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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 16261

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mu-Xuan Tao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Interests: steel-concrete composite structures; concrete constitutive models; seismic time-history analysis, slab spacial composite effect, finite element model
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Li-Yan Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
Interests: steel-concrete composite structures; steel constitutive models; seismic resilience; passive energy dissipation devices and systems; structural intelligent analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Steel–concrete composite/hybrid structures generally refer to structures that are composed of two or more types of steel and concrete components. By taking full advantage of the material properties of steel and concrete, steel–concrete composite/hybrid structures have the characteristics of excellent mechanical performance, convenient construction, low resource consumption and outstanding comprehensive benefits. Recent advances in structural material and construction technology have further promoted the development of composite/hybrid structures, which have been increasingly widely used in the fields of high-rise buildings, large-span bridges, ocean engineering, and so on. To face the challenges of large and complex civil infrastructure, the development of high-performance composite/hybrid structures has become an important trend in structural engineering.

This Special Issue, entitled “High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures”, aims to showcase the state-of-the-art investigations of steel–concrete composite/hybrid members and structures worldwide. Theoretical research, experimental work, case studies and comprehensive review papers are invited for publication. Relevant topics to this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following subjects:

Innovation in the novel form of steel–concrete composite/hybrid structures;
Resilience-enhancing strategies for composite/hybrid components and systems;
Composite/hybrid structures with high-performance materials;
Composite/hybrid structures under extreme conditions;
Analytical and numerical models of composite/hybrid structures;
Construction technology of composite/hybrid structures;
Intelligent analysis and design of composite/hybrid structures;
Life cycle performance of composite/hybrid structures;
Application of composite/hybrid structures in civil infrastructure.

Dr. Mu-Xuan Tao
Dr. Li-Yan Xu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

steel–concrete composite structures
high-resilience structural system
disaster resistance and mitigation
high-performance materials
performance evaluation
fabricated construction
numerical simulation
seismic design
life-cycle design
machine learning

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 8583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Analysis of Axial Compressive Strength of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube (CFST) under Coupled Corrosion and Load Effects

by Dan-Yang Ma, Shuai Ma and Li-Yan Xu

Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103205 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 792

Abstract

This paper presents a finite element analysis (FEA) of and reliability study on concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members under the combined effects of corrosion and compressive loading. First, a stochastic-based FE model is established through the proposed secondary development program based on ABAQUS 2021 software. The model could account for the uncertainties of material, geometric, and corrosion effect on CFST members. The reliability of the built model was validated through experimental data of corroded CFST members under compression loading. Subsequently, the compressive performance of CFST under a combination of corrosion and loading was further investigated by numerical parameter analysis. A total of 1800 models were created to clarify the coupling mechanism among the core concrete strength, the steel tube strength, the steel ratio, and the maximum strength of the CFST member. Three theoretical formulas presented in classical design standards were used to calculate the axial compressive strength of the corroded CFST, and the uncertainty parameters μ_kp and δ_kp were also obtained for the discussed design formulas. Finally, the First Order and Second Moment (FOSM) method was employed to estimate the reliability indices β across different standards. The calculations revealed that the reliability indices β according to European standard ranges from 2.93 to 5.52, with some results falling below the target reliability index β_T of 3.65. In addition, the multi-parameter coupling effects on reliability index β were investigated, and the main influencing factors were obtained. By leveraging the reliability analysis, reasonable design requirements can be proposed for CFST members under the coupling effects of corrosion and external load, which provides a design basis for the CFST member. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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22 pages, 6127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study on the Performance of Steel–Coarse Aggregate Reactive Powder Concrete Composite Beams with Uplift-Restricted and Slip-Permitted Connectors under Negative Bending Moment

by Xuan-Yang Zhong, Liang-Dong Zhuang, Ran Ding and Mu-Xuan Tao

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2913; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092913 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 648

