Biosensors

Research

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8 pages, 2453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screen-Printed Sensor for Low-Cost Chloride Analysis in Sweat for Rapid Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cystic Fibrosis

by Alicia Hauke, Susanne Oertel, Leona Knoke, Vanessa Fein, Christoph Maier, Folke Brinkmann and Michael P. M. Jank

Biosensors 2020, 10(9), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10090123 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4912

Abstract

Analysis of sweat chloride levels in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential not only for diagnosis but also for the monitoring of therapeutic responses to new drugs, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators and potentiators. Using iontophoresis as the gold [...] Read more.

Analysis of sweat chloride levels in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential not only for diagnosis but also for the monitoring of therapeutic responses to new drugs, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators and potentiators. Using iontophoresis as the gold standard can cause complications like burns, is uncomfortable, and requires repetitive hospital visits, which can be particularly problematic during a pandemic, where distancing and hygiene requirements are increased; therefore, it is necessary to develop fast and simple measures for the diagnosis and monitoring of CF. A screen-printed, low-cost chloride sensor was developed to remotely monitor CF patients. Using potentiometric measurements, the performance of the sensor was tested. It showed good sensitivity and a detection limit of 2.7 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L, which covered more than the complete concentration range of interest for CF diagnosis. Due to its fast response of 30 s, it competes well with standard sensor systems. It also offers significantly reduced costs and can be used as a portable device. The analysis of real sweat samples from healthy subjects, as well as CF patients, demonstrates a proper distinction using the screen-printed sensor. This approach presents an attractive remote measurement alternative for fast, simple, and low-cost CF diagnosis and monitoring Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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11 pages, 2532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploiting Laser-Ablation ICP-MS for the Characterization of Salt-Derived Bismuth Films on Screen-Printed Electrodes: A Preliminary Investigation

by Carlo Dossi, Gilberto Binda, Damiano Monticelli, Andrea Pozzi, Sandro Recchia and Davide Spanu

Biosensors 2020, 10(9), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10090119 - 9 Sep 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2630

Abstract

The use of insoluble bismuth salts, typically BiPO₄, is known to be a viable alternative to classical Bi³⁺ ion electrochemical reduction for the preparation of bismuth film electrodes (BiFE) on screen-printed electrodes. The freshly prepared electrodes are indefinitely stable, and [...] Read more.

The use of insoluble bismuth salts, typically BiPO₄, is known to be a viable alternative to classical Bi³⁺ ion electrochemical reduction for the preparation of bismuth film electrodes (BiFE) on screen-printed electrodes. The freshly prepared electrodes are indefinitely stable, and the active bismuth film is simply formed by in situ reduction. Two aspects are still to be investigated, namely the bismuth distribution on the working electrode and the possible residual presence of the counteranion, namely phosphate. High-vacuum techniques such as electron microscopy or spectroscopy, which are commonly employed for this purpose, cannot be safely used: the bismuth surface is well-known to reconstruct and recrystallize under the electron beam in vacuum. Here, we demonstrate the suitability and the effectiveness of laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS, a technique that vaporizes and analyzes the surface material under flowing helium at atmospheric pressure) for the characterization of BiFE. Fast and stable measurements of bismuth and phosphorous distribution are achieved with the advantage of a minimum alteration of the sample surface, avoiding possible interferences. This investigation evidenced how, upon reductive activation, the bismuth film is distributed with a radial symmetry and the phosphate counteranion is completely absent on the working electrode surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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11 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impedimetric Sensing of Factor V Leiden Mutation by Zip Nucleic Acid Probe and Electrochemical Array

by Arzum Erdem and Ece Eksin

Biosensors 2020, 10(9), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10090116 - 7 Sep 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3339

Abstract

A carbon nanofiber enriched 8-channel screen-printed electrochemical array was used for the impedimetric detection of SNP related to Factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) mutation, which is the most common inherited form of thrombophilia. FV Leiden mutation sensing was carried out in three steps: [...] Read more.

