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14 pages, 3097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electronic Tongue for Direct Assessment of SARS-CoV-2-Free and Infected Human Saliva—A Feasibility Study

by Magnus Falk, Carolin Psotta, Stefan Cirovic, Lars Ohlsson and Sergey Shleev

Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070717 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1663

Abstract

An electronic tongue is a powerful analytical instrument based on an array of non-selective chemical sensors with a partial specificity for data gathering and advanced pattern recognition methods for data analysis. Connecting electronic tongues with electrochemical techniques for data collection has led to [...] Read more.

An electronic tongue is a powerful analytical instrument based on an array of non-selective chemical sensors with a partial specificity for data gathering and advanced pattern recognition methods for data analysis. Connecting electronic tongues with electrochemical techniques for data collection has led to various applications, mostly within sensing for food quality and environmental monitoring, but also in biomedical research for the analyses of different bioanalytes in human physiological fluids. In this paper, an electronic tongue consisting of six electrodes (viz., gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, iridium, and glassy carbon) was designed and tested in authentic (undiluted, unpretreated) human saliva samples from eight volunteers, collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Investigations of 11 samples using differential pulse voltammetry and a principal component analysis allowed us to distinguish between SARS-CoV-2-free and infected authentic human saliva. This work, as a proof-of-principle demonstration, provides a new perspective for the use of electronic tongues in the field of enzyme-free electrochemical biosensing, highlighting their potential for future applications in non-invasive biomedical analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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14 pages, 1030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Characterization Using Biosensors with the Coagulant Moringa oleifera Seed Lectin (cMoL)

by Benny Ferreira de Oliveira, Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo, Eloisa Ferreira Neves, Thiago Henrique Napoleão, Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva, Katia Cristina Silva de Freitas, Sandra Rodrigues de Souza and Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso Coelho

Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060655 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1500

Abstract

Triturated Moringa oleifera seeds have components that adsorb recalcitrant indigo carmine dye. Coagulating proteins known as lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) have already been purified from the powder of these seeds, in milligram amounts. The coagulant lectin from M. oleifera seeds (cMoL) was characterized by [...] Read more.

Triturated Moringa oleifera seeds have components that adsorb recalcitrant indigo carmine dye. Coagulating proteins known as lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) have already been purified from the powder of these seeds, in milligram amounts. The coagulant lectin from M. oleifera seeds (cMoL) was characterized by potentiometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using MOFs, or metal–organic frameworks, of [Cu₃(BTC)₂(H₂O)₃]_n to immobilize cMoL and construct biosensors. The potentiometric biosensor revealed an increase in the electrochemical potential resulting from the Pt/MOF/cMoL interaction with different concentrations of galactose in the electrolytic medium. The developed aluminum batteries constructed with recycled cans degraded an indigo carmine dye solution; the oxide reduction reactions of the batteries generated Al(OH)₃, promoting dye electrocoagulation. Biosensors were used to investigate cMoL interactions with a specific galactose concentration and monitored residual dye. SEM revealed the components of the electrode assembly steps. Cyclic voltammetry showed differentiated redox peaks related to dye residue quantification by cMoL. Electrochemical systems were used to evaluate cMoL interactions with galactose ligands and efficiently degraded dye. Biosensors could be used for lectin characterization and monitoring dye residues in environmental effluents of the textile industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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13 pages, 3463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Applicability of a Green Nanocomposite Consisted of Spongin Decorated Cu₂WO₄(OH)₂ and AgNPs as a High-Performance Aptasensing Platform in Staphylococcus aureus Detection

by Faezeh Shahdost-Fard, Shahin Faridfar, Amir Homayoun Keihan, Mohammad Aghaei, Iaroslav Petrenko, Farhad Ahmadi, Hermann Ehrlich and Mehdi Rahimi-Nasrabadi

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020271 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2386

Abstract

This study reports the synthesis of a nanocomposite consisting of spongin and its applicability in the development of an aptasensing platform with high performance. The spongin was carefully extracted from a marine sponge and decorated with copper tungsten oxide hydroxide. The resulting spongin-copper [...] Read more.