Abstract

An innovative form of steel–concrete composite beam, the steel–coarse aggregate reactive powder concrete (CA-RPC) composite beam with uplift-restricted and slip-permitted (URSP) connectors, is introduced in this paper. The aim is to enhance the cracking resistance under negative bending moments, which is a difficult problem for traditional composite beams, and to make the cost lower than using ordinary reactive powder concrete (RPC). An experimental investigation of the behavior of six specimens of simply supported steel–CA-RPC composite beams with URSP connectors under negative bending moments is presented in this paper. The test results validated that the cracking load of steel–CA-RPC composite beams could be approximately three times that of the ordinary steel–concrete composite beams while the bearing capacity and stiffness are almost the same. A numerical model, using the concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) model to simulate the behavior of the CA-RPC material, was proposed and successfully calculated the overall load–displacement relationship of the composite beams with sufficient accuracy compared with the experimental results, and the distribution of cracks and the failure mode of the beams could also be captured by this model. Furthermore, a parametric analysis was carried out to find out how the application of prestress, CA-RPC, and URSP connectors could affect the cracking resistance of the composite beams, and the results indicated that using CA-RPC and prestress made the main contributions and that the usage of URSP could boost the effect of the other two factors. The plastic resistance moment of the beams was also compared with the calculation results using the methods introduced in Eurocode 4, and it was proved that the calculation results were lower than the experimental results by approximately 10%, which meant that the method was reliable for this kind of composite beam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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21 pages, 5639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Vibration and Noise of Railway Steel–Concrete Composite Box Girder Bridge Considering Vehicle–Bridge Coupling Effect

by Jinyan Si, Li Zhu, Weitao Ma, Bowen Meng, Huifeng Dong, Hongyang Ning and Guanyuan Zhao

Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2509; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082509 - 14 Aug 2024

Viewed by 906

Abstract

A steel–concrete composite beam bridge fully exploits the mechanical advantages of the concrete structure and steel structure, and has the advantages of a fast construction speed and large stiffness. It is of certain research value to explore the application of this bridge type in the field of railway bridges. However, with the rapid development of domestic high-speed railway construction, the problem of vibration and noise radiation of high-speed railway bridges caused by train loads is becoming more and more serious. A steel–concrete composite beam bridge combines the tensile characteristics of steel and the compressive characteristics of concrete perfectly. At the same time, it also has the characteristics of a steel bridge and concrete bridge in terms of vibration and noise radiation. This feature makes the study of the vibration and noise of the bridge type more complicated. Therefore, in this paper, the characteristics of vibration and noise radiation of a high-speed railway steel–concrete composite box girder bridge are studied in detail from two aspects: the theoretical basis and a numerical simulation. The main results obtained are as follows: Relying on the idea of vehicle–rail–bridge coupling dynamics, a structural dynamics analysis model of a steel–concrete combined girder bridge for a high-speed railroad was established, and numerical program simulation of the vibration of the vehicle–rail–bridge coupling system was carried out based on the parametric design language of ANSYS 18.0 and the language of MATLAB R2021a, and the structural vibration results were analyzed in both the time domain and frequency domain. By using different time-step loading for the vehicle–rail–bridge coupling vibration analysis, the computational efficiency can be effectively improved under the condition of guaranteeing the accuracy of the result analysis within 100 Hz. Based on the power flow equilibrium equation, a statistical energy method of calculating the high-frequency noise radiation is theoretically derived. Based on the theoretical basis of the statistical energy method, the high-frequency noise in the structure is numerically simulated in the VAONE 2021 software, and the average contribution of the concrete roof plate to the three acoustic field points constructed in this paper is as high as 50%, which is of great significance in the study of noise reduction in steel–concrete composite girders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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21 pages, 12993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective Flange Width Based on Equivalence of Slab Crack Width at Hogging Moment Region of Composite Frame Beam

by Mu-Xuan Tao, Ze-Bin Zou and Ji-Zhi Zhao

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061708 - 7 Jun 2024

Viewed by 624

Abstract

Steel–concrete composite structures have advantages in terms of strong bearing capacity and full utilisation of performance, and thus, composite frame beams are widely used in building construction. However, in the design and use of existing composite frame beams, the composite effect of a slab and steel beam cannot be completely taken into account. In this study, the effective flange width method is utilised to calculate the contribution of the slab reinforcement to the section moment of inertia to check the beam-end crack width via simulations using the general finite-element software MSC.MARC 2020. A parameter sensitivity analysis of the reinforcement tensile stress is conducted to determine critical influential geometric parameters for the side-column and centre-column hogging moment regions. Finally, design formulae for calculating the effective flange widths of the side- and centre-column hogging moment regions are proposed. In the formula for the side-column hogging moment region, the half column width (

R

) and steel-beam height (

h_{s}

) are critical variables, whereas, in the formula for the centre-column hogging moment region, the steel-beam height (

h_{s}

), slab width (

b_{c}

), and half clear-span length (

l

) are critical variables. Both formulas are verified via a multiparameter simulation, which enables more accurate crack-checking calculations for the hogging moment region in the serviceability limit state. This study provides an important reference for fine finite-element simulations of serviceability limit states and shows the factors affecting the effective flange width that differ from those in the ultimate limit state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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17 pages, 4120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Method for Local Buckling Resistance of Double Steel Plate–Concrete Composite Walls with Stiffening Ribs and Tie Plates

by Bin Wu, Jia-Ning Wu, Yan Lu, Wei-Yi Zhang, Dong Zhang and Song-Han Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(3), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030806 - 15 Mar 2024

