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Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies

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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (11 December 2017) | Viewed by 110284

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Stefano Brusaporci

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Guest Editor

Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering, L'Aquila University, 67100 L'Aquila AQ, Italy
Interests: heritage conservation; architectural surveying; 3D modeling; BIM; HBIM; VR; AR
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Giuseppe Amoruso

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Guest Editor

Politecnico di Milano, INTBAU ICTP, Unione Italiana del Disegno, Italy
Interests: Drawing, design for cultural heritage, documentation of architecture and conservation areas, color documentation in historic urban landscape, digital design media, environmental design, 3D simulation and experential modeling, digital and physical replica of heritage

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

According to the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) “International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites” (also known as “The Venice Charter”, 1964), “conservation” relates to the systematic maintenance and use, without (important) modifications to heritage and with respect to its values. Conservation is not an exceptional event, but it an open-ended process of knowledge, understanding, maintenance, management, and enhancement, where sustainability, participation, and education are essential matters. Conservation also implies an attention to the environment, because heritage is related to natural, anthropic, cultural, and historical contexts. In particular, architectural and urban heritage fields require a specific reflection, because they are complex systems made by the stratification of transformations over time: They are living expressions of past events and cultures, and of present contingencies.

However, natural disasters (such as earthquakes, seaquakes, floods, etc.), wars, and also abandonment, pollution, or climate changes, put built heritage in danger and cause serious problems in conservation practices: In principle, conservation and disastrous events act as antinomic concepts. Moreover, all these considerations bring to the foreground the well-known issues of memory, identity, integrity, and authenticity.

This Special Issue of Buildings aims at focusing on issues growing from the relation/collision between conservation and emergencies, with case studies and examples of best practices: What is the role of knowledge in conservation and of surveying and documentation in emergencies? How conservation practices can prevent disasters or aid in reconstruction? How should we work, reconstruct and involve communities after a disaster?

Prof. Stefano Brusaporci
Prof. Giuseppe Amoruso
Guest Editors

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Keywords

architectural heritage
historic urban landscape
survey
documentation
interpretation
presentation
heritage skills
enhancement
management
design

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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27 pages, 60662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: Vulnerability Reduction as a Challenge Involving Historical and Traditional Buildings

by Valentina Pica

Buildings 2018, 8(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8040050 - 27 Mar 2018

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 9717

Abstract

In observance of the international procedures on disaster risk management, and in particular the Sendai Framework (2015), this research focuses on how more specific procedures related to it can be made effective in the treatment of historic areas worldwide. Disaster risk management is now viewed as being important in the context of historic buildings, as they are strongly related to cultural identity as well as to resilient communities, and can have a large impact on local economies. The study points out that cultural heritage might be the core field of action for capacity building in less vulnerable places, and that its protection is one of the main tasks to attend to in order to achieve the goal of vulnerability reduction. The paper also aims to answer questions such as: which actions could allow better protection of cultural heritage? Is it correct to involve local communities in reconstruction plans by capacity building and self-managed projects? How have reconstruction plans been managed recently worldwide? By further developing the applicability of the priority areas of action of the Sendai Framework, the research illustrates critical points and best practices that will hopefully support disaster risk reduction based on strategic management and remote monitoring, involving technologies and social participation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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23 pages, 12499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Post-Earthquake Damage: St. Salvatore Church in Acquapagana, Central Italy

by Gessica Sferrazza Papa and Benedetta Silva

Buildings 2018, 8(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8030045 - 17 Mar 2018

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7035

Abstract

This article proposes a multidisciplinary approach for the assessment of seismic damage from the perspective of conservation and prevention. A comparison of the state of damage has been carried out in a case study, St. Salvatore church in Acquapagana (MC), as an example of church, which underwent two important seismic events in the Central Italy area, the 1997 and the 2016 earthquakes. The comparison of the state of damage passes through the following stages: (a) the territorial seismic overview; (b) the historical description and material analysis; (c) the identification of macro-elements with activated damage mechanisms; (d) the comparison between the two seismic events both from a territorial- and building-scale perspective. This work puts together the archived and the on-site survey data with those elaborated starting from seismogenic information, available from the National Seismological Institute, and it provides a strategy also for other similar conditions. This work is to be considered a contribution to a wider study that could be carried out in the areas hit by the 2016 earthquake. It could also represent a way to collect documentation in the post-earthquake phase, improving the effectiveness of procedures currently applied to the first level of damage assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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17 pages, 14343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renaissance Drawings of the 16th Century in the City of Lugo: Three Fountains from Gonzalo de la Bárcena’s Workshop

by José Antonio Franco Taboada and Ana E. Goy Diz

Buildings 2018, 8(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8030044 - 16 Mar 2018