This study reports the synthesis of a nanocomposite consisting of spongin and its applicability in the development of an aptasensing platform with high performance. The spongin was carefully extracted from a marine sponge and decorated with copper tungsten oxide hydroxide. The resulting spongin-copper tungsten oxide hydroxide was functionalized by silver nanoparticles and utilized in electrochemical aptasensor fabrication. The nanocomposite covered on a glassy carbon electrode surface amplified the electron transfer and increased active electrochemical sites. The aptasensor was fabricated by loading of thiolated aptamer on the embedded surface via thiol-AgNPs linkage. The applicability of the aptasensor was tested in detecting the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium as one of the five most common causes of nosocomial infectious diseases. The aptasensor measured S. aureus under a linear concentration range of 10–10⁸ colony-forming units per milliliter and a limit of quantification and detection of 12 and 1 colony-forming unit per milliliter, respectively. The highly selective diagnosis of S. aureus in the presence of some common bacterial strains was satisfactorily evaluated. The acceptable results of the human serum analysis as the real sample may be promising in the bacteria tracking in clinical samples underlying the green chemistry principle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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13 pages, 1896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conducting Polymer-Infused Electrospun Fibre Mat Modified by POEGMA Brushes as Antifouling Biointerface

by Jesna Ashraf, Sandy Lau, Alireza Akbarinejad, Clive W. Evans, David E. Williams, David Barker and Jadranka Travas-Sejdic

Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121143 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2632

Abstract

Biofouling on surfaces, caused by the assimilation of proteins, peptides, lipids and microorganisms, leads to contamination, deterioration and failure of biomedical devices and causes implants rejection. To address these issues, various antifouling strategies have been extensively studied, including polyethylene glycol-based polymer brushes. Conducting [...] Read more.

Biofouling on surfaces, caused by the assimilation of proteins, peptides, lipids and microorganisms, leads to contamination, deterioration and failure of biomedical devices and causes implants rejection. To address these issues, various antifouling strategies have been extensively studied, including polyethylene glycol-based polymer brushes. Conducting polymers-based biointerfaces have emerged as advanced surfaces for interfacing biological tissues and organs with electronics. Antifouling of such biointerfaces is a challenge. In this study, we fabricated electrospun fibre mats from sulphonated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (sSEBS), infused with conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) (sSEBS-PEDOT), to produce a conductive (2.06 ± 0.1 S/cm), highly porous, fibre mat that can be used as a biointerface in bioelectronic applications. To afford antifouling, here the poly(oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) brushes were grafted onto the sSEBS-PEDOT conducting fibre mats via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization technique (SI-ATRP). For that, a copolymer of EDOT and an EDOT derivative with SI-ATRP initiating sites, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) methyl 2-bromopropanoate (EDOTBr), was firstly electropolymerized on the sSEBS-PEDOT fibre mat to provide sSEBS-PEDOT/P(EDOT-co-EDOTBr). The POEGMA brushes were grafted from the sSEBS-PEDOT/P(EDOT-co-EDOTBr) and the polymerization kinetics confirmed the successful growth of the brushes. Fibre mats with 10-mers and 30-mers POEGMA brushes were studied for antifouling using a BCA protein assay. The mats with 30-mers grafted brushes exhibited excellent antifouling efficiency, ~82% of proteins repelled, compared to the pristine sSEBS-PEDOT fibre mat. The grafted fibre mats exhibited cell viability >80%, comparable to the standard cell culture plate controls. Such conducting, porous biointerfaces with POEGMA grafted brushes are suitable for applications in various biomedical devices, including biosensors, liquid biopsy, wound healing substrates and drug delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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11 pages, 3086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in and Recognition of Electrochemical Fingerprints of Acer spp. in Different Seasons

by Pengchong Zhang, Xiaolong Li, Yuhong Zheng and Li Fu

Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121114 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1473

Abstract

Electroanalytical chemistry is a metrological analysis technique that provides information feedback by measuring the voltammetric signal that changes when a molecule is involved in an electrochemical reaction. There is variability in the type and content of electrochemically active substances among different plants, and [...] Read more.

