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Biosensors
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Biosensors in 2022
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Biosensors in 2022

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 44540

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Giovanna Marrazza

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Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Interests: immobilization procedure of biomolecules; protein–DNA complexes; aptamer; enzymatic sensors; thick-film technology; nanodispensing technologies; micro-flow systems; carbon nanotubes; nanoparticles; nanocomposite polymers; molecular imprinted polymers; protein-polymer conjugates
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Cecilia Cristea

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Guest Editor
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: electrochemical and optical sensors; graphene; nanomaterials based electrodes; bioanalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Bengi Uslu

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Guest Editor
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
Interests: pharmacology and toxicology; electrochemical drug analysis; nanosensor; biosensors; protein; electrochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Zeynep Altintas

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
Interests: diagnostics; micro-fluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices; sensor applications in medical diagnosis, chemistry, food safety and biotechnology; nanomaterials in health care diagnostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the past year of 2021, the new impact factor of Biosensors increased to 5.519 (+70.3% compared with 2019), ranking in Q1 (15th of 83) in the "Chemistry, Analytical" category, Q1 (8th of 64) in the "Instruments & Instrumentation" category, and Q2 (42nd of 107 ) in the "Nanoscience & Nanotechnology" category.

The past year was successful, and we will continue this success in 2022, with a higher Impact Factor. A Special Issue, entitled “Biosensors in 2022”, is being launched. A Special Issue is a collection of high-quality papers in open access form written by our Editorial Board Members, previous authors and reviewers, and researchers invited by the Editorial Board Members and the Editorial Office.

Prof. Dr. Giovanna Marrazza
Prof. Dr. Cecilia Cristea
Prof. Dr. Bengi Uslu
Dr. Zeynep Altintas
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

New Year Special Issue Series

This Special Issue is a part of Biosensors’s New Year Special Issue Series. The series reflects on the achievements, scientific progress, and “hot topics” of the previous year in the journal. Submissions of articles whose lead authors are our Editorial Board Members are highly encouraged. However, we welcome articles from all authors.

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 177 KiB  
Editorial
Biosensors in 2022
by Giovanna Marrazza
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030407 - 21 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2216
Abstract
Sixty years have passed since Clark and Lyons proposed the concept of using glucose enzyme electrodes to monitor the oxygen that is consumed during an enzyme-catalyzed reaction [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)