A carbon nanofiber enriched 8-channel screen-printed electrochemical array was used for the impedimetric detection of SNP related to Factor V Leiden (FV Leiden) mutation, which is the most common inherited form of thrombophilia. FV Leiden mutation sensing was carried out in three steps: solution-phase nucleic acid hybridization between zip nucleic acid probe (Z-probe) and mutant type DNA target, followed by the immobilization of the hybrid on the working electrode area of array, and measurement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The selectivity of the assay was tested against mutation-free DNA sequences and synthetic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) samples. The developed biosensor was a trustful assay for FV Leiden mutation diagnosis, which can effectively discriminate wild type and mutant type even in PCR samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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15 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Electrochemical Immunosensor for Specific Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis Using Gold-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

by Beatriz R. Martins, Yanne O. Barbosa, Cristhianne M. R. Andrade, Loren Q. Pereira, Guilherme F. Simão, Carlo J. de Oliveira, Dalmo Correia, Robson T. S. Oliveira, Jr., Marcos V. da Silva, Anielle C. A. Silva, Noelio O. Dantas, Virmondes Rodrigues, Jr., Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz and Renata P. Alves-Balvedi

Biosensors 2020, 10(8), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10080081 - 23 Jul 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5704

Abstract

Visceral leishmaniasis is a reemerging neglected tropical disease with limitations for its diagnosis, including low concentration of antibodies in the serum of asymptomatic patients and cross-reactions. In this context, this work proposes an electrochemical immunosensor for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a [...] Read more.

Visceral leishmaniasis is a reemerging neglected tropical disease with limitations for its diagnosis, including low concentration of antibodies in the serum of asymptomatic patients and cross-reactions. In this context, this work proposes an electrochemical immunosensor for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in a more sensitive way that is capable of avoiding cross-reaction with Chagas disease (CD). Crude Leishmania infantum antigens tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were methodologically standardized to best engage to the sensor. The antibodies anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and anti-Leishmania sp. Present in serum from patients with diverse types of CD or leishmaniasis were chosen. A screen-printed carbon electrode modified with gold nanoparticles was the best platform to guarantee effective adsorption of all antigens so that the epitope of specific recognition for leishmaniasis occurred efficiently and without cross-reaction with the evaluated CD. The current peaks reduced linearly after the recognition, and still were able to notice the discrimination between different kinds of diseases (digestive, cardiac, undetermined Chagas/acute and visceral chronic leishmaniasis). Comparative analyses with ELISA were performed with the same groups, and a low specificity (44%) was verified due to cross-reactions (high number of false positives) on ELISA tests, while the proposed immunosensor presented high selectivity and specificity (100%) without any false positives or false negatives for the serum samples from isolated patients with different types of CD and visceral leishmaniasis. Furthermore, the biosensor was stable for 5 days and presented a detection limit of 200 ng mL⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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15 pages, 1299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Bead-Based Electrochemical Immunoassays On-Drop and On-Chip for Procalcitonin Determination: Disposable Tools for Clinical Sepsis Diagnosis

by Águeda Molinero-Fernández, María Moreno-Guzmán, Miguel Ángel López and Alberto Escarpa

Biosensors 2020, 10(6), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10060066 - 17 Jun 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6902

Abstract

Procalcitonin (PCT) is a known protein biomarker clinically used for the early stages of sepsis diagnosis and therapy guidance. For its reliable determination, sandwich format magnetic bead-based immunoassays with two different electrochemical detection approaches are described: (i) disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPE-C, on-drop [...] Read more.

Procalcitonin (PCT) is a known protein biomarker clinically used for the early stages of sepsis diagnosis and therapy guidance. For its reliable determination, sandwich format magnetic bead-based immunoassays with two different electrochemical detection approaches are described: (i) disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPE-C, on-drop detection); (ii) electro-kinetically driven microfluidic chips with integrated Au electrodes (EMC-Au, on-chip detection). Both approaches exhibited enough sensitivity (limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 and 0.04 ng mL⁻¹ for SPE-C and EMC-Au, respectively; cutoff 0.5 ng mL⁻¹), an adequate working range for the clinically relevant concentrations (0.5–1000 and 0.1–20 ng mL⁻¹ for SPE-C and EMC-Au, respectively), and good precision (RSD < 9%), using low sample volumes (25 µL) with total assay times less than 20 min. The suitability of both approaches was successfully demonstrated by the analysis of human serum and plasma samples, for which good recoveries were obtained (89–120%). Furthermore, the EMC-Au approach enabled the easy automation of the process, constituting a reliable alternative diagnostic tool for on-site/bed-site clinical analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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14 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Paper-Based Working Electrodes Coated with Mercury or Bismuth Films for Heavy Metals Determination

by Alberto Sánchez-Calvo, Maria Carmen Blanco-López and Agustín Costa-García

Biosensors 2020, 10(5), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10050052 - 13 May 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5154

Abstract

Paper-based carbon working electrodes were modified with mercury or bismuth films for the determination of trace metals in aqueous solutions. Both modification procedures were optimized in terms of selectivity and sensitivity for the determination of different heavy metals, aiming their simultaneous determination. Cd [...] Read more.

