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C
Special Issues
Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage
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Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage

A special issue of C (ISSN 2311-5629). This special issue belongs to the section "Carbon Materials and Carbon Allotropes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 46359

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Salvador Ordóñez García

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
Interests: heterogeneous catalysis; chemical reactors; biomass; hydrodechlorination; oxidation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The relevance of hydrogen as an energy vector has grown in recent years. The increase in the efficiency of electrolysis cells allows converting renewable but fluctuating energy sources (such as wind or sun) into this carbon-neutral gas. In the same way, processes based on biomass gasification followed by water gas shift reaction and hydrogen recovery have been largely improved. However, the storage and transportation of this hydrogen is still a major challenge for the development of the hydrogen economy.

Carbon materials are going to play a key role in hydrogen storage technologies. In the case of physical storage, materials from slightly modified activated carbon to metal organic frameworks, also considering graphene derivatives, carbon nanofibers, nanotubes, etc., have been proposed as hydrogen adsorbents both for separation and storage purposes.

Most chemical storage strategies are mainly based on catalytic hydrogenation–dehydrogenation cycles. Carbon materials are promising supports for the catalysts used in these steps because of their inert character and their ability to tune the catalytic properties of the involved active phases.

Considering these facts, the aim of this Special Issue is to gather submissions (either experimental, computational, or from the point of view of process simulation) about the potential of carbon-based materials for hydrogen storage.

Prof. Dr. Salvador Ordóñez García
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. C is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen adsorption
  • catalytic hydrogenation
  • catalytic dehydrogenation
  • adsorption technologies
  • green hydrogen
  • blue hydrogen
  • liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs)

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 214 KiB  
Editorial
Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers: A New Opportunity for Carbon-Based Catalysts
by Salvador Ordóñez, Eva Díaz and Laura Faba
C 2022, 8(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/c8010007 - 13 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4419
Abstract
The development of a hydrogen-based economy is the perfect nexus between the need of discontinuing the use of fossil fuels (trying to mitigate climate change), the development of a system based on renewable energy (with the use of hydrogen allowing us to buffer [...] Read more.
The development of a hydrogen-based economy is the perfect nexus between the need of discontinuing the use of fossil fuels (trying to mitigate climate change), the development of a system based on renewable energy (with the use of hydrogen allowing us to buffer the discontinuities produced in this generation) and the achievement of a local-based robust energy supply system [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)