Electroanalytical chemistry is a metrological analysis technique that provides information feedback by measuring the voltammetric signal that changes when a molecule is involved in an electrochemical reaction. There is variability in the type and content of electrochemically active substances among different plants, and the signal differences presented by such differences in electrochemical reactions can be used for plant identification and physiological monitoring. This work used electroanalytical chemistry to monitor the growth of three Acer spp. This work explores the feasibility of the electrochemical analysis technique for the physiological monitoring of highly differentiated plants within the genus and further validates the technique. Changes in the electrochemical fingerprints of A. cinnamomifolium, A. sinopurpurascens and A. palmatum ‘Matsumurae’ were recorded during the one-year developmental cycle. The results show that the differences in the electrochemical fingerprint profiles of Acer spp. can be used to distinguish different species and identify the growth status in each season. This work also concludes with an identification flowchart based on electrochemical fingerprinting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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12 pages, 4126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Immunosensor for Early Detection of β-Amyloid Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarker Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Gold Nanocomposites

by Pushpesh Ranjan and Raju Khan

Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12111059 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2908

Abstract

Beta-amyloid (βA) peptides accompanying the physiological change in brain induce Alzheimer’s disease. In this work, a highly sensitive electrochemical (EC) immunosensor platform has been developed for the quantitative detection of βA peptides, using the gold nanoparticle functionalized chitosan-aligned carbon nanotube (CS-aCNT-Au) nanocomposites on [...] Read more.

Beta-amyloid (βA) peptides accompanying the physiological change in brain induce Alzheimer’s disease. In this work, a highly sensitive electrochemical (EC) immunosensor platform has been developed for the quantitative detection of βA peptides, using the gold nanoparticle functionalized chitosan-aligned carbon nanotube (CS-aCNT-Au) nanocomposites on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The immunosensor has been fabricated by immobilization of the anti-βA antibody upon CS-aCNT-Au/GCE. In the CS-aCNT nanocomposite, CS has high biocompatibility. Hydroxy and amine functionalities favor the antibody immobilization and prevent the leaching of nanocomposites of the modified electrode due to the adhesive environment. Moreover, aCNT offers high conductivity, stability, and a large surface area (the calculated effective surface area of the CS-aCNT/GCE is 8.594 × 10⁻² cm²). However, the incorporation of AuNPs further enhances the conductivity of the CS-aCNT-Au nanocomposite based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results, and also improves the effective surface area (9.735 × 10⁻² cm²). The surface morphology and electrochemical studies of the nanocomposite, as well as its modifications by the anti-βA antibody and BSA, were carried out through field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and DPV. The quantitative immunosensing of the βA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution is accomplished via DPV, which reveals that the immunosensor has a high sensitivity of 157.60 µA pg⁻¹ mL cm⁻² and a broad detection range of 10.0 pg mL⁻¹–100.0 µg mL⁻¹, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.87 pg mL⁻¹. Subsequently, we detected the spiked βA in diluted serum with a linear detection range of 10.0 pg mL⁻¹–1.0 ng mL⁻¹ and LOD of 0.95 pg mL⁻¹. Moreover, a selectivity study exhibited a high affinity of immunosensors towards βA. Thus, we propose that this highly efficient immunosensor can potentially be applied for the point-of-care (POC) sensing of βA in clinical samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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11 pages, 2824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosensor Based on Peroxidase-Mimetic Nanozyme and Lactate Oxidase for Accurate L-Lactate Analysis in Beverages

by Oleh Smutok, Taras Kavetskyy, Tetiana Prokopiv, Roman Serkiz, Ondrej Šauša, Ivan Novák, Helena Švajdlenková, Igor Maťko, Mykhailo Gonchar and Evgeny Katz

Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12111042 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2797

Abstract

Precision analysis of the key biological metabolites such as L-lactate has great practical importance for many technological processes in food technology, including beverage production. Here we describe a new, highly selective, and sensitive biosensor for accurate L-lactate assay based on a combination of [...] Read more.