Research

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19 pages, 3142 KiB  
Article
An Origami Paper-Based Biosensor for Allergen Detection by Chemiluminescence Immunoassay on Magnetic Microbeads
by Elisa Lazzarini, Andrea Pace, Ilaria Trozzi, Martina Zangheri, Massimo Guardigli, Donato Calabria and Mara Mirasoli
Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100825 - 4 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3435
Abstract
Food allergies are adverse health effects that arise from specific immune responses, occurring upon exposure to given foods, even if present in traces. Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies, mainly caused by egg white proteins, with ovalbumin being the [...] Read more.
Food allergies are adverse health effects that arise from specific immune responses, occurring upon exposure to given foods, even if present in traces. Egg allergy is one of the most common food allergies, mainly caused by egg white proteins, with ovalbumin being the most abundant. As allergens can also be present in foodstuff due to unintended contamination, there is a need for analytical tools that are able to rapidly detect allergens in food products at the point-of-use. Herein, we report an origami paper-based device for detecting ovalbumin in food samples, based on a competitive immunoassay with chemiluminescence detection. In this biosensor, magnetic microbeads have been employed for easy and efficient immobilization of ovalbumin on paper. Immobilized ovalbumin competes with the ovalbumin present in the sample for a limited amount of enzyme-labelled anti-ovalbumin antibody. By exploiting the origami approach, a multistep analytical procedure could be performed using reagents preloaded on paper layers, thus providing a ready-to-use immunosensing platform. The assay provided a limit of detection (LOD) of about 1 ng mL−1 for ovalbumin and, when tested on ovalbumin-spiked food matrices (chocolate chip cookies), demonstrated good assay specificity and accuracy, as compared with a commercial immunoassay kit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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23 pages, 3717 KiB  
Article
Melanoma Mediated Disruption of Brain Endothelial Barrier Integrity Is Not Prevented by the Inhibition of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Proteases
by Akshata Anchan, Graeme Finlay, Catherine E. Angel, James J. W. Hucklesby and E. Scott Graham
Biosensors 2022, 12(8), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12080660 - 19 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2320
Abstract
We have previously shown that human melanoma cells rapidly decrease human brain endothelial barrier strength. Our findings showed a fast mechanism of melanoma mediated barrier disruption, which was localised to the paracellular junctions of the brain endothelial cells. Melanoma cells are known to [...] Read more.
We have previously shown that human melanoma cells rapidly decrease human brain endothelial barrier strength. Our findings showed a fast mechanism of melanoma mediated barrier disruption, which was localised to the paracellular junctions of the brain endothelial cells. Melanoma cells are known to release molecules which cleave the surrounding matrix and allow traversal within and out of their metastatic niche. Enzymatic families, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteases are heavily implicated in this process and their complex nature in vivo makes them an intriguing family to assess in melanoma metastasis. Herein, we assessed the expression of MMPs and other proteases in melanoma conditioned media. Our results showed evidence of a high expression of MMP-2, but not MMP-1, -3 or -9. Other proteases including Cathepsins D and B were also detected. Recombinant MMP-2 was added to the apical face of brain endothelial cells (hCMVECs), to measure the change in barrier integrity using biosensor technology. Surprisingly, this showed no decrease in barrier strength. The addition of potent MMP inhibitors (batimastat, marimastat, ONO4817) and other protease inhibitors (such as aprotinin, Pefabloc SC and bestatin) to the brain endothelial cells, in the presence of various melanoma lines, showed no reduction in the melanoma mediated barrier disruption. The inhibitors batimastat, Pefabloc SC, antipain and bestatin alone decreased the barrier strength. These results suggest that although some MMPs and proteases are released by melanoma cells, there is no direct evidence that they are substantially involved in the initial melanoma-mediated disruption of the brain endothelium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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18 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations
by Elisa Castagnola, Elaine M. Robbins, Bingchen Wu, May Yoon Pwint, Raghav Garg, Tzahi Cohen-Karni and Xinyan Tracy Cui
Biosensors 2022, 12(7), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070540 - 20 Jul 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4321
