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Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications

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A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 39906

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Dr. Junsheng Zheng

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Clean Energy Automotive Engineering Center, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
Interests: supercapacitor; lithium-ion battery; fuel cell; lithium-ion capacitor
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Dear Colleagues,

As the representatives of energy and power devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) have developed rapidly in recent years. LIBs have in fact become the first choice for new energy vehicles, 3C electronic products, and electrochemical energy storage. Due to their high power density, energy density, and long cycle life, the application of LICs in automotive energy recovery, electrochemical energy storage and power assistance, fast charging, and high functional devices could be promising. However, there are still many problems remaining unsolved in the basic research and application of LIBs and LICs, including the rise of capacity, rate, and lifespan of electrode materials; the increase in ion transmission and storage capacity of anodes and cathodes; and the improvement of the electrode/electrolyte interface and stability of SEI. On the other hand, the progress of surface density of electrodes and proportion of active substances have become key issues in the research of lithium-ion batteries and lithium-ion capacitors. Furthermore, the pack design, stacking technology, equalization technology, SOC estimation, operation, and monitoring are also crucial to the application of LIBs and LICs as power supply equipment.

Dr. Junsheng Zheng
Guest Editor

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Keywords

lithium-ion batteries
Li-ion capacitors
energy storage device
electrode material
electrolyte
electrode and device preparation methods
applications
power load forecasting

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Related Special Issue

Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications: 2nd Edition in Batteries (2 articles)

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Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 4393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Structural and Electrochemical Performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ Cathode Material by PO₄³⁻/Fe³⁺ Co-Doping

by Yong Wang, Shaoxiong Fu, Xianzhen Du, Dong Wei, Jingpeng Zhang, Li Wang and Guangchuan Liang

Batteries 2024, 10(10), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10100341 - 26 Sep 2024

Viewed by 815

Abstract

Series of PO₄³⁻/Fe³⁺ co-doped samples of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5-5/3_xFe_xP_2/3_xO₄ (x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) have been synthesized by the coprecipitation–hydrothermal method, along with high-temperature calcination using FeSO₄ and NaH₂PO₄ as Fe³⁺ and PO₄³⁻ sources, respectively. The effects of the PO₄³⁻/Fe³⁺ co-doping amount on the crystal structure, particle morphology and electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ are intensively studied. The results show that the PO₄³⁻/Fe³⁺ co-doping amount exerts a significant influence on the crystal structure and particle morphology, including increased crystallinity, lowered Mn³⁺ content, smaller primary particle size with decreased agglomeration and the exposure of high-energy (110) and (311) crystal surfaces in primary particles. The synergy of the above factors contributes to the obviously ameliorated electrochemical performance of the co-doped samples. The LiNi_0.5Mn_1.45Fe_0.03P_0.02O₄ sample exhibits the best cycling stability, and the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.4333Fe_0.04P_0.0267O₄ sample displays the best rate performance. The electrochemical properties of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5-5/3_xFe_xP_2/3_xO₄ can be regulated by adjusting the PO₄³⁻/Fe³⁺ co-doping amount. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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13 pages, 4531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SOC Estimation Based on Combination of Electrochemical and External Characteristics for Hybrid Lithium-Ion Capacitors

by Xiaofan Huang, Renjie Gao, Luyao Zhang, Xinrong Lv, Shaolong Shu, Xiaoping Tang, Ziyao Wang and Junsheng Zheng

Batteries 2023, 9(3), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030163 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

Hybrid lithium-ion capacitors (HyLICs) have received considerable attention because of their ability to combine the advantages of high-energy lithium-ion batteries and high-power supercapacitors. State of charge (SOC) is the main factor affecting the practical application of HyLICs; therefore, it is essential to estimate the SOC accurately. In this paper, a partition SOC-estimation method that combines electrochemical and external characteristics is proposed. The discharge process of the HyLICs was divided into three phases based on test results of electrochemical characteristics. To improve the estimation accuracy and reduce the amount of calculation, the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) method was applied for SOC estimation at the interval where the capacitor energy storage characteristics dominated, and the Ampere-hour (Ah) method was used to estimate the SOC at the interval where battery energy storage characteristics dominated. The proposed method is verified under different operating conditions. The experimental results show good agreement with the estimation results, which indicates that the proposed method can estimate the SOC of the HyLICs accurately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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16 pages, 3346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Nano-Onion-Encapsulated Ni Nanoparticles for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Capacitors

by Xiaohu Zhang, Keliang Zhang, Weike Zhang, Xiong Zhang, Lei Wang, Yabin An, Xianzhong Sun, Chen Li, Kai Wang and Yanwei Ma

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020102 - 2 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2910