Viewed by 998

Abstract

An ordinary double steel plate–concrete composite wall (ODSC wall) is composed of core concrete, the faceplates, and shear connectors such as studs, etc. Based on an ODSC wall, a new type of stiffened double steel plate–concrete composite wall (SDSC wall) is conceived by incorporating additional stiffeners and tie plates on the internal surface, which aims to improve the local stability of the faceplates. In the authors’ previous study, a series of axial compression tests were conducted on the SDSC walls. The SDSC walls in the test showed better mechanical performance, as the presence of stiffeners changed the buckling deformation mode and significantly improved the corresponding local buckling stress and ultimate strength. In this paper, a comprehensive summary of the prior research on SDSC walls is provided, and the effect of the constructive parameters on the local stability is discussed. The results reveal that the modified formula of the critical stress can degrade to the Euler formula when the stiffener-to-stud spacing ratio (i.e., a/B ratio) approaches infinity. What is more, the analysis model is also applicable for DSC walls with enclosed side plates, and the proposed formula can predict the buckling stress of the SDSC walls with different a/B ratios. In addition, according to the analysis of the numerical simulation, a design approach for SDSC walls to prevent local buckling is provided, which is applicable in practical engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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23 pages, 4378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance Assessment of Composite Frame–High-Strength Steel Plate Wall Core Tube Resilient Structural System

by Lei Zhang, Cuikun Wang, Caihua Chen and Mingzhe Cui

Buildings 2024, 14(1), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010301 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1824

Abstract

Against the backdrop of China’s continuous promotion of green and low-carbon transformation and the development of construction industrialization, high-strength composite structural systems have significant development prospects. However, their research and application in the field of construction are insufficient. In response to this issue, the study proposes a new high-performance structural system, namely the composite frame–high-strength steel plate wall core tube resilient structural system, which includes a core tube composed of double steel plate concrete composite shear walls and replaceable energy dissipation coupling beams, as well as composite frames. The highest strength grades of the steel plate and concrete used in the composite walls of the core tube are Q550 and C100, respectively. Using a 200 m building as an example, this study designs and establishes models for this high-performance structure and a conventional reinforced concrete frame–core tube structure. Subsequently, the dynamic elastoplastic time history analysis and seismic resilience assessment of structures are conducted under design basis earthquakes (DBEs), maximum considered earthquakes (MCEs), and extremely rare earthquakes (EREs). Research has shown that, compared to conventional structures, the thickness of shear walls of new high-performance structures can be effectively reduced, which helps decrease the self-weight of the structure and improve the available space in buildings. Additionally, high-performance structures exhibit a better performance in controlling the story drift ratio, lower plastic damage and overall stiffness degradation of the structure, and better seismic performance. The seismic resilience of the high-performance structure has been significantly enhanced, especially in terms of minimizing casualties, thereby better ensuring the safety of people’s lives and property. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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28 pages, 13311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Flexural Performance of Double-Layer Steel–RLHDC Composite Panels after Impact

by Zhenyu Huang, Xiaolong Zhao, Yutao Guo and Xiangqian Liu

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2916; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122916 - 23 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1109

Abstract

The mechanical behavior of steel–concrete–steel (SCS) sandwich composite structures under low- or high-velocity impact loading has garnered increasing attention from researchers in recent decades. However, to date, limited effort has been dedicated to studying the residual resistance of SCS sandwich composite structures following impact damage. In a previous investigation, the authors developed a rubberized lightweight high-ductility cement composite (RLHDC) for implementation in double-layer steel–RLHDC–steel composite panels and examined the dynamic response of these panels under impact. To further explore the residual performance of impact-damaged composite panels, the present study conducts flexural tests on nine such panels. The study quantifies and analyzes the effects of various connector types, connector spacing, number of concrete layers, rubber powder content, and number of impacts on the residual flexural resistance of the impact-damaged composite panels. Detailed analysis is conducted on the failure modes, load–displacement curves, strain curves, and load–slip curves of the impact-damaged specimens. The test results reveal that the impact-damaged composite panels experience flexural failure with bond slip under static load. The residual flexural performance is found to be sensitive to the number of concrete layers and number of impacts. Finite element (FE) simulations are performed using LS-DYNA to investigate the residual flexural behavior of the impact-damaged composite panels. The restart method is employed in the simulations to mimic the post-impact static loading scenario. The agreement between the FE results and the experimental findings validates the model and provides a straightforward and effective approach for studying the residual performance of composite structures. An expanded parameter analysis leveraging the calibrated FE model indicates that the steel plate’s thickness and strength predominantly influence the composite panel’s residual resistance, whereas the influence from concrete strength proves less consequential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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18 pages, 3645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economical Design Comparison of Large-Span Composite Floor Systems with I Beams and Corrugated Web Beams