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which [...] Read more.
Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which regulates the phasic firing. Real-time measurements of tonic and phasic DA concentrations in the living brain can shed light on the mechanism of DA dynamics underlying behavioral and psychiatric disorders and on the action of pharmacological treatments targeting DA. Current state-of-the-art in vivo DA detection technologies are limited in either spatial or temporal resolution, channel count, longitudinal stability, and ability to measure both phasic and tonic dynamics. We present here an implantable glassy carbon (GC) multielectrode array on a SU-8 flexible substrate for integrated multichannel phasic and tonic measurements of DA concentrations. The GC MEA demonstrated in vivo multichannel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) detection of electrically stimulated phasic DA release simultaneously at different locations of the mouse dorsal striatum. Tonic DA measurement was enabled by coating GC electrodes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) and using optimized square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs achieved stable detection of tonic DA concentrations for up to 3 weeks in the mouse dorsal striatum. This is the first demonstration of implantable flexible MEA capable of multisite electrochemical sensing of both tonic and phasic DA dynamics in vivo with chronic stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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13 pages, 1156 KiB  
Communication
Quantification of Desiccated Extracellular Vesicles by Quartz Crystal Microbalance
by Vasiliy S. Chernyshev and Mikhail Skliar
Biosensors 2022, 12(6), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060371 - 27 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2322
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) quantification is a procedure through which the biomedical potential of EVs can be used and their biological function can be understood. The number of EVs isolated from cell culture media depends on the cell status and is especially important in [...] Read more.
Extracellular vesicle (EV) quantification is a procedure through which the biomedical potential of EVs can be used and their biological function can be understood. The number of EVs isolated from cell culture media depends on the cell status and is especially important in studies on cell-to-cell signaling, disease modeling, drug development, etc. Currently, the methods that can be used to quantify isolated EVs are sparse, and each have limitations. In this report, we introduce the application of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as a biosensor for quantifying EVs in a small drop of volatile solvent after it evaporates and leaves desiccated EVs on the surface of the quartz crystal. The shifts in the crystal’s resonant frequency were found to obey Sauerbrey’s relation for EV quantities up to 6 × 107, and it was determined that the biosensors could resolve samples that differ by at least 2.7 × 105 EVs. A ring-shaped pattern enriched in EVs after the samples had dried on the quartz crystal is also reported and discussed. QCM technology is highly sensitive and only requires small sample volumes and is significantly less costly compared with the approaches that are currently used for EV quantification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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16 pages, 3797 KiB  
Article
An Ultrasensitive and Selective Determination of Cadmium Ions at ppt Level Using an Enzymic Membrane with Colorimetric and Electrochemical Detection
by Raouia Attaallah and Aziz Amine
Biosensors 2022, 12(5), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050310 - 7 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2550
Abstract
Cadmium ions (Cd2+) are extremely toxic heavy metal pollutants found in the environment, and which endanger human health. Therefore, it is critical to develop a sensitive and simple method for rapidly detecting Cd2+ in water samples. Herein, an enzymic membrane [...] Read more.
Cadmium ions (Cd2+) are extremely toxic heavy metal pollutants found in the environment, and which endanger human health. Therefore, it is critical to develop a sensitive and simple method for rapidly detecting Cd2+ in water samples. Herein, an enzymic membrane was developed based on an easy and rapid immobilization method of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), for determination of Cd2+ in drinking water. Hence, for the first time, an enzymic membrane was applied for the detection of Cd2+ without being pretreated. In the first format, the inhibition of horseradish peroxidase was performed using a colorimetric microplate reader. Under optimal conditions, the achieved limit of detection was 20 ppt. In addition, an electrochemical biosensor was developed, by combining the enzymic membrane with screen printed electrodes, which showed a linear calibration range between 0.02–100 ppb (R2 = 0.990) and a detection limit of 50 ppt. The use of this enzymic membrane proved to be advantageous when reversible inhibitors such as the copper ion (Cu2+) were present in water samples, as Cu2+ can interfere with Cd2+ and cause erroneous results. In order to alleviate this problem, a medium exchange procedure was used to eliminate Cu2+, by washing and leaving only cadmium ions as an irreversible inhibitor for identification. The use of this membrane proved to be a simple and rapid method of immobilizing HRP with a covalent bond. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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13 pages, 3110 KiB  