Abstract

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) feature a high-power density, long-term cycling stability, and good energy storage performance, and so, LICs will be widely applied in new energy, new infrastructure, intelligent manufacturing. and other fields. To further enhance the comprehensive performance of LICs, the exploration of new material systems has become a focus of research. Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) are promising candidates in the field of energy storage due to the properties of their outstanding electrical conductivity, large external surface area, and nanoscopic dimensions. Herein, the structure, composition, and electrochemical properties of carbon nano-onion-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles (Ni@CNOs) have been characterized first in the present study. The initial discharge and charge capacities of Ni@CNOs as anodes (in half-cells (vs. Li)) were 869 and 481 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹, respectively. Even at a current density of 10 A g⁻¹, the reversible specific capacity remained at 111 mAh g⁻¹. Ni@CNOs were used as anode materials to assemble LICs (full pouch cells (vs. activated carbon)), which exhibited compelling electrochemical performance and cycle stability after optimizing the mass ratio of the positive and negative electrodes. The energy density of the LICs reached 140.1 Wh kg⁻¹ at 280.2 W kg⁻¹ and even maintained 76.6 Wh kg⁻¹ at 27.36 kW kg⁻¹. The LICs also demonstrated excellent cycling stability with a 94.09% capacitance retention over 40,000 cycles. Thus, this work provides an effective solution for the ultra-rapid fabrication of Ni-cored carbon nano-onion materials to achieve high-performance LICs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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14 pages, 3726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Battery Models for Performance Studies-Lithium Ion and Nickel Metal Hydride Battery

by Umapathi Krishnamoorthy, Parimala Gandhi Ayyavu, Hitesh Panchal, Dayana Shanmugam, Sukanya Balasubramani, Ali Jawad Al-rubaie, Ameer Al-khaykan, Ankit D. Oza, Sagram Hembrom, Tvarit Patel, Petrica Vizureanu and Diana-Petronela Burduhos-Nergis

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010052 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5139

Abstract

Apart from being emission-free, electric vehicles enjoy benefits such as low maintenance and operating costs, noise-free, easy to drive, and the convenience of charging at home. All these benefits are directly dependent on the performance of the battery used in the vehicle. In this paper, one-dimensional modeling of Li-ion and NiMH batteries was developed, and their performances were studied. The performance characteristics of the batteries, such as the charging and discharging characteristics, the constituent losses of over-potential voltage, and the electrolyte concentration profile at various stages of charge and discharge cycles, were also studied. It is found that the electrolyte concentration profiles of Li-ion batteries show a drooping behavior at the start of the discharge cycle and a rising behavior at the end of discharge because of the concentration polarization due to the low diffusion coefficient. The electrolyte concentration profiles of NiMH batteries show rising behavior throughout the discharge cycle without any deviations. The reason behind this even behavior throughout the discharge cycle is attributed to the reduced concentration polarization due to electrolyte transport limitations. It is found that the losses associated with the NiMH battery are larger and almost constant throughout the battery’s operation. Whereas for the Li-ion batteries, the losses are less variable. The electrolyte concentration directly affects the overpotential losses incurred during the charging and discharging phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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12 pages, 6138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveil Overcharge Performances of Activated Carbon Cathode in Various Li-Ion Electrolytes

by Xianzhong Sun, Yabin An, Xiong Zhang, Kai Wang, Changzhou Yuan, Xiaohu Zhang, Chen Li, Yanan Xu and Yanwei Ma

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010011 - 24 Dec 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2356

Abstract

Typically, the practical lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) is composed of a capacitive cathode (activated carbon, AC) and a battery-type anode (graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon). There is a risk of the LIC cell overcharging to an unsafe voltage under electrical abuse conditions. Since the anode potential is usually quite low during the charging process and can be controlled by adjusting the amount of anode materials, the overcharge performances of LIC full-cell mainly depend on the AC cathode. Thus, it is necessary to independently investigate the overcharge behaviors of the AC cathode in nonaqueous Li-ion electrolytes without the interference of the anode electrode. In this work, the stable upper potential limits of the AC electrode in three types of lithium-ion electrolytes were determined to be 4.0−4.1 V via the energy efficiency method. Then, the AC//Li half-cells were charged to 5.0 V and 10.0 V, respectively, to investigate the overcharge behaviors. For the half-cells with propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolytes, the voltage increased sharply to 10.0 V with a vertical straight line at the end of the overcharging process, indicating that the deposits of electrolyte decomposition had separated the AC electrode surface from the electrolytes, forming a self-protective passivation film with a dielectric capacitor behavior. The dense and compact passivation film is significant in separating the AC electrode surface from the electrolytes and preventing LIC cells from volume expansion and explosion risks under electrical abuse and overcharging conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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16 pages, 2424 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Development of a Fusion Framework for Lithium-Ion Battery Capacity Estimation in Electric Vehicles

by Bo Jiang, Xuezhe Wei and Haifeng Dai

Batteries 2022, 8(9), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8090112 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2683