by Yifan Wu, Wenhao Pan and Yaozhi Luo

Buildings 2023, 13(8), 1940; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081940 - 30 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2444

Abstract

A comparative study of composite floor systems with I-beams and corrugated web beams is performed based on non-linear programming (NLP) algorithm. The optimization is conducted to find the most economical design with minimum steel consumption considering variables associated with the cross-sectional dimensions and multiple constraints from standards, specifications and engineering practices. Various parameters of live loads ranging from 2 to 10 kN/m² and spans ranging from 20 to 100 m are considered. The optimization results reveal that composite floors with corrugated web beams have reasonable and economical cross-sections with less steel consumption, owing to the high performance of the corrugated web in shear resistance and stability. Further comparative studies show that composite floors with corrugated web beams are economically competitive for spans larger than 30 m with a steel saving of 20–60%, and composite floors with welded I-beams can be applicable for spans less than 30 m considering the simpler configuration and construction. In addition, a spatially structured cable-supported steel–concrete composite floor system is proposed and recommended for super-large-span floor structures considering the cost-effectiveness of the analyzed floor systems reduces as the span further increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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20 pages, 9381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Assessment of a Single-Column Elevated Station Structure

by Yi-Fan Li, Liang-Dong Zhuang and Zhen-Hao Wu

Buildings 2023, 13(7), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071827 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1440

Abstract

Single-column elevated station structures are irregular structures with long-span cantilever beams and individual pier columns in the transverse section. The uneven mass and stiffness in the horizontal and vertical planes necessitate research on the seismic performance of these structures. This study performed a nonlinear response-history analysis (NRHA) of a single-column elevated station structure using the finite element program MSC.MARC and analysed its seismic performance under different seismic intensities. The stress states of the primary components were evaluated, and the effect of vertical earthquake motion on the seismic performance of the structure was considered. The torsional behavior caused by the uneven mass and stiffness in both horizontal and vertical directions should be considered, and energy dissipation measures should be taken to reduce the internal force and deformation of the bottom-pier columns and second-floor columns in the process of designation to improve the seismic performance of the structure. A bidirectional pushover analysis (BPA) was applied. The load amplification factor was adjusted to optimize the BPA results. The results of the modified BPA were similar to those of the NRHA, indicating the computational reliability of the modified BPA. The modified BPA method was accurate, applicative, and efficient. The BPA can improve computational efficiency compared to NRHA and can be widely applied in the structural design process for practical engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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15 pages, 3611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Analytical Investigation on Flexural Behavior of High-Strength Steel-Concrete Composite Beams

by Hao Du, Shengnan Yuan, Tianhong Yu and Xiamin Hu

Buildings 2023, 13(4), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040902 - 29 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2771

Abstract

This research investigated the flexural behavior of high-strength steel (HSS)—concrete composite beams. The effect of concrete strength on the load-deflection behavior, flexural capacity, and ductility of HSS—concrete composite beams was investigated. Four full-scale HSS—concrete composite beam specimens were tested under static load. The test results demonstrate that the failure mode of HSS—concrete composite beams is flexural failure of the steel member and compression fracture of concrete at mid-span. The HSS—concrete composite beam exhibits good mechanical performance and deformation behavior. The ultimate bending strength and ductility of HSS—concrete composite beams were improved with the increased concrete strength. The theoretical results demonstrate that the simplified plastic method overestimates the ultimate bending strength of HSS—concrete composite beams. The main reason is that only a small part of the steel beam bottom shows plastic strengthening, which is not enough to make up for the strength loss caused by the steel near the neutral axis failure to yield and the relative interface slip. The nonlinear method based on material constitutive model could predict the load-bearing capacity accurately. After analyzing the ultimate bending capacity of 192 sample beams, the simplified plastic method was modified, and the theoretical method for ultimate bearing capacity of HSS—concrete composite beams was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Steel–Concrete Composite/Hybrid Structures)

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