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C
Special Issues
Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications
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Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications

A special issue of C (ISSN 2311-5629). This special issue belongs to the section "Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 January 2025 | Viewed by 7357

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Monsur Islam

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
IMDEA Materials Institute, Tecnogetafe, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
Interests: porous carbon; 3D printing; nanomaterials; healthacre; micro/nanomanufacturing; biomedical engineering; biomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ankur Gupta

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
Interests: manufacturing; nanotechnology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Kunal Mondal

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nuclear Energy and Fuel Cycle Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Interests: advanced materials; characterization of materials; additive manufacturing; nuclear materials; micro/nano fabrication of functional materials; liquid metal
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue, ‘Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications’, seeks to explore the diverse landscape of carbon allotropes and their innovative applications in micro- and nanoscale devices. Carbon, with its various allotropes such as graphene, carbon nanotube, glassy carbon, diamond, amorphous carbon, and quantum dots, presents a fascinating array of properties that can be finely tuned for specific functionalities. Recent microsystems and nano-engineering advancements have paved the way for harnessing these unique carbon structures in functional devices with applications across energy systems, sensors, actuators, environmental monitoring, and biomedical technology.

This Special Issue aims to compile original research articles, communications, and reviews that showcase the leading technological advancements in carbon micro-/nano-systems and their wide-ranging applications. We welcome both experimental and theoretical studies that shed light on the unprecedented operational demands of various applications. Additionally, we invite contributions that not only highlight the current state of the field but also address the need for further development to achieve superior and novel functionalities across different domains. Through this endeavour, this Special Issue aims to foster a comprehensive understanding of the potential of carbon-based micro-nanotechnology as a compelling alternative to conventional silicon-based MEMS technology. Furthermore, we seek to bring together researchers and experts to contribute to the ongoing evolution of carbon-based devices, shaping the future of micro- and nanofabrication technologies.

Dr. Monsur Islam
Dr. Ankur Gupta
Dr. Kunal Mondal
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. C is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • micro/nanofabrication
  • carbon
  • graphene
  • carbon nanotubes
  • energy
  • biomedical engineering
  • biomass-derived carbon
  • flexible devices
  • micro/nanodevices
  • electrochemical devices
  • sensors
  • biosensors
  • pyrolysis
  • electrodes
  • 3D printing
  • simulation