Research

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13 pages, 2296 KiB  
Article
On the Problem of “Super” Storage of Hydrogen in Graphite Nanofibers
by Yury S. Nechaev, Evgeny A. Denisov, Alisa O. Cheretaeva, Nadezhda A. Shurygina, Ekaterina K. Kostikova, Andreas Öchsner and Sergei Yu. Davydov
C 2022, 8(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/c8020023 - 29 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3002
Abstract
This article is devoted to some fundamental aspects of “super” storage in graphite nanofibers (GNF) of “reversible” (~20–30 wt.%) and “irreversible” hydrogen (~7–10 wt.%). Extraordinary results for hydrogen “super” storage were previously published by the group of Rodriguez and Baker at the turn [...] Read more.
This article is devoted to some fundamental aspects of “super” storage in graphite nanofibers (GNF) of “reversible” (~20–30 wt.%) and “irreversible” hydrogen (~7–10 wt.%). Extraordinary results for hydrogen “super” storage were previously published by the group of Rodriguez and Baker at the turn of the century, which been unable to be reproduced or explained in terms of physics by other researchers. For the first time, using an efficient method of processing and analysis of hydrogen thermal desorption spectra, the characteristics of the main desorption peak of “irreversible” hydrogen in GNF were determined: the temperature of the highest desorption rate (Tmax = 914–923 K), the activation energy of the desorption process (Q ≈ 40 kJ mol−1), the pre-exponential rate constant factor (K0 ≈ 2 × 10−1 s−1), and the amount of hydrogen released (~8 wt.%). The physics of hydrogen “super” sorption includes hydrogen diffusion, accompanied by the “reversible” capture of the diffusant by certain sorption “centers”; the hydrogen spillover effect, which provides local atomization of gaseous H2 during GNF hydrogenation; and the Kurdjumov phenomenon on thermoelastic phase equilibrium. It is shown that the above-mentioned extraordinary data on the hydrogen “super” storage in GNFs are neither a mistake nor a mystification, as most researchers believe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)
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14 pages, 1818 KiB  
Article
Experimental Volumetric Hydrogen Uptake Determination at 77 K of Commercially Available Metal-Organic Framework Materials
by Jose A. Villajos
C 2022, 8(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/c8010005 - 5 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5338
Abstract
Storage is still limiting the implementation of hydrogen as an energy carrier to integrate the intermittent operation of renewable energy sources. Among different solutions to the currently used compressed or liquified hydrogen systems, physical adsorption at cryogenic temperature in porous materials is an [...] Read more.
Storage is still limiting the implementation of hydrogen as an energy carrier to integrate the intermittent operation of renewable energy sources. Among different solutions to the currently used compressed or liquified hydrogen systems, physical adsorption at cryogenic temperature in porous materials is an attractive alternative due to its fast and reversible operation and the resulting reduction in storage pressure. The feasibility of cryoadsorption for hydrogen storage depends mainly on the performance of the used materials for the specific application, where metal-organic frameworks or MOFs are remarkable candidates. In this work, gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen uptakes at 77 K and up to 100 bar of commercially available MOFs were measured since these materials are made from relatively cheap and accessible building blocks. These materials also show relatively high porous properties and are currently near to large-scale production. The measuring device was calibrated at different room temperatures to calculate an average correction factor and standard deviation so that the correction deviation is included in the measurement error for better comparability with different measurements. The influence of measurement conditions was also studied, concluding that the available adsorbing area of material and the occupied volume of the sample are the most critical factors for a reproducible measurement, apart from the samples’ preparation before measurement. Finally, the actual volumetric storage density of the used powders was calculated by directly measuring their volume in the analysis cell, comparing that value with the maximum volumetric uptake considering the measured density of crystals. From this selection of commercial MOFs, the materials HKUST-1, PCN-250(Fe), MOF-177, and MOF-5 show true potential to fulfill a volumetric requirement of 40 g·L−1 on a material basis for hydrogen storage systems without further packing of the powders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)
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16 pages, 7817 KiB  
Article
Effects of Reducing Agent on the Activity of PtRu/Carbon Black Anode Catalyst of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
by Yu-Wen Chen and Han-Gen Chen
C 2021, 7(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/c7040072 - 19 Oct 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2618
Abstract
A series of PtRu/carbon black catalysts were prepared by means of deposition-precipitation and reduced by various reducing agents. NaBH4, HCHO and NaH2PO2, respectively, were used as the reduction agents. Some of the samples were reduced by various [...] Read more.
A series of PtRu/carbon black catalysts were prepared by means of deposition-precipitation and reduced by various reducing agents. NaBH4, HCHO and NaH2PO2, respectively, were used as the reduction agents. Some of the samples were reduced by various amounts of NaH2PO2 to investigate the effects of P/Pt ratios on the characteristics and activity of the catalyst. These catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The components of these catalysts were detected by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, and extended X-ray absorption of fine structures (EXAFS). The methanol oxidation ability of the catalysts was tested by cyclic voltammetry measurement. The results show that NaH2PO2 could effectively reduce the particle size of PtRu metal. It can suppress the growth of metal particles. In addition, the P/Pt ratio is crucial. The catalyst reduced by NaH2PO2 with a P/Pt ratio of 1.2 had the highest activity among all catalysts. It had the higher Pt and Ru metal contents and smaller metal particle size than the other catalysts. Its activity was 253.12 A/g, which is higher that than the commercial catalyst (Johnson Matthey H10100, 251.32 A/g). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)
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15 pages, 5153 KiB  
Article
CH Activation by a Heavy Metal Cation: Production of H2 from the Reaction of Acetylene with C4H4-Os(+) in Gas phase
by Zikri Altun, Erdi Ata Bleda and Carl Trindle
C 2021, 7(4), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/c7040068 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
While first-row transition metal cations, notably Fe(+), catalyze the gas-phase conversion of acetylene to benzene, a distinct path is chosen in systems with Os, Ir, and Rh cations. Rather than losing the metal cation M(+) from the benzene–M(+) complex, as is observed for [...] Read more.
While first-row transition metal cations, notably Fe(+), catalyze the gas-phase conversion of acetylene to benzene, a distinct path is chosen in systems with Os, Ir, and Rh cations. Rather than losing the metal cation M(+) from the benzene–M(+) complex, as is observed for the Fe(+) system, the heavy metal ions activate CH bonds. The landmark system C4H4-Os(+) reacts with acetylene to produce C6H4-Os(+) and dihydrogen. Following our work on isomers of the form C2nH2n-Fe(+), we show by DFT modeling that the CH bonds of the metalla-7-cycle structure, C6H6-Os(+), are activated and define the gas-phase reaction path by which H2 is produced. The landmark structures on the network of reaction paths can be used as a basis for the discussion of reactions in which a single Os atom on an inert surface can assist reactions of hydrocarbons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)
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14 pages, 3105 KiB  
Article
Biomass-Derived Carbons as Versatile Materials for Energy-Related Applications: Capacitive Properties vs. Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysis
by Stefan Breitenbach, Nemanja Gavrilov, Igor Pašti, Christoph Unterweger, Jiri Duchoslav, David Stifter, Achim Walter Hassel and Christian Fürst
C 2021, 7(3), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/c7030055 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2785
Abstract
Biomass-derived carbons are very attractive materials due to the possibility of tuning their properties for different energy-related applications. Various pore sizes, conductivities and the inherent presence of heteroatoms make them attractive for different electrochemical reactions, including the implementation of electrochemical capacitors or fuel [...] Read more.
Biomass-derived carbons are very attractive materials due to the possibility of tuning their properties for different energy-related applications. Various pore sizes, conductivities and the inherent presence of heteroatoms make them attractive for different electrochemical reactions, including the implementation of electrochemical capacitors or fuel cell electrodes. This contribution demonstrates how different biomass-derived carbons prepared from the same precursor of viscose fibers can reach appreciable capacitances (up to 200 F g−1) or a high selectivity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We find that a highly specific surface area and a large mesopore volume dominate the capacitive response in both aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytic solutions. While the oxygen reduction reaction activity is not dominated by the same factors at low ORR overpotentials, these take the dominant role over surface chemistry at high ORR overpotentials. Due to the high selectivity of the O2 reduction to peroxide and the appreciable specific capacitances, it is suggested that activated carbon fibers derived from viscose fibers are an attractive and versatile material for electrochemical energy conversion applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)
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Review