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6414

Abstract

Historically, urban fountains have been underestimated to the point of not being considered worthy of conservation. The foregoing reason, together with the lack of sufficient archaeological data on this type of element in the Renaissance city, makes it necessary to document and carry out graphic research to correct this deficiency and establish the relevance of these constructions. The present work shows, through the concrete case method, the analysis of three Renaissance fountains from the Spanish city of Lugo and the importance of these elements as urban landmarks that marked the essential lines of the development of cities after the medieval period. It also analyses the work of their constructors, who belonged to a workshop of plumbers and master builders from the historical territory of Trasmiera (Cantabria) and who took their art throughout the Spanish kingdom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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14 pages, 16514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From an Enclosure to the Corraleja. An Analysis of the Genesis of an Ephemeral and Vernacular Colombian Architecture

by Massimo Leserri, Merwan Chaverra Suarez, Gabriele Rossi and Dayan Ariadna Guzman Bejarano

Buildings 2018, 8(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8030041 - 13 Mar 2018

Viewed by 6425

Abstract

In the Colombian Caribbean region, human extraordinary ability to interpret nature’s functioning and mechanical language, has allowed man to manage and use, throughout history, natural elements to improve living conditions. In Architecture, technical-constructive knowledge development has enabled constructions of a temporary and stable nature. In fact, this research project begins with the relationship between the understanding of nature and the creation of Colombian vernacular architecture, which has led to a special and unique form of architecture such as the Corraleja. In this architecture, vernacular constructive tradition and ephemeral character are concurremt. This has been an object of interest due to its folkloric aspects, however, it has rarely been researched for its architecture. Currently, it is usually built only when its real spatial function is needed, becoming a place destined to contain the annual bullfighting-like festivities. In fact, its limited and cyclical permanence, gives it an ephemeral and also nomadic character since it is not always built, necessarily, in the same place. This research study begins by means of the importance of the vertical balance control of the alive branches nailed in the ground, still present in the whole Caribbean region through enclosures. This can be considered as a primordial action and conquest, and has allowed the realization of every vernacular construction. In Europe, the tradition of ephemeral architecture when there are some civil and religious festivities becomes stable architecture over time; bullfighting party in Spain is an emblematic case which is transformed into stable spaces such as bullrings. This tradition extends to the Spanish colony in America in the eighteenth century. In the Colombian Caribbean, for example, the bullfighting festival keeps an ephemeral character that is fed by a vernacular architectural tradition. In addition, existing literature on the vernacular theme suggests that, from long time ago, many examples of tectonic building (a set of finite or pseudo-finite elements such as branches, trunks, etc.) have been nomadic, self-constructed, anonymous and with an emergency appearance which have become stable, just after many constructions, by losing all ephemeral characteristics. Likewise, to understand the Corralejas’ genesis, observing the history of European architecture has been necessary due to the several old associated experiences of transitory constructions, e.g., with recreational spaces, religious or civil celebrations. This study is based on different research methodologies such as drawings of existing cases and bibliographic and iconographic analyzes. This has also been developed through a compulsory contrast with the ancient architecture of bullfighting shows, to formulate morphological reflections and analogies and analyze their ephemeral condition. Today, the Corraleja survives in Colombia, representing an architectural oddity that must be safeguarded not only for its vernacular essence but also for its limited temporal condition. In fact, tectonics, the art of montage, reconfirms the connection allowing its existence and representing a surprising and unique set of values that must be defended and treated as an architectural heritage. After the analysis on the Corralejas genesis, the study will continue through several forms of survey to explore and define constructive aspects in a different scale of detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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13 pages, 8424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Instruments for Assessing Historical Built Environments in Emergency Contexts: Non-Destructive Techniques for Sustainable Recovery

by Pierluigi De Berardinis, Carla Bartolomucci, Luisa Capannolo, Mariangela De Vita, Eleonora Laurini and Chiara Marchionni

Buildings 2018, 8(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020027 - 7 Feb 2018

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6240

Abstract

This article looks at a knowledge-based approach to emergency situations caused by earthquakes or other natural disasters, and illustrates how a multidisciplinary approach enables the integration of technical requirements with those of a historical and cultural nature. The case study presented is the recovery of the ex-city hospital of L’Aquila, in Italy, which was hit by an earthquake in 2009. The integrated use of varying investigation methodologies allowed us to establish the effectiveness of a knowledge-based approach, and generated new ideas for the development of the structure and its strategic role within the city. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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19 pages, 15451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Centelles’ Palace of Oliva: The Recovery of Architectural Heritage through Its Plundering

by Joaquín A. Martínez-Moya

Buildings 2018, 8(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020026 - 6 Feb 2018