Paper-based carbon working electrodes were modified with mercury or bismuth films for the determination of trace metals in aqueous solutions. Both modification procedures were optimized in terms of selectivity and sensitivity for the determination of different heavy metals, aiming their simultaneous determination. Cd (II), Pb (II) and In (III) could be quantified with both films. However, Cu (II) could not be determined with bismuth films. The modification with mercury films led to the most sensitive method, with linear ranges between 0.1 and 10 µg/mL and limits of detection of 0.4, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.2 µg/mL for Cd (II), Pb (II), In (III) and Cu (II), respectively. Nevertheless, the bismuth film was a more sustainable alternative to mercury. Tap-water samples were analyzed for the determination of metals by standard addition methodology with good accuracy, by using a low-cost and easily disposable paper-based electrochemical platform. This system demonstrated its usefulness for monitoring heavy metals in water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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11 pages, 2408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Electrochemical Detection of Alpha-Fetoprotein Using Aptamers: DNA Isothermal Amplification Strategies to Improve the Performance of Weak Aptamers

by Ramón Lorenzo-Gómez, Daniel González-Robles, Rebeca Miranda-Castro, Noemí de-los-Santos-Álvarez and María Jesús Lobo-Castañón

Biosensors 2020, 10(5), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10050046 - 30 Apr 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5505

Abstract

Affinity characterization is essential to develop reliable aptamers for tumor biomarker detection. For alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), two DNA aptamers were described with very different affinity. In this work, we estimate the dissociation constant of both of them by [...] Read more.

Affinity characterization is essential to develop reliable aptamers for tumor biomarker detection. For alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), two DNA aptamers were described with very different affinity. In this work, we estimate the dissociation constant of both of them by means of a direct assay on magnetic beads modified with AFP and electrochemical detection on carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPCE). Unlike previous works, both aptamers showed similar dissociation constant (K_d) values, in the subµM range. In order to improve the performance of these aptamers, we proposed the isothermal amplification of the aptamers by both terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and rolling circle amplification (RCA). Both DNA amplifications improved the sensitivity and also the apparent binding constants from 713 nM to 189 nM for the short aptamer and from 526 nM to 32 nM for the long aptamer. This improvement depends on the true affinity of the binding pair, which ultimately limits the analytical usefulness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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9 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graphene Oxide Bulk-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes Provide Beneficial Electroanalytical Sensing Capabilities

by Samuel J. Rowley-Neale, Dale A. C. Brownson, Graham Smith and Craig E. Banks

Biosensors 2020, 10(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10030027 - 19 Mar 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5295

Abstract

We demonstrate a facile methodology for the mass production of graphene oxide (GO) bulk-modified screen-printed electrodes (GO-SPEs) that are economical, highly reproducible and provide analytically useful outputs. Through fabricating GO-SPEs with varying percentage mass incorporations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) of GO, an [...] Read more.

We demonstrate a facile methodology for the mass production of graphene oxide (GO) bulk-modified screen-printed electrodes (GO-SPEs) that are economical, highly reproducible and provide analytically useful outputs. Through fabricating GO-SPEs with varying percentage mass incorporations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) of GO, an electrocatalytic effect towards the chosen electroanalytical probes is observed, which increases with greater GO incorporated compared to bare/graphite SPEs. The optimum mass ratio of 10% GO to 90% carbon ink produces an electroanalytical signal towards dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) which is ca. ×10 greater in magnitude than that achievable at a bare/unmodified graphite SPE. Furthermore, 10% GO-SPEs exhibit a competitively low limit of detection (3σ) towards DA at ca. 81 nM, which is superior to that of a bare/unmodified graphite SPE at ca. 780 nM. The improved analytical response is attributed to the large number of oxygenated species inhabiting the edge and defect sites of the GO nanosheets, which are able to exhibit electrocatalytic responses towards inner-sphere electrochemical analytes. Our reported methodology is simple, scalable, and cost effective for the fabrication of GO-SPEs that display highly competitive LODs and are of significant interest for use in commercial and medicinal applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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16 pages, 5568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar from Brewers’ Spent Grain: A Green and Low-Cost Smart Material to Modify Screen-Printed Electrodes

by Rocco Cancelliere, Katya Carbone, Mauro Pagano, Ilaria Cacciotti and Laura Micheli

Biosensors 2019, 9(4), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9040139 - 3 Dec 2019

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 6432

Abstract

In the present study, biochar from brewers’ spent grain was used, for the first time, to develop screen-printed electrodes. After having investigated the dispersion behaviour of biochar in different organic solvents, a biochar-based screen-printed electrode was prepared with the drop-casting technique. In order [...] Read more.