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21 pages, 3855 KiB  
Review
Hydrogen Storages Based on Graphene Nano-Flakes: Density Functional Theory Approach
by Hiroto Tachikawa
C 2022, 8(3), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/c8030036 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2484
Abstract
Carbon materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) are used for hydrogen storage. The doping of alkali metals to these materials generally increases the accumulation density of molecular hydrogen (H2). However, the reason why the doping enhances [...] Read more.
Carbon materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) are used for hydrogen storage. The doping of alkali metals to these materials generally increases the accumulation density of molecular hydrogen (H2). However, the reason why the doping enhances the ability of the H2 storage of GNF is not clearly known, although there are some explanations. In addition, the information on the storage capacity of GNF is ambiguous. In the present review article, we introduce our recent theoretical studies on the interaction of GNF with H2 molecules carried out to elucidate the mechanism of hydrogen storage in alkali-doped GNFs. As alkali metals, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) were examined, and the abilities of hydrogen storage were discussed. Next, the mechanism of Li-diffusion on GNF, which plays a crucial role in Li-battery, was presented. There are several unanswered questions. In particular, does lithium diffuse randomly on GNF? Or is there a specific diffusion path? We present our study, which elucidates the factors governing lithium diffusion on GNF. If the dominant factor is known, it is possible to arbitrarily control the diffusion path of lithium. This will lead to the development of highly functional battery materials. Finally, the molecular design of H adsorption–desorption reversible storage devices based on GNF will be introduced. Elucidating the mechanism of hydrogen storage, Li-diffusion on GNF, and molecular design of storage device is important in understanding the current molecular devices and provide a deeper insight into materials chemistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)
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18 pages, 1540 KiB  
Review
Review of Cryogenic Carbon Capture Innovations and Their Potential Applications
by Carolina Font-Palma, David Cann and Chinonyelum Udemu
C 2021, 7(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/c7030058 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 21812
Abstract
Our ever-increasing interest in economic growth is leading the way to the decline of natural resources, the detriment of air quality, and is fostering climate change. One potential solution to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from industrial emitters is the exploitation of carbon capture [...] Read more.
Our ever-increasing interest in economic growth is leading the way to the decline of natural resources, the detriment of air quality, and is fostering climate change. One potential solution to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from industrial emitters is the exploitation of carbon capture and storage (CCS). Among the various CO2 separation technologies, cryogenic carbon capture (CCC) could emerge by offering high CO2 recovery rates and purity levels. This review covers the different CCC methods that are being developed, their benefits, and the current challenges deterring their commercialisation. It also offers an appraisal for selected feasible small- and large-scale CCC applications, including blue hydrogen production and direct air capture. This work considers their technological readiness for CCC deployment and acknowledges competing technologies and ends by providing some insights into future directions related to the R&D for CCC systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Materials for Physical and Chemical Hydrogen Storage)
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