well-conceived in terms of topography and surface roughness, and clean in terms of chemical residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Implant Dentistry)

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