In the present study, biochar from brewers’ spent grain was used, for the first time, to develop screen-printed electrodes. After having investigated the dispersion behaviour of biochar in different organic solvents, a biochar-based screen-printed electrode was prepared with the drop-casting technique. In order to understand the electrochemical potentiality and performances of the biochar/sensor tool, different electroactive species, i.e., ferricyanide, benzoquinone, epinephrine, ascorbic, and uric acids, were used. The results were compared with those of the same electrodes that were modified with commercial graphene, confirming that the proposed electrode showed improved electrochemical behaviour in terms of resolution, peak-to-peak separation, current intensity, and resistance to charge transfer. Furthermore, a tyrosinase biosensor was developed by direct immobilisation of this enzyme on the biochar/screen printed electrode, as an example of the potential of biochar for disposable biosensor development. The efficiently occurred immobilisation of the biochar on the screen printed electrode’s (SPE’s) surface was demonstrated by the observation of the working electrode with a scanning electron microscope. The detection was performed by measuring the current due to the reduction of the corresponding quinone at low potential, equal to −0.310 V for epinephrine. The experimental conditions for the tyrosinase immobilization and the analytical parameters, such as applied potential and pH of buffer, were studied and optimized. Under these conditions, the electrochemical biosensors were characterized. A linear working range of epinephrine was obtained from 0.05 up to 0.5 mM. The detection limit was 2 × 10⁻⁴ mM for the biosensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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14 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diazonium-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Immunosensing Growth Hormone in Blood Samples

by Nan Li, Ari M. Chow, Hashwin V. S. Ganesh, Melanie Ratnam, Ian R. Brown and Kagan Kerman

Biosensors 2019, 9(3), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios9030088 - 17 Jul 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6506

Abstract

Altered growth hormone (GH) levels represent a major global health challenge that would benefit from advances in screening methods that are rapid and low cost. Here, we present a miniaturized immunosensor using disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for the detection of GH with [...] Read more.

Altered growth hormone (GH) levels represent a major global health challenge that would benefit from advances in screening methods that are rapid and low cost. Here, we present a miniaturized immunosensor using disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) for the detection of GH with high sensitivity. The diazonium-based linker layer was electrochemically deposited onto SPCE surfaces, and subsequently activated using covalent agents to immobilize monoclonal anti-GH antibodies as the sensing layer. The surface modifications were monitored using contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The dissociation constant, K_d, of the anti-GH antibodies was also determined as 1.44 (±0.15) using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The immunosensor was able to detect GH in the picomolar range using a 20 µL sample volume in connection with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The selectivity of the SPCE-based immunosensors was also challenged with whole blood and serum samples collected at various development stages of rats, demonstrating the potential applicability for detection in biological samples. Our results demonstrated that SPCEs provided the development of low-cost and single-use electrochemical immunosensors in comparison with glassy carbon electrode (GCE)-based ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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Review

Jump to: Research

23 pages, 3320 KiB

Open AccessReview

Paper-Based Screen-Printed Electrodes: A New Generation of Low-Cost Electroanalytical Platforms

by Estefanía Costa-Rama and María Teresa Fernández-Abedul

Biosensors 2021, 11(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11020051 - 16 Feb 2021

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 10639

Abstract

Screen-printed technology has helped considerably to the development of portable electrochemical sensors since it provides miniaturized but robust and user-friendly electrodes. Moreover, this technology allows to obtain very versatile transducers, not only regarding their design, but also their ease of modification. Therefore, in [...] Read more.

Screen-printed technology has helped considerably to the development of portable electrochemical sensors since it provides miniaturized but robust and user-friendly electrodes. Moreover, this technology allows to obtain very versatile transducers, not only regarding their design, but also their ease of modification. Therefore, in the last decades, the use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) has exponentially increased, with ceramic as the main substrate. However, with the growing interest in the use of cheap and widely available materials as the basis of analytical devices, paper or other low-cost flat materials have become common substrates for SPEs. Thus, in this revision, a comprehensive overview on paper-based SPEs used for analytical proposes is provided. A great variety of designs is reported, together with several examples to illustrate the main applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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26 pages, 4776 KiB

Open AccessReview

Screen-Printed Electrode-Based Sensors for Food Spoilage Control: Bacteria and Biogenic Amines Detection

by Ricarda Torre, Estefanía Costa-Rama, Henri P. A. Nouws and Cristina Delerue-Matos

Biosensors 2020, 10(10), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10100139 - 30 Sep 2020

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 8379

Abstract

Food spoilage is caused by the development of microorganisms, biogenic amines, and other harmful substances, which, when consumed, can lead to different health problems. Foodborne diseases can be avoided by assessing the safety and freshness of food along the production and supply chains. [...] Read more.