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4495 KiB  
Article
Fabrication of Cu-Doped Diamond-like Carbon Film for Improving Sealing Performance of Hydraulic Cylinder of Shearers
by Yanrong Yang, Xiang Yu, Zhiyan Zhao and Lei Zhang
C 2024, 10(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10040093 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 509
Abstract
During shearer operation, the piston rod is susceptible to wear from the invasion of pollutants, thus ruining the sealing ring in the hydraulic cylinder. This work attempts to conduct a systematic investigation of Cu-doped diamond-like carbon (Cu-DLC) film to improve the seal performance. [...] Read more.
During shearer operation, the piston rod is susceptible to wear from the invasion of pollutants, thus ruining the sealing ring in the hydraulic cylinder. This work attempts to conduct a systematic investigation of Cu-doped diamond-like carbon (Cu-DLC) film to improve the seal performance. The failure process of the cylinder was analyzed, and relevant parameters were determined. Several Cu-DLC films were deposited on the substrate of the piston rod in a multi-ion beam-assisted system, and their structures and combined tribological performances were investigated. The hardness of the film ranges from 27.6 GPa to 14.8 GPa, and the internal stress ranges from 3500 MPa to 1750 MPa. The steady-state frictional coefficient of the film ranges from 0.04 to 0.15; the wear rate decreases first and then increases, and it reaches its lowest (5.0 × 10−9 mm3/N·m) at 9.2 at.% content. a:C-Cu9.2% film presents optimal combined tribological performances in this experiment. The modification mechanism of Cu-DLC film for the seal performance may come from the synergistic effects of (i) the contact force and friction-heat-induced film graphitization, (ii) Cu doping improves the toughness of the film and acts as a solid lubricant, and (iii) the transfer layer plays a role in self-lubrication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications)
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18 pages, 10499 KiB  
Article
Numerical Assessment of Effective Elastic Properties of Needled Carbon/Carbon Composites Based on a Multiscale Method
by Jian Ge, Xujiang Chao, Haoteng Hu, Wenlong Tian, Weiqi Li and Lehua Qi
C 2024, 10(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030085 - 16 Sep 2024
Viewed by 710
Abstract
Needled carbon/carbon composites contain complex microstructures such as irregular pores, anisotropic pyrolytic carbon, and interphases between fibers and pyrolytic carbon matrices. Additionally, these composites have hierarchical structures including weftless plies, short-cut fiber plies, and needled regions. To predict the effective elastic properties of [...] Read more.
Needled carbon/carbon composites contain complex microstructures such as irregular pores, anisotropic pyrolytic carbon, and interphases between fibers and pyrolytic carbon matrices. Additionally, these composites have hierarchical structures including weftless plies, short-cut fiber plies, and needled regions. To predict the effective elastic properties of needled carbon/carbon composites, this paper proposes a novel sequential multiscale method. At the microscale, representative volume element (RVE) models are established based on the microstructures of the weftless ply, short-cut fiber ply, and needled region, respectively. In the microscale RVE model, a modified Voronoi tessellation method is developed to characterize anisotropic pyrolytic carbon matrices. At the macroscale, an RVE model containing hierarchical structures is developed to predict the effective elastic properties of needled carbon/carbon composites. For the data interaction between scales, the homogenization results of microscale models are used as inputs for the macroscale model. By comparing these against the experimental results, the proposed multiscale model is validated. Furthermore, the effect of porosity on the effective elastic properties of needled carbon/carbon composites is investigated based on the multiscale model. The results show that the effective elastic properties of needled carbon/carbon composites decrease with the increase in porosity, but the extent of decrease is different in different directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications)
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14 pages, 9087 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Annealing Temperature on the Interfacial Heat Transfer in Pulsed Laser Deposition-Grown Ga2O3 on Diamond Composite Substrates
by Lin Gu, Yi Shen, Wenjie Chen, Yuanhui Zuo, Hongping Ma and Qingchun Zhang
C 2024, 10(3), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030080 - 4 Sep 2024
Viewed by 968
Abstract
As devices become more miniaturized and integrated, the heat flux density has increased, highlighting the issue of heat concentration, especially for low thermal conductivity gallium oxide (Ga2O3). This study utilizes diamond composite substrates with an AlN transition layer to [...] Read more.
As devices become more miniaturized and integrated, the heat flux density has increased, highlighting the issue of heat concentration, especially for low thermal conductivity gallium oxide (Ga2O3). This study utilizes diamond composite substrates with an AlN transition layer to assist Ga2O3 in rapid thermal dissipation. All samples were prepared using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and annealed at 600–1000 °C. The microstructure, surface morphology, vacancy defects, and thermal characteristics of post-annealed Ga2O3 were then thoroughly investigated to determine the mechanism by which annealing temperature influences the heat transfer of heterostructures. The results demonstrate that increasing the annealing temperature can improve the crystallinity of Ga2O3 while also reducing oxygen vacancy defects from 20.6% to 9.9%. As the temperature rises to 1000 °C, the thermal conductivity of Ga2O3 reaches a maximum of 12.25 W/(m·K). However, the interface microstructure has no direct correlation with annealing temperature. At 700 °C, Ga2O3/diamond exhibits a maximum thermal boundary conductance of 127.06 MW/(m2·K). Higher temperatures (>800 °C) cause irregular mixtures to form near the heterointerface, intensifying phonon interface scattering and sharply deteriorating interfacial heat transfer. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the heterointerface thermal transfer influence mechanism and provide theoretical guidance for the thermal management design and physical analysis of Ga2O3-based power devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications)