Precision analysis of the key biological metabolites such as L-lactate has great practical importance for many technological processes in food technology, including beverage production. Here we describe a new, highly selective, and sensitive biosensor for accurate L-lactate assay based on a combination of peroxidase-mimetic nanozymes with microbial lactate oxidase (LOx) immobilized onto the surface of a graphite-rod electrode (GE). The peroxidase-like nanozymes were synthesized using the debris of carbon microfibers (CFs) functionalized with hemin (H) and modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or platinum microparticles (PtMPs). The nanozyme formed with PtMPs as well as corresponding bioelectrodes based on it (LOx-CF-H-PtMPs/GE) is characterized by preferable catalytic and operational characteristics, so it was selected for the analysis of L-lactate content in real samples of grape must and red wine. The results of the L-lactate analysis obtained by the developed biosensors are highly correlated with a very selective spectrophotometric approach used as a reference. The developed biosensor, due to its high selectivity and sensitivity, is very prospective not only for the beverage industry and food technology, but also for clinical diagnostics and medicine, as well as in other applications where the accurate analysis of L-lactate is highly important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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14 pages, 6312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene Quantum Dots Based Biosensor for CD44 Breast Cancer Biomarker

by Neeraj Kumar, Shalu Yadav, Mohd Abubakar Sadique and Raju Khan

Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110966 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2922

Abstract

An innovative electrochemical biosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is developed for a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive primary diagnosis of the breast cancer biomarker cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44) antigen. Herein, electrochemical exfoliation of waste dry batteries provides facile, eco-friendly, and cost-effective [...] Read more.

An innovative electrochemical biosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is developed for a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive primary diagnosis of the breast cancer biomarker cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44) antigen. Herein, electrochemical exfoliation of waste dry batteries provides facile, eco-friendly, and cost-effective synthesis of GQDs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals that GQDs exhibit spherical shapes with an average diameter of 4.75 nm. Further, electrochemical analysis through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that the electrochemical properties of GQDs are suitable for biosensing applications. Subsequently, GQDs have a large electroactive surface area that has been utilized for the immobilization of CD44 antibodies to fabricate the electrochemical biosensor. The electroanalytical performance of GQDs for CD44 biosensing capabilities is studied by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The developed electrochemical biosensor has high sensitivity with the lowest detection limit (LOD) of 2.11 fg/mL in the linear range of 0.1 pg/mL to 100.0 ng/mL in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Further, the linear response of the electrochemical biosensor for CD44 antigen concentration is in the range of 1.0 pg/mL to 100.0 ng/mL with a LOD of 2.71 fg/mL in spiked serum samples. The outcomes suggest that the synthesized GQDs demonstrate promising attributes to be utilized as a viable nanomaterial in biosensing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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12 pages, 3525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasensitive and Cost-Effective Detection of Neuropeptide-Y by a Disposable Immunosensor: A New Functionalization Route for Indium-Tin Oxide Surface

by İnci Uludağ and Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk

Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110925 - 26 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2027

Abstract

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the human brain, and its levels in the blood change in neurodegenerative and neuroimmune disorders. This indicates that NPY may serve as a diagnostic and monitoring marker for associated disorders. In this [...] Read more.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the human brain, and its levels in the blood change in neurodegenerative and neuroimmune disorders. This indicates that NPY may serve as a diagnostic and monitoring marker for associated disorders. In this paper, an electrochemical immunosensor was created to detect NPY biomarkers using a novel immobilization technique. The proposed biosensor system enables accurate, specific, cost-effective, and practical biomarker analysis. Indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET) sheets were treated with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDC) to covalently immobilize antibodies. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques were used to analyze each step of the biosensors. The proposed NPY biosensor has a broad linear detection range (0.01–100 pg mL⁻¹), a low limit of detection (LOD) (0.02968 pg mL⁻¹), and a low limit of quantification (LOQ) (0.0989 pg mL⁻¹). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to support in the optimization process, study the surface morphology, and visualize it. Studies of repeatability, reproducibility, storage, and Kramers–Kronig transformation were conducted during electrochemical characterization. After analytical experiments, the biosensor’s responses to human serum samples were evaluated. According to the obtained data, the error margin is small, and the created biosensor offers a great deal of promise for the clinical measurement of NPY. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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12 pages, 3748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glucose Incorporated Graphite Matrix for Electroanalysis of Trimethoprim

by Rakesh R. Sawkar, Mahesh M. Shanbhag, Suresh M. Tuwar, Ravindra S. Veerapur and Nagaraj P. Shetti

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100909 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2066

Abstract

The antibiotic drug trimethoprim (TMP) is used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals, and frequently TMP is used along with sulfonamides. However, a large portion of TMP is excreted in its active state, which poses a severe problem to humans and [...] Read more.