Article
Ultrafast DNA Amplification Using Microchannel Flow-Through PCR Device
by Yen-Heng Lin, Xiang-Jun Liao, Wei Chang and Chiuan-Chian Chiou
Biosensors 2022, 12(5), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050303 - 6 May 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3270
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is limited by the long reaction time for point-of-care. Currently, commercial benchtop rapid PCR requires 30–40 min, and this time is limited by the absence of rapid and stable heating and cooling platforms rather than the biochemical reaction kinetics. [...] Read more.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is limited by the long reaction time for point-of-care. Currently, commercial benchtop rapid PCR requires 30–40 min, and this time is limited by the absence of rapid and stable heating and cooling platforms rather than the biochemical reaction kinetics. This study develops an ultrafast PCR (<3 min) platform using flow-through microchannel chips. An actin gene amplicon with a length of 151 base-pairs in the whole genome was used to verify the ultrafast PCR microfluidic chip. The results demonstrated that the channel of 56 μm height can provide fast heat conduction and the channel length should not be short. Under certain denaturation and annealing/extension times, a short channel design will cause the sample to drive slowly in the microchannel with insufficient pressure in the channel, causing the fluid to generate bubbles in the high-temperature zone and subsequently destabilizing the flow. The chips used in the experiment can complete 40 thermal cycles within 160 s through a design with the 56 µm channel height and with each thermal circle measuring 4 cm long. The calculation shows that the DNA extension speed is ~60 base-pairs/s, which is consistent with the theoretical speed of the Klen Taq extension used, and the detection limit can reach 67 copies. The heat transfer time of the reagent on this platform is very short. The simple chip design and fabrication are suitable for the development of commercial ultrafast PCR chips. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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13 pages, 2919 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Interaction of Cinacalcet with Calf Thymus dsDNA: Use of Electrochemical, Spectrofluorimetric, and Molecular Docking Methods
by Cem Erkmen, Didem Nur Unal, Sevinc Kurbanoglu, Gokcen Eren and Bengi Uslu
Biosensors 2022, 12(5), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050278 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2243
Abstract
The binding of drugs to DNA plays a critical role in new drug discovery and is important for designing better drugs. In this study, the interaction and binding mode of calf-thymus double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-dsDNA) with cinacalcet (CIN) from the calcimimetic drug that [...] Read more.
The binding of drugs to DNA plays a critical role in new drug discovery and is important for designing better drugs. In this study, the interaction and binding mode of calf-thymus double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-dsDNA) with cinacalcet (CIN) from the calcimimetic drug that mimics the action of calcium on tissues group were investigated. The interaction of CIN with ct-dsDNA was observed by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique by following the decrease in electrochemical oxidation signals to deoxyguanosine and adenosine. A competitive study was performed on an indicator, methylene blue, to investigate the interaction of the drug with ct-dsDNA by fluorescence spectroscopy. Interaction studies have shown that the binding mode for the interaction of CIN with ct-dsDNA could be groove-binding. According to the results obtained, the binding constant values were found to be 6.30 × 104 M−1 and 3.16 × 105 M−1, respectively, at 25 °C as obtained from the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and spectroscopic techniques. Possible molecular interactions of CIN with dsDNA were explored via molecular docking experiments. The docked structure indicated that CIN could fit well into the minor groove of the DNA through H-bonding and π-π stacking contact with CIN. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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Review

