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Biosensors
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Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers
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Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors and Healthcare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2022) | Viewed by 21136

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maria Franzini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Interests: clinical pathology; disease biomarkers; immunochemistry; high-sensitive immunochemical assay; inflammation; oxidative stress; cardiovascular diseases; atherosclerosis; cardiac amyloidosis, metabolic syndrome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the Biomarker Working Group, a biological marker (i.e., biomarker) is “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention.”

In medicine, biomarkers can be used to: i) establish the susceptibility of an individual for developing a medical condition (risk biomarker); ii) detect the presence/absence of a disease (diagnostic biomarker); iii) identify the likelihood of a clinical event, disease recurrence or progression in patients who already have a condition of medical interest (prognostic biomarker); iv) monitor the status of a medical condition or for evidence of exposure to drugs or environmental agent (monitoring biomarker).

The benefit of using a biomarker for a specific purpose is directly related both to its appropriate application and to the quality of its quantification. Biosensor development for clinical purposes has attracted scientific interest over the past 20 years owing to the need for rapid, simple handheld testing devices in medicine. Indeed, biosensors associated to nanotechnologies allow the detection of analytes even in a small quantity of biological samples, such as a blood drops, and in alternative matrices such as saliva or sweat. Although there have been many advancements in the biosensors area, there is still a need to develop sensitive, fast, and accurate biosensors.

In this Special issue, we welcome all research and development that advance biosensor technologies and their application for the quantification of biomarkers relevant in the medical fields.

Dr. Maria Franzini
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Biosensors 
  • Risk/diagnostic/prognostic/monitoring biomarkers 
  • Precisione medicine 
  • Sensitivity/specificity/accuracy 
  • In vitro diagnostics (IVD) 
  • Medical devices

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1630 KiB  
Article
Native llama Nanobody Library Panning Performed by Phage and Yeast Display Provides Binders Suitable for C-Reactive Protein Detection
by Sandra Oloketuyi, Robert Bernedo, Andreas Christmann, Justyna Borkowska, Giulia Cazzaniga, Horst Wilhelm Schuchmann, Joanna Niedziółka-Jönsson, Katarzyna Szot-Karpińska, Harald Kolmar and Ario de Marco
Biosensors 2021, 11(12), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11120496 - 3 Dec 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4463
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammation biomarker that should be quantified accurately during infections and healing processes. Nanobodies are good candidates to replace conventional antibodies in immunodiagnostics due to their inexpensive production, simple engineering, and the possibility to obtain higher binder density on [...] Read more.
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammation biomarker that should be quantified accurately during infections and healing processes. Nanobodies are good candidates to replace conventional antibodies in immunodiagnostics due to their inexpensive production, simple engineering, and the possibility to obtain higher binder density on capture surfaces. Starting from the same pre-immune library, we compared the selection output resulting from two independent panning strategies, one exclusively exploiting the phage display and another in which a first round of phage display was followed by a second round of yeast display. There was a partial output convergence between the two methods, since two clones were identified using both panning protocols but the first provided several further different sequences, whereas the second favored the recovery of many copies of few clones. The isolated anti-CRP nanobodies had affinity in the low nanomolar range and were suitable for ELISA and immunoprecipitation. One of them was fused to SpyTag and exploited in combination with SpyCatcher as the immunocapture element to quantify CRP using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the biosensor was calculated as low as 0.21 μg/mL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers)
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10 pages, 1868 KiB  
Communication
Signal Enhancement in Oriented Immunosorbent Assays: A Balance between Accessibility of Antigen Binding Sites and Avidity
by Vanessa Susini, Vanna Fierabracci, Gaia Barria, Lisa Dodoli, Laura Caponi, Aldo Paolicchi and Maria Franzini
Biosensors 2021, 11(12), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11120493 - 3 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2542
Abstract
The sensitivity of immunoassays was reported to be increased by the orientation of antibodies. We investigated how the size and valence of antigens and orientation and valence of antibodies contribute to the analytical sensitivity of ELISA. Antigens differing in size and number of [...] Read more.
The sensitivity of immunoassays was reported to be increased by the orientation of antibodies. We investigated how the size and valence of antigens and orientation and valence of antibodies contribute to the analytical sensitivity of ELISA. Antigens differing in size and number of epitopes were compared using oriented and non-oriented ELISAs: the orientation of antibodies was obtained coating half-fragment antibodies on maleimide microplates, while, in non-oriented ELISA, whole antibodies were randomly physisorbed. The oriented assay performed better than the non-oriented one at each concentration (0.4–3.3 ng/mL) of a small monomeric antigen (cardiac Troponin I, 24 kDa, Rh 3 nm). No significant differences were observed with a large monovalent antigen (prostate-specific antigen-alpha(1) antichymotrypsin, 90 kDa, Rh > 3 nm), since its steric hindrance overcame the increased availability of antigen binding sites given by orientation. Large multivalent antigens (ferritin, 280 kDa, Rh 6 nm; α-fetoprotein, >70 kDa, Rh > 3.3 nm) performed better in non-oriented assays. In this case, the repeated epitopes on the surface of the antigens favored the engagement of both antigen binding sites of the whole IgG, thus suggesting that avidity represented the leading force in this experimental setting. In conclusion, the design of high-sensitivity ELISAs should consider the dimension and valency of antigens in addition to the affinity and avidity of antibodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers)
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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 12058 KiB  
Article
Development of Smart-Ring-Based Chest Compression Depth Feedback Device for High Quality Chest Compressions: A Proof-of-Concept Study
by Seungjae Lee, Yeongtak Song, Jongshill Lee, Jaehoon Oh, Tae Ho Lim, Chiwon Ahn and In Young Kim
Biosensors 2021, 11(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11020035 - 28 Jan 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3681
Abstract
Recently, a smart-device-based chest compression depth (CCD) feedback system that helps ensure that chest compressions have adequate depth during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was developed. However, no CCD feedback device has been developed for infants, and many feedback systems are inconvenient to use. In [...] Read more.
Recently, a smart-device-based chest compression depth (CCD) feedback system that helps ensure that chest compressions have adequate depth during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was developed. However, no CCD feedback device has been developed for infants, and many feedback systems are inconvenient to use. In this paper, we report the development of a smart-ring-based CCD feedback device for CPR based on an inertial measurement unit, and propose a high-quality chest compression depth estimation algorithm that considers the orientation of the device. The performance of the proposed feedback system was evaluated by comparing it with a linear variable differential transformer in three CPR situations. The experimental results showed compression depth errors of 2.0 ± 1.1, 2.2 ± 0.9, and 1.4 ± 1.1 mm in the three situations. In addition, we conducted a pilot test with an adult/infant mannequin. The results of the experiments show that the proposed smart-ring-based CCD feedback system is applicable to various chest compression methods based on real CPR situations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers)
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Review