The antibiotic drug trimethoprim (TMP) is used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals, and frequently TMP is used along with sulfonamides. However, a large portion of TMP is excreted in its active state, which poses a severe problem to humans and the environment. A sensitive, rapid, cost-effective analytical tool is required to monitor the TMP concentration in biological and environmental samples. Hence, this study proposed an analytical methodology to analyze TMP in clinical, biological and environmental samples. The investigations were carried out using a glucose-modified carbon paste electrode (G-CPE) employing voltammetric techniques. Electrochemical behavior was examined with 0.5 mM TMP solution at optimum pH 3.4 (Phosphate Buffer Solution, I = 0.2 M). The influence of scan rate on the electro-oxidation of TMP was studied within the range of 0.05 to 0.55 V/s. The effect of pH and scan rate variations revealed proton transfer during oxidation. Moreover, diffusion phenomena governed the irreversibility of the electrode reaction. A probable and suitable electrode interaction and reaction mechanism was proposed for the electrochemical oxidation of TMP. Further, the TMP was quantitatively estimated with the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique in the concentration range from 9.0 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ M. The tablet, spiked water and urine analysis demonstrated that the selected method and developed electrode were rapid, simple, sensitive, and cost-effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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15 pages, 4985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zinc Oxide/Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Nitride Composite as Potential Scaffold for Electrochemical Detection of Nitrofurantoin

by Faheem Ahmed, Thangavelu Kokulnathan, Ahmad Umar, Sheikh Akbar, Shalendra Kumar, Nagih M. Shaalan, Nishat Arshi, Mohd Gulfam Alam, Abdullah Aljaafari and Adil Alshoaibi

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100856 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3044

Abstract

Herein, we present an electrocatalyst constructed by zinc oxide hexagonal prisms/phosphorus-doped carbon nitride wrinkles (ZnO HPs/P-CN) prepared via a facile sonochemical method towards the detection of nitrofurantoin (NF). The ZnO HPs/P-CN-sensing platform showed amplified response and low-peak potential compared with other electrodes. The [...] Read more.

Herein, we present an electrocatalyst constructed by zinc oxide hexagonal prisms/phosphorus-doped carbon nitride wrinkles (ZnO HPs/P-CN) prepared via a facile sonochemical method towards the detection of nitrofurantoin (NF). The ZnO HPs/P-CN-sensing platform showed amplified response and low-peak potential compared with other electrodes. The exceptional electrochemical performance could be credited to ideal architecture, rapid electron/charge transfer, good conductivity, and abundant active sites in the ZnO HPs/P-CN composite. Resulting from these merits, the ZnO HPs/P-CN-modified electrode delivered rapid response (2 s), a low detection limit (2 nM), good linear range (0.01–111 µM), high sensitivity (4.62 µA µM⁻¹ cm²), better selectivity, decent stability (±97.6%), and reproducibility towards electrochemical detection of NF. We further demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed ZnO HPs/P-CN sensor for detecting NF in samples of water and human urine. All the above features make our proposed ZnO HPs/P-CN sensor a most promising probe for detecting NF in natural samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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18 pages, 3657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosensing Dopamine and L-Epinephrine with Laccase (Trametes pubescens) Immobilized on a Gold Modified Electrode

by Mariya Pimpilova, Kalina Kamarska and Nina Dimcheva

Biosensors 2022, 12(9), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12090719 - 3 Sep 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

Engineering electrode surfaces through the electrodeposition of gold may provide a range of advantages in the context of biosensor development, such as greatly enhanced surface area, improved conductivity and versatile functionalization. In this work we report on the development of an electrochemical biosensor [...] Read more.