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17 pages, 6455 KiB  
Article
Indirect Voltammetry Detection of Non-Electroactive Neurotransmitters Using Glassy Carbon Microelectrodes: The Case of Glutamate
by Sandra Lara Galindo, Surabhi Nimbalkar, Alexis Oyawale, James Bunnell, Omar Nunez Cuacuas, Rhea Montgomery-Walsh, Amish Rohatgi, Brinda Kodira Cariappa, Abhivyakti Gautam, Kevin Peguero-Garcia, Juyeon Lee, Stephanie Ingemann Bisgaard, Carter Faucher, Stephan Sylvest Keller and Sam Kassegne
C 2024, 10(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10030068 - 31 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1305
Abstract
Glassy carbon (GC) microelectrodes have been successfully used for the detection of electroactive neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin through voltammetry. However, non-electroactive neurotransmitters such as glutamate, lactate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are inherently unsuitable for detection through voltammetry [...] Read more.
Glassy carbon (GC) microelectrodes have been successfully used for the detection of electroactive neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin through voltammetry. However, non-electroactive neurotransmitters such as glutamate, lactate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are inherently unsuitable for detection through voltammetry techniques without functionalizing the surface of the microelectrodes. To this end, we present here the immobilization of the L-glutamate oxidase (GluOx) enzyme on the surface of GC microelectrodes to enable the catalysis of a chemical reaction between L-glutamate, oxygen, and water to produce H2O2, an electroactive byproduct that is readily detectable through voltammetry. This immobilization of GluOx on the surface of bare GC microelectrodes and the subsequent catalytic reduction in H2O2 through fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) helped demonstrate the indirect in vitro detection of glutamate, a non-electroactive molecule, at concentrations as low as 10 nM. The functionalized microelectrodes formed part of a four-channel array of microelectrodes (30 μm × 60 μm) on a 1.6 cm long neural probe that was supported on a flexible polymer, with potential for in vivo applications. The types and strengths of the bond between the GC microelectrode surface and its functional groups, on one hand, and glutamate and the immobilized functionalization matrix, on the other hand, were investigated through molecular dynamic (MD) modeling and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both MD modeling and FTIR demonstrated the presence of several covalent bonds in the form of C-O (carbon–oxygen polar covalent bond), C=O (carbonyl), C-H (alkenyl), N-H (hydrogen bond), C-N (carbon–nitrogen single bond), and C≡N (triple carbon–nitrogen bond). Further, penetration tests on an agarose hydrogel model confirmed that the probes are mechanically robust, with their penetrating forces being much lower than the fracture force of the probe material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications)
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14 pages, 10809 KiB  
Article
Laser-Induced Copper/Carbon Nanocomposite from Anodically Electrodeposited Chitosan for H2O2 Sensing
by Usama Zafar, Prince Kumar Rai, Ankur Gupta, Jan G. Korvink, Vlad Badilita and Monsur Islam
C 2024, 10(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/c10020028 - 24 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1985
Abstract
This work presents anodically electrodeposited copper (Cu)/chitosan gel as a novel precursor for synthesizing a Cu/carbon nanocomposite through laser-induced carbonization. Metal/carbon nanocomposites offering advantageous properties compared to their individual counterparts stand out in various applications, particularly in those involving electrochemical phenomena. However, their [...] Read more.
This work presents anodically electrodeposited copper (Cu)/chitosan gel as a novel precursor for synthesizing a Cu/carbon nanocomposite through laser-induced carbonization. Metal/carbon nanocomposites offering advantageous properties compared to their individual counterparts stand out in various applications, particularly in those involving electrochemical phenomena. However, their synthesis often suffers from complicated and time-consuming synthesis procedures. Here, we integrate anodic electrodeposition and laser-induced carbonization to yield a rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedure for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposite. A precursor composite involving Cu-coordinated chitosan film is achieved through anodic electrodeposition on a copper anode. Irradiation by an infrared laser with optimized parameters results in the thermochemical decomposition of the Cu/chitosan composite, rapidly forming a nanocomposite material featuring highly graphitized and porous carbon materials. Elemental mapping confirms the formation of the nanocomposite, although no crystalline phases of copper are observed during X-ray diffraction. This can be attributed to the rapid nature of the laser-carbonization process. The nanocomposite material is further demonstrated for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), exhibiting a sensitivity of 2.65 mM−1 for concentrations ranging from 0.01 mM to 0.1 mM H2O2, and 0.01 ± 0.01 mM−1 for concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mM H2O2. These sensitivities are comparable to other non-enzymatic H2O2 biosensors. The finding of this work signifies a rapid and facile method for synthesizing metal/carbon nanocomposites with strong implications for the field of biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanofabrication of Carbon-Based Devices and Their Applications)
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