Food spoilage is caused by the development of microorganisms, biogenic amines, and other harmful substances, which, when consumed, can lead to different health problems. Foodborne diseases can be avoided by assessing the safety and freshness of food along the production and supply chains. The routine methods for food analysis usually involve long analysis times and complex instrumentation and are performed in centralized laboratories. In this context, sensors based on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) have gained increasing importance because of their advantageous characteristics, such as ease of use and portability, which allow fast analysis in point-of-need scenarios. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SPE-based sensors for the evaluation of food safety and freshness, focusing on the determination of bacteria and biogenic amines. After discussing the characteristics of SPEs as transducers, the main bacteria, and biogenic amines responsible for important and common foodborne diseases are described. Then, SPE-based sensors for the analysis of these bacteria and biogenic amines in food samples are discussed, comparing several parameters, such as limit of detection, analysis time, and sample type. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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39 pages, 4639 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors Using Screen-Printed Electrodes

by Emiliano Martínez-Periñán, Cristina Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Tania García-Mendiola and Encarnación Lorenzo

Biosensors 2020, 10(9), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10090118 - 9 Sep 2020

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8997

Abstract

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence (ECL)) has become a great focus of attention in different fields of analysis, mainly as a consequence of the potential remarkably high sensitivity and wide dynamic range. In the particular case of sensing applications, ECL biosensor unites the [...] Read more.

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (also called electrochemiluminescence (ECL)) has become a great focus of attention in different fields of analysis, mainly as a consequence of the potential remarkably high sensitivity and wide dynamic range. In the particular case of sensing applications, ECL biosensor unites the benefits of the high selectivity of biological recognition elements and the high sensitivity of ECL analysis methods. Hence, it is a powerful analytical device for sensitive detection of different analytes of interest in medical prognosis and diagnosis, food control and environment. These wide range of applications are increased by the introduction of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Disposable SPE-based biosensors cover the need to perform in-situ measurements with portable devices quickly and accurately. In this review, we sum up the latest biosensing applications and current progress on ECL bioanalysis combined with disposable SPEs in the field of bio affinity ECL sensors including immunosensors, DNA analysis and catalytic ECL sensors. Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials with particular physical and chemical properties in the ECL biosensing systems has improved tremendously their sensitivity and overall performance, being one of the most appropriates research fields for the development of highly sensitive ECL biosensor devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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27 pages, 6273 KiB

Open AccessReview

Printed Electrodes in Microfluidic Arrays for Cancer Biomarker Protein Detection

by Lasangi Dhanapala, Colleen E. Krause, Abby L. Jones and James F. Rusling

Biosensors 2020, 10(9), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10090115 - 7 Sep 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6759

Abstract

Medical diagnostics is trending towards a more personalized future approach in which multiple tests can be digitized into patient records. In cancer diagnostics, patients can be tested for individual protein and genomic biomarkers that detect cancers at very early stages and also be [...] Read more.

Medical diagnostics is trending towards a more personalized future approach in which multiple tests can be digitized into patient records. In cancer diagnostics, patients can be tested for individual protein and genomic biomarkers that detect cancers at very early stages and also be used to monitor cancer progression or remission during therapy. These data can then be incorporated into patient records that could be easily accessed on a cell phone by a health care professional or the patients themselves on demand. Data on protein biomarkers have a large potential to be measured in point-of-care devices, particularly diagnostic panels that could provide a continually updated, personalized record of a disease like cancer. Electrochemical immunoassays have been popular among protein detection methods due to their inherent high sensitivity and ease of coupling with screen-printed and inkjet-printed electrodes. Integrated chips featuring these kinds of electrodes can be built at low cost and designed for ease of automation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) features are adopted in most of these ultrasensitive detection systems, with microfluidics allowing easy manipulation and good fluid dynamics to deliver reagents and detect the desired proteins. Several of these ultrasensitive systems have detected biomarker panels ranging from four to eight proteins, which in many cases when a specific cancer is suspected may be sufficient. However, a grand challenge lies in engineering microfluidic-printed electrode devices for the simultaneous detection of larger protein panels (e.g., 50–100) that could be used to test for many types of cancers, as well as other diseases for truly personalized care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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29 pages, 6745 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Screen-Printed Electrodes: Promising Paper and Wearable Transducers for (Bio)Sensing

by Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño, Susana Campuzano and José Manuel Pingarrón