Engineering electrode surfaces through the electrodeposition of gold may provide a range of advantages in the context of biosensor development, such as greatly enhanced surface area, improved conductivity and versatile functionalization. In this work we report on the development of an electrochemical biosensor for the laccase-catalyzed assay of two catecholamines—dopamine and L-epinephrine. Variety of electrochemical techniques—cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and constant potential amperometry have been used in its characterization. It has been demonstrated that the laccase electrode is capable of sensing dopamine using two distinct techniques—differential pulse voltammetry and constant potential amperometry, the latter being suitable for the assay of L-epinephrine as well. The biosensor response to both catecholamines, examined by constant potential chronoamperometry over the potential range from 0.2 to −0.1 V (vs. Ag|AgCl, sat KCl) showed the highest electrode sensitivity at 0 and −0.1 V. The dependencies of the current density on either catecholamine’s concentration was found to follow the Michaelis—Menten kinetics with apparent constants K_M^app = 0.116 ± 0.015 mM for dopamine and K_M^app = 0.245 ± 0.031 mM for L-epinephrine and linear dynamic ranges spanning up to 0.10 mM and 0.20 mM, respectively. Calculated limits of detection for both analytes were found to be within the sub-micromolar concentration range. The biosensor applicability to the assay of dopamine concentration in a pharmaceutical product was demonstrated (with recovery rates between 99% and 106%, n = 3). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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16 pages, 4370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Sensitive Detection of PQS Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Using Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Nanomaterials

by Denisa Capatina, Teodora Lupoi, Bogdan Feier, Diana Olah, Cecilia Cristea and Radu Oprean

Biosensors 2022, 12(8), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12080638 - 13 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2291

Abstract

The rapid diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is very important because this bacterium is one of the main sources of healthcare-associated infections. Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) is a specific molecule for quorum sensing (QS) in P. aeruginosa, a form of cell-to-cell bacterial [...] Read more.

The rapid diagnosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is very important because this bacterium is one of the main sources of healthcare-associated infections. Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS) is a specific molecule for quorum sensing (QS) in P. aeruginosa, a form of cell-to-cell bacterial communication and its levels can allow the determination of the bacterial population. In this study, the development of the first electrochemical detection of PQS using screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT-SPE) is reported. The electrochemical fingerprint of PQS was determined using different electrode materials and screen-printed electrodes modified with different nanomaterials. The optimization of the method in terms of electrolyte, pH, and electrochemical technique was achieved. The quantification of PQS was performed using one of the anodic peaks in the electrochemical fingerprint of the PQS on the CNT-SPE. The sensor exhibited a linear range from 0.1 to 15 µM, with a limit of detection of 50 nM. The sensor allowed the selective detection of PQS, with low interference from other QS molecules. The sensor was successfully applied to analysis of real samples (spiked urine and human serum samples, spiked microbiological growth media, and microbiological cultures). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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14 pages, 2701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ECIS Based Electric Fence Method for Measurement of Human Keratinocyte Migration on Different Substrates

by Yu-Han Hung, Wei-Chih Chiu, Shyh-Rong Fuh, Yi-Ting Lai, Tse-Hua Tung, Chun-Chung Huang and Chun-Min Lo

Biosensors 2022, 12(5), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12050293 - 3 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3632

Abstract

Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) is an impedance-based, real-time, and label-free measuring system for monitoring cellular activities in tissue culture. Previously, ECIS wound healing assay has been used to wound cells with high electric current and monitor the subsequent cell migration. In this [...] Read more.

Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) is an impedance-based, real-time, and label-free measuring system for monitoring cellular activities in tissue culture. Previously, ECIS wound healing assay has been used to wound cells with high electric current and monitor the subsequent cell migration. In this study, we applied ECIS electric fence (EF) method, an alternative to electrical wounding, to assess the effects of different surface coatings on human keratinocyte (HaCaT) migration. The EF prevents inoculated cells from attaching or migrating to the fenced electrode surface while maintaining the integrity of the surface coating. After the EF is turned off, cells migrate into the cell-free area, and the increase in measured impedance is monitored. We cultured HaCaT cells on gold electrodes without coating or coated with poly-L-lysin (PLL), poly-D-lysine (PDL), or type-I collagen. We quantified migration rates according to the different slopes in the impedance time series. It was observed that either poly-L-lysine (PLL) or poly-D-lysine (PDL) limits cell adhesion and migration rates. Furthermore, the surface charge of the coated substrate in the culture condition positively correlates with the cell adhesion and migration process. Our results indicate that the EF method is useful for determining cell migration rates on specific surface coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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Review

Jump to: Research

22 pages, 5353 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for Monitoring Animal Cell Function and Viability

by Kyeong-Mo Koo, Chang-Dae Kim, Fu Nan Ju, Huijung Kim, Cheol-Hwi Kim and Tae-Hyung Kim

Biosensors 2022, 12(12), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121162 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4701

Abstract

Redox reactions in live cells are generated by involving various redox biomolecules for maintaining cell viability and functions. These qualities have been exploited in the development of clinical monitoring, diagnostic approaches, and numerous types of biosensors. Particularly, electrochemical biosensor-based live-cell detection technologies, such [...] Read more.