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22 pages, 3664 KiB  
Review
Fiber Optic Sensors: A Review for Glucose Measurement
by José Luis Cano Perez, Jaime Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Christian Perezcampos Mayoral, Eduardo L. Pérez-Campos, Maria del Socorro Pina Canseco, Lorenzo Tepech Carrillo, Laura Pérez-Campos Mayoral, Marciano Vargas Treviño, Edmundo López Apreza and Roberto Rojas Laguna
Biosensors 2021, 11(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11030061 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6087
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, being globally one of the most deadly diseases. This disease requires continually monitoring of the body’s glucose levels. There are different types of sensors for measuring glucose, most of them invasive to the patient. Fiber optic [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, being globally one of the most deadly diseases. This disease requires continually monitoring of the body’s glucose levels. There are different types of sensors for measuring glucose, most of them invasive to the patient. Fiber optic sensors have been proven to have advantages compared to conventional sensors and they have great potential for various applications, especially in the biomedical area. Compared to other sensors, they are smaller, easy to handle, mostly non-invasive, thus leading to a lower risk of infection, high precision, well correlated and inexpensive. The objective of this review article is to compare different types of fiber optic sensors made with different experimental techniques applied to biomedicine, especially for glucose sensing. Observations are made on the way of elaboration, as well as the advantages and disadvantages that each one could have in real applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers)
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Other

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12 pages, 690 KiB  
Systematic Review
Biosensors for Detection of Biochemical Markers Relevant to Osteoarthritis
by Umile Giuseppe Longo, Vincenzo Candela, Alessandra Berton, Sergio De Salvatore, Sara Fioravanti, Lucia Giannone, Anna Marchetti, Maria Grazia De Marinis and Vincenzo Denaro
Biosensors 2021, 11(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11020031 - 24 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3543
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess the advantages of biosensors in detecting biomarkers for the early diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease and is a leading cause of disability and pain worldwide. The diagnosis of OA could be [...] Read more.
This systematic review aimed to assess the advantages of biosensors in detecting biomarkers for the early diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is the most prevalent musculoskeletal disease and is a leading cause of disability and pain worldwide. The diagnosis of OA could be performed through clinical examinations and imaging only during the late stages of the disease. Biomarkers could be used for the diagnosis of the disease in the very early stages. Biosensors could detect biomarkers with high accuracy and low costs. This paper focuses on the biosensors mainly adopted to detect OA markers (electrochemical, optical, Quartz crystal microbalance, molecular and wearable biosensors). A comprehensive search on PubMed, Cochrane, CINAHL and Embase databases was conducted from the inception to November 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to improve the reporting of the review. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) was used for quality assessment. From a total amount of 1086 studies identified, only 19 articles were eligible for this study. The main advantages of the biosensors reported were accuracy, limited cost and ease of use, compared to traditional methods (ELISA). Otherwise, due to the lack of data and the low level of evidence of the papers included, it was impossible to find significant results. Therefore, further high-quality studies are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers)
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