Viewed by 6027

Abstract

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Danish architects Egil Fischer and Vilhelm Lauritzen carried out a rigorous graphic documentary study of one of the most important late-Gothic—Renaissance palaces in the Kingdom of Valencia, the Centelles’ Palace of Oliva, with the aim of later taking many of its architectural elements to Denmark. After numerous complaints, the Palace was declared a National Monument in 1920 and the exportation of its pieces was suspended. In 1932, due to heavy rain, a part of the Palace collapsed. The Spanish Civil War increased the deterioration of the Palace, and after some attempts to retrieve it, the remains of the Palace were demolished in the 1950s, and all traces of this large building disappeared with them. Thanks to the graphic documentation carried out by Danish architects, today we are able to know and study this Palace of great cultural and patrimonial interest, which has now almost completely disappeared. The work carried out by these architects, far from destroying the Palace, has helped to preserve it through this graphic legacy which allows us to carry out a highly detailed graphical restoration of many of its elements, as well as a hypothetical physical restitution of them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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16 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Zero-Emission Refurbishment of Historic Buildings: A Literature Review

by Arian Loli and Chiara Bertolin

Buildings 2018, 8(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020022 - 31 Jan 2018

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8333

Abstract

Nowadays, restoration interventions that aim for minimum environmental impact are conceived for recent buildings. Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced using criteria met within a life-cycle analysis, while energy saving is achieved with cost-effective retrofitting actions that secure higher benefits in terms of comfort. However, conservation, restoration and retrofitting interventions in historic buildings do not have the same objectives as in modern buildings. Additional requirements have to be followed, such as the use of materials compatible with the original and the preservation of authenticity to ensure historic, artistic, cultural and social values over time. The paper presents a systematic review—at the intersection between environmental sustainability and conservation—of the state of the art of current methodological approaches applied in the sustainable refurbishment of historic buildings. It identifies research gaps in the field and highlights the paradox seen in the Scandinavian countries that are models in applying environmentally sustainable policies but still poor in integrating preservation issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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12 pages, 3778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing the Loss of Built Heritage in Seismic Areas

by Giuliana Cardani and Paola Belluco

Buildings 2018, 8(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020019 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5536

Abstract

The presence of the largest part of World Heritage sites in a seismically-prone area, like Italy, demands always greater measures to protect the most important built heritage, as well as the minor architecture. This requires a constant improvement of the current protocol from the damage survey and the provisional safety measures to the final intervention. This procedure is summarized, briefly, here and additional practical suggestions are given to improve the activities, based on the experience of on-site volunteers during the damage survey after the earthquake that struck Italy in 2016. Basic issues on the recurrent characteristics of historic masonry buildings, that make them often complex constructions with unexpected behaviour, are fundamental in the preparation of the volunteers in surveying damage. This helps in reducing evaluation mistakes and in designing the provisional safety structures aimed at the preservation of built heritage to the extent possible. Some examples of incorrect interpretation of the damage in historic buildings are reported here. In conclusion, only the awareness that it is necessary that a correct understanding of the recurrent or, on the contrary, peculiar, characteristics of a historic building plays a key role in the damage evaluation and in its subsequent protection from further damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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9 pages, 8272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Materials, Ionizing Radiation and HBIM: A Case Study from Pompei (Italy)

by Pasquale Argenziano, Alessandra Avella and Stefano Albanese

Buildings 2018, 8(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020018 - 29 Jan 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6150

Abstract

This paper presents a different point of view on the conservation of the built heritage, adding ionizing radiation to the most well-known digital documentation dataset. Igneous building materials characterize most of the built heritage in the Campania region, and in a large part of southern Italy. The ionizing radiations proceeding from these materials can produce stochastic biological effects on the exposed living beings. The research team designed and tested a technical-scientific protocol to survey and analyse this natural phenomenon in association with the use of geological material for building purposes. Geographical Information Systems (GISs), City Information Modelling (CIM), and Building Information Modelling (BIM) are the digital tools used to manage the construction entities and their characteristics, and then to represent the thematic data as false-colour images. The emission spectra of fair-faced or plastered materials as a fingerprint of their nature is proposed as a non-invasive method. Due to both the huge presence of historical buildings and an intense touristic flow, the main square of Pompei has been selected as a study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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11 pages, 5349 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Preservation Strategies for Southern Morocco’s At-Risk Built Heritage

by Pablo Rodríguez-Navarro and Teresa Gil Piqueras

Buildings 2018, 8(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8020016 - 26 Jan 2018

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6957

Abstract

Morocco has a vernacular architectural heritage of recognized value, which constitutes an indissoluble part of its cultural legacy. In the south of the country, specifically in the High Atlas mountain range and the pre-Saharan oases, we mainly find earth constructions of an incomparable landscape integration and plasticity. However, the political and social changes of the last decades are favoring the abandonment of these constructions, placing many of them at risk of disappearing. The objective of this contribution is to reveal the characteristics and weaknesses that the new constructions present today. The method used has consisted in analyzing the preservation actions that are being carried out, both by the Moroccan public administration and by private individuals, including those developed by the authors through documentation, cataloging, virtualization, and restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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12 pages, 8458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