Redox reactions in live cells are generated by involving various redox biomolecules for maintaining cell viability and functions. These qualities have been exploited in the development of clinical monitoring, diagnostic approaches, and numerous types of biosensors. Particularly, electrochemical biosensor-based live-cell detection technologies, such as electric cell–substrate impedance (ECIS), field-effect transistors (FETs), and potentiometric-based biosensors, are used for the electrochemical-based sensing of extracellular changes, genetic alterations, and redox reactions. In addition to the electrochemical biosensors for live-cell detection, cancer and stem cells may be immobilized on an electrode surface and evaluated electrochemically. Various nanomaterials and cell-friendly ligands are used to enhance the sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors. Here, we discuss recent advances in the use of electrochemical sensors for determining cell viability and function, which are essential for the practical application of these sensors as tools for pharmaceutical analysis and toxicity testing. We believe that this review will motivate researchers to enhance their efforts devoted to accelerating the development of electrochemical biosensors for future applications in the pharmaceutical industry and stem cell therapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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20 pages, 3300 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in the Use of CoPc-MWCNTs Nanocomposites as Electrochemical Sensing Materials

by Sheriff A. Balogun and Omolola E. Fayemi

Biosensors 2022, 12(10), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12100850 - 9 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2641

Abstract

Cobalt phthalocyanine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CoPc-MWCNTs), a nanocomposite, are extraordinary electrochemical sensing materials. This material has attracted growing interest owing to its unique physicochemical properties. Notably, the metal at the center of the metal phthalocyanine structure offers an enhanced redox-active behavior used to [...] Read more.

Cobalt phthalocyanine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CoPc-MWCNTs), a nanocomposite, are extraordinary electrochemical sensing materials. This material has attracted growing interest owing to its unique physicochemical properties. Notably, the metal at the center of the metal phthalocyanine structure offers an enhanced redox-active behavior used to design solid electrodes for determining varieties of analytes. This review extensively discusses current developments in CoPc-MWCNTs nanocomposites as potential materials for electrochemical sensors, along with their different fabrication methods, modifying electrodes, and the detected analytes. The advantages of CoPc-MWCNTs nanocomposite as sensing material and its future perspectives are carefully reviewed and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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21 pages, 2001 KiB

Open AccessReview

Smartphone-Based Multiplexed Biosensing Tools for Health Monitoring

by Tutku Beduk, Duygu Beduk, Mohd Rahil Hasan, Emine Guler Celik, Jurgen Kosel, Jagriti Narang, Khaled Nabil Salama and Suna Timur

Biosensors 2022, 12(8), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12080583 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 7905

Abstract

Many emerging technologies have the potential to improve health care by providing more personalized approaches or early diagnostic methods. In this review, we cover smartphone-based multiplexed sensors as affordable and portable sensing platforms for point-of-care devices. Multiplexing has been gaining attention recently for [...] Read more.

Many emerging technologies have the potential to improve health care by providing more personalized approaches or early diagnostic methods. In this review, we cover smartphone-based multiplexed sensors as affordable and portable sensing platforms for point-of-care devices. Multiplexing has been gaining attention recently for clinical diagnosis considering certain diseases require analysis of complex biological networks instead of single-marker analysis. Smartphones offer tremendous possibilities for on-site detection analysis due to their portability, high accessibility, fast sample processing, and robust imaging capabilities. Straightforward digital analysis and convenient user interfaces support networked health care systems and individualized health monitoring. Detailed biomarker profiling provides fast and accurate analysis for disease diagnosis for limited sample volume collection. Here, multiplexed smartphone-based assays with optical and electrochemical components are covered. Possible wireless or wired communication actuators and portable and wearable sensing integration for various sensing applications are discussed. The crucial features and the weaknesses of these devices are critically evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)

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