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20 pages, 1825 KiB  
Review
Luminescent Aptamer-Based Bioassays for Sensitive Detection of Food Allergens
by Donato Calabria, Martina Zangheri, Seyedeh Rojin Shariati Pour, Ilaria Trozzi, Andrea Pace, Elisa Lazzarini, Maria Maddalena Calabretta, Mara Mirasoli and Massimo Guardigli
Biosensors 2022, 12(8), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12080644 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3409
Abstract
The presence of hidden allergens in food products, often due to unintended contamination along the food supply chain (production, transformation, processing, and transport), has raised the urgent need for rapid and reliable analytical methods for detecting trace levels of such species in food [...] Read more.
The presence of hidden allergens in food products, often due to unintended contamination along the food supply chain (production, transformation, processing, and transport), has raised the urgent need for rapid and reliable analytical methods for detecting trace levels of such species in food products. Indeed, food allergens represent a high-risk factor for allergic subjects due to potentially life-threatening adverse reactions. Portable biosensors based on immunoassays have already been developed as rapid, sensitive, selective, and low-cost analytical platforms that can replace analyses with traditional bench-top instrumentation. Recently, aptamers have attracted great interest as alternative biorecognition molecules for bioassays, since they can bind a variety of targets with high specificity and selectivity, and they enable the development of assays exploiting a variety of transduction and detection technologies. In particular, aptasensors based on luminescence detection have been proposed, taking advantage of the development of ultrasensitive tracers and enhancers. This review aims to summarize and discuss recent efforts in the field of food allergen analysis using aptamer-based bioassays with luminescence detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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20 pages, 2145 KiB  
Review
PC-12 Cell Line as a Neuronal Cell Model for Biosensing Applications
by Daniela Oprea, Caroline G. Sanz, Madalina M. Barsan and Teodor Adrian Enache
Biosensors 2022, 12(7), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12070500 - 8 Jul 2022
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5449
Abstract
PC-12 cells have been widely used as a neuronal line study model in many biosensing devices, mainly due to the neurogenic characteristics acquired after differentiation, such as high level of secreted neurotransmitter, neuron morphology characterized by neurite outgrowth, and expression of ion and [...] Read more.
PC-12 cells have been widely used as a neuronal line study model in many biosensing devices, mainly due to the neurogenic characteristics acquired after differentiation, such as high level of secreted neurotransmitter, neuron morphology characterized by neurite outgrowth, and expression of ion and neurotransmitter receptors. For understanding the pathophysiology processes involved in brain disorders, PC-12 cell line is extensively assessed in neuroscience research, including studies on neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, or neurosecretion. Various analytical technologies have been developed to investigate physicochemical processes and the biosensors based on optical and electrochemical techniques, among others, have been at the forefront of this development. This article summarizes the application of different biosensors in PC-12 cell cultures and presents the modern approaches employed in neuronal networks biosensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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26 pages, 2323 KiB  
Review
Electronic Sensor Technologies in Monitoring Quality of Tea: A Review
by Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi, Francisco J. Barba, Jianjun Zhou, Min Wang and Zeynep Altintas
Biosensors 2022, 12(5), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050356 - 20 May 2022
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6387
Abstract
Tea, after water, is the most frequently consumed beverage in the world. The fermentation of tea leaves has a pivotal role in its quality and is usually monitored using the laboratory analytical instruments and olfactory perception of tea tasters. Developing electronic sensing platforms [...] Read more.
Tea, after water, is the most frequently consumed beverage in the world. The fermentation of tea leaves has a pivotal role in its quality and is usually monitored using the laboratory analytical instruments and olfactory perception of tea tasters. Developing electronic sensing platforms (ESPs), in terms of an electronic nose (e-nose), electronic tongue (e-tongue), and electronic eye (e-eye) equipped with progressive data processing algorithms, not only can accurately accelerate the consumer-based sensory quality assessment of tea, but also can define new standards for this bioactive product, to meet worldwide market demand. Using the complex data sets from electronic signals integrated with multivariate statistics can, thus, contribute to quality prediction and discrimination. The latest achievements and available solutions, to solve future problems and for easy and accurate real-time analysis of the sensory-chemical properties of tea and its products, are reviewed using bio-mimicking ESPs. These advanced sensing technologies, which measure the aroma, taste, and color profiles and input the data into mathematical classification algorithms, can discriminate different teas based on their price, geographical origins, harvest, fermentation, storage times, quality grades, and adulteration ratio. Although voltammetric and fluorescent sensor arrays are emerging for designing e-tongue systems, potentiometric electrodes are more often employed to monitor the taste profiles of tea. The use of a feature-level fusion strategy can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of prediction models, accompanied by the pattern recognition associations between the sensory properties and biochemical profiles of tea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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Other

14 pages, 1695 KiB  
Perspective
Applications of Gelatin in Biosensors: Recent Trends and Progress
by Yuepeng Guan, Yaqin Huang and Tianyu Li
Biosensors 2022, 12(9), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090670 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3587
Abstract
Gelatin is a natural protein from animal tissue with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, biosafety, low cost, and sol–gel property. By taking advantage of these properties, gelatin is considered to be an ideal component for the fabrication of biosensors. In recent years, biosensors with gelatin [...] Read more.
Gelatin is a natural protein from animal tissue with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, biosafety, low cost, and sol–gel property. By taking advantage of these properties, gelatin is considered to be an ideal component for the fabrication of biosensors. In recent years, biosensors with gelatin have been widely used for detecting various analytes, such as glucose, hydrogen peroxide, urea, amino acids, and pesticides, in the fields of medical diagnosis, food testing, and environmental monitoring. This perspective is an overview of the most recent trends and progress in the development of gelatin-based biosensors, which are classified by the function of gelatin as a matrix for immobilized biorecognition materials or as a biorecognition material for detecting target analytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors in 2022)
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