HBIM and Virtual Tools: A New Chance to Preserve Architectural Heritage

by Anna Osello, Greta Lucibello and Francesco Morgagni

Buildings 2018, 8(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8010012 - 19 Jan 2018

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 11596

Abstract

Nowadays, architectural heritage is increasingly exposed to dangers due to natural disasters or human invasive actions. However, management and conservation represent crucial phases within the life cycle of historical buildings. Unfortunately, the complexity of conservation practices and the lack of knowledge of historic buildings are the cause of an inefficient recovering process in case of emergencies. To overcome this problem, this research aims to ensure the preservation of relevant information through the use of building information modeling (BIM) methodology. By developing historic building information models (HBIMs), it is possible to enhance the architectural heritage. This represents an opportunity to incorporate digital media into the global heritage conservation field. To achieve this goal, a historical castle was selected as a case study; this unique piece of architecture is located in the Piedmont Region, close to city of Turin (Italy). The results show a direct relation between a historical digital model, finalized to the management of architectural and system components, and visualization tools. To conclude, the adoption of this strategy is an effective way to preserve and consult information using advanced visualization techniques based on augmented and virtual reality (AR and VR). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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21 pages, 19097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Botica or Apothecary in the Monastery of San Lorenzo el Real de El Escorial (Madrid, Spain): Written Sources, Historic Drawings, and New Surveys Applied to Architectural Analysis

by Pilar Chias and Tomás Abad

Buildings 2018, 8(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8010004 - 8 Jan 2018

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 9701

Abstract

Though there are a great number of studies of the Monastery of El Escorial, the surrounding buildings built in the 16th century have gone almost unnoticed. Among them, the Botica or Apothecary was designed by a disciple of Juan de Herrera and still arouses interest for several reasons. Firstly, because it composes an outstanding closure to the Monastery’s main building and the surrounding Lonja, while at the same time it connects other neighbouring buildings; secondly, because the surviving documents about its history, uses, and construction processes had not then been studied; and thirdly, because there was no accurate survey permitting an in-depth study of its materials, construction methods, and techniques. We based our research on the information in archive documents, on the study of an outstanding set of ancient drawings, and on the production of a new survey. As a first step, we drew the first set of accurate plans of the building. From this base we undertook the essential formal, functional, and constructive analysis. We also put forward and confirmed the main hypotheses about the building’s chronology and the stages of its construction. Finally, we analysed the conservation works that were carried out facing the two main risks of termite attacks and weathering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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Review

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20 pages, 53600 KiB

Open AccessReview

Practices of Built Heritage Post-Disaster Reconstruction for Resilient Cities

by Tomasz Jeleński

Buildings 2018, 8(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8040053 - 30 Mar 2018

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 14479

Abstract

The concept of resilience has become increasingly important to our understanding of sustainable planning. Post-disaster urban and architectural reconstruction might be treated as a strategy for resilient cities, helping them to reinvent themselves after possible destruction. The purpose of this study is to analyse several cases of nearly total reconstruction of historical urban complexes. Specifically, it explores how urban heritage conservation and recreation could contribute to the resilience agenda, giving traumatised societies a sense of continuity and localness. It analyses the changes in the conservation doctrine, highlighting the growing acceptance of architectural reconstructions. Drawing on historical examples, mainly derived from the Polish School of Conservation practice, this paper argues that the methods and processes attempted to regain identity for the thoroughly rebuilt structures proved effective in recreating the identity of such cities as Kalisz, Warsaw, Gdańsk, and Wrocław. The article argues that while processes at the governmental level emphasised the strengthening of national identity, the experiences of the reconstructed townscapes eventually involved forms of more diverse municipal identities. The article highlights that the strategy of recreating traditional images of cities after their mutilation in disastrous events might be a key to becoming a more resilient city and the formation of the post-disaster citizenry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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8 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperConcept Paper

Far-Sightedness vs. Emergency: A Matter for “Not Outstanding” European Cultural Landscapes

by Rossella Salerno

Buildings 2018, 8(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings8030039 - 11 Mar 2018

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3626

Abstract

A far-sighted policy, designed to safeguard a State’s land and culture, is one that would be able to go beyond emergency culture in the direction of shared far-sightedness in the territorial government, looking ahead to future generations. New and different visions capable of taking responsibility for fragile territories and landscapes are needed, rather than approaches that, to date, have only been considered as emergency policies. In order to realize such a new approach, some actions must be implemented, and this paper focuses on the most relevant ones: looking at heritage as a relationship among buildings, land, and intangible assets; garnering the attention of politicians and scholars to address fragile landscapes and inland areas; framing the issue in a European perspective; and pushing for moral and social commitment in identifying new working hypotheses and possible solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Built Heritage: Conservation vs. Emergencies)

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