Biosensors 2020, 10(7), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10070076 - 9 Jul 2020

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 11010

Abstract

Screen-printing technology has revolutionized many fields, including that of electrochemical biosensing. Due to their current relevance, this review, unlike other papers, discusses the relevant aspects of electrochemical biosensors manufactured using this technology in connection to both paper substrates and wearable formats. The main [...] Read more.

Screen-printing technology has revolutionized many fields, including that of electrochemical biosensing. Due to their current relevance, this review, unlike other papers, discusses the relevant aspects of electrochemical biosensors manufactured using this technology in connection to both paper substrates and wearable formats. The main trends, advances, and opportunities provided by these types of devices, with particular attention to the environmental and biomedical fields, are addressed along with illustrative fundamentals and applications of selected representative approaches from the recent literature. The main challenges and future directions to tackle in this research area are also pointed out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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26 pages, 3938 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Pesticides Detection Using Screen-Printed Electrodes

by Beatriz Pérez-Fernández, Agustín Costa-García and Alfredo de la Escosura- Muñiz

Biosensors 2020, 10(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10040032 - 2 Apr 2020

Cited by 104 | Viewed by 15065

Abstract

Pesticides are among the most important contaminants in food, leading to important global health problems. While conventional techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) have traditionally been utilized for the detection of such food contaminants, they are relatively expensive, [...] Read more.

Pesticides are among the most important contaminants in food, leading to important global health problems. While conventional techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) have traditionally been utilized for the detection of such food contaminants, they are relatively expensive, time-consuming and labor intensive, limiting their use for point-of-care (POC) applications. Electrochemical (bio)sensors are emerging devices meeting such expectations, since they represent reliable, simple, cheap, portable, selective and easy to use analytical tools that can be used outside the laboratories by non-specialized personnel. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) stand out from the variety of transducers used in electrochemical (bio)sensing because of their small size, high integration, low cost and ability to measure in few microliters of sample. In this context, in this review article, we summarize and discuss about the use of SPEs as analytical tools in the development of (bio)sensors for pesticides of interest for food control. Finally, aspects related to the analytical performance of the developed (bio)sensors together with prospects for future improvements are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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22 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Metal Nanoparticles for Small Molecule Sensing

by Daniel Antuña-Jiménez, María Begoña González-García, David Hernández-Santos and Pablo Fanjul-Bolado

Biosensors 2020, 10(2), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10020009 - 1 Feb 2020

Cited by 115 | Viewed by 15776

Abstract

Recent progress in the field of electroanalysis with metal nanoparticle (NP)-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is discussed, focusing on the methods employed to perform the electrode surface functionalization, and the final application achieved with different types of metallic NPs. The ink mixing approach, electrochemical [...] Read more.

Recent progress in the field of electroanalysis with metal nanoparticle (NP)-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) is discussed, focusing on the methods employed to perform the electrode surface functionalization, and the final application achieved with different types of metallic NPs. The ink mixing approach, electrochemical deposition, and drop casting are the usual methodologies used for SPEs’ modification purposes to obtain nanoparticulated sensing phases with suitable tailor-made functionalities. Among these, applications on inorganic and organic molecule sensing with several NPs of transition metals, bimetallic alloys, and metal oxides should be highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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32 pages, 7903 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Grafting of Diazonium Salts on Surfaces: Application to Biosensors

by Dardan Hetemi, Vincent Noël and Jean Pinson

Biosensors 2020, 10(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios10010004 - 15 Jan 2020

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 12194

Abstract

This review is divided into two parts; the first one summarizes the main features of surface modification by diazonium salts with a focus on most recent advances, while the second part deals with diazonium-based biosensors including small molecules of biological interest, proteins, and [...] Read more.

This review is divided into two parts; the first one summarizes the main features of surface modification by diazonium salts with a focus on most recent advances, while the second part deals with diazonium-based biosensors including small molecules of biological interest, proteins, and nucleic acids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century)

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Dedication to Professor Agustín Costa-García: Screen-Printed Electrodes-Based (Bio)sensors: Development and New Challenges of the 21st Century

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