Abstract

The performance of a battery system is critical to the development of electric vehicles (EVs). Battery capacity decays with the use of EVs and an advanced onboard battery management system is required to estimate battery capacity accurately. However, the acquired capacity suffers from poor accuracy caused by the inadequate utilization of battery information and the limitation of a single estimation method. This paper investigates an innovative fusion method based on the information fusion technique for battery capacity estimation, considering the actual working conditions of EVs. Firstly, a general framework for battery capacity estimation and fusion is proposed and two conventional capacity estimation methods running in different EV operating conditions are revisited. The error covariance of different estimations is deduced to evaluate the estimation uncertainties. Then, a fusion state–space function is constructed and realized through the Kalman filter to achieve the adaptive fusion of multi-dimensional capacity estimation. Several experiments simulating the actual battery operations in EVs are designed and performed to validate the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method performs better than conventional methods, obtaining more accurate and stable capacity estimation under different aging statuses. Finally, a practical judgment criterion for the current deviation fault is proposed based on fusion capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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Review

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39 pages, 4148 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Design Parameters for the Full-Cell Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Faizan Ghani, Kunsik An and Dongjin Lee

Batteries 2024, 10(10), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10100340 - 25 Sep 2024

Viewed by 3575

Abstract

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is a promising energy storage system that has dominated the energy market due to its low cost, high specific capacity, and energy density, while still meeting the energy consumption requirements of current appliances. The simple design of LIBs in various formats—such as coin cells, pouch cells, cylindrical cells, etc.—along with the latest scientific findings, trends, data collection, and effective research methods, has been summarized previously. These papers addressed individual design parameters as well as provided a general overview of LIBs. They also included characterization techniques, selection of new electrodes and electrolytes, their properties, analysis of electrochemical reaction mechanisms, and reviews of recent research findings. Additionally, some articles on computer simulations and mathematical modeling have examined the design of full-cell LIBs for power grid and electric vehicle applications. To fully understand LIB operation, a simple and concise report on design parameters and modification strategies is essential. This literature aims to summarize the design parameters that are often overlooked in academic research for the development of full-cell LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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38 pages, 13991 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Energy Storage Capacitor Technology

by Wenting Liu, Xianzhong Sun, Xinyu Yan, Yinghui Gao, Xiong Zhang, Kai Wang and Yanwei Ma

Batteries 2024, 10(8), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10080271 - 29 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4063

Abstract

Capacitors exhibit exceptional power density, a vast operational temperature range, remarkable reliability, lightweight construction, and high efficiency, making them extensively utilized in the realm of energy storage. There exist two primary categories of energy storage capacitors: dielectric capacitors and supercapacitors. Dielectric capacitors encompass film capacitors, ceramic dielectric capacitors, and electrolytic capacitors, whereas supercapacitors can be further categorized into double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors, and hybrid capacitors. These capacitors exhibit diverse operational principles and performance characteristics, subsequently dictating their specific application scenarios. To make informed decisions in selecting capacitors for practical applications, a comprehensive knowledge of their structure and operational principles is imperative. Consequently, this review delved into the structure, working principles, and unique characteristics of the aforementioned capacitors, aiming to clarify the distinctions between dielectric capacitors, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion capacitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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21 pages, 6660 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Strategies and Challenge of Thick Electrodes for Energy Storage: A Review

by Junsheng Zheng, Guangguang Xing, Liming Jin, Yanyan Lu, Nan Qin, Shansong Gao and Jim P. Zheng

Batteries 2023, 9(3), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030151 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 9279

Abstract

In past years, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be found in every aspect of life, and batteries, as energy storage systems (ESSs), need to offer electric vehicles (EVs) more competition to be accepted in markets for automobiles. Thick electrode design can reduce the use of non-active materials in batteries to improve the energy density of the batteries and reduce the cost of the batteries. However, thick electrodes are limited by their weak mechanical stability and poor electrochemical performance; these limitations could be classified as the critical cracking thickness (CCT) and the limited penetration depth (LPD). The understanding of the CCT and the LPD have been proposed and the recent works on breaking the CCT and improving the LPD are listed in this article. By comprising these attempts, some thick electrodes could not offer higher mass loading or higher accessible areal capacity that would defeat the purpose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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24 pages, 12542 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of the Application of Carbon Materials for Lithium Metal Batteries

by Zeyu Wu, Kening Sun and Zhenhua Wang

Batteries 2022, 8(11), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110246 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5910

Abstract

Lithium secondary batteries have been the most successful energy storage devices for nearly 30 years. Until now, graphite was the most mainstream anode material for lithium secondary batteries. However, the lithium storage mechanism of the graphite anode limits the further improvement of the specific capacity. The lithium metal anode, with the lowest electrochemical potential and extremely high specific capacity, is considered to be the optimal anode material for next-generation lithium batteries. However, the lifetime degradation and safety problems caused by dendrite growth have seriously hindered its commercialization. Carbon materials have good electrical conductivity and modifiability, and various carbon materials were designed and prepared for use in lithium metal batteries. Here, we will start by analyzing the problems and challenges faced by lithium metal. Then, the application progress and achievements of various carbon materials in lithium metal batteries are summarized. Finally, the research suggestions are given, and the application feasibility of carbon materials in metal lithium batteries is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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