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Chemosensors
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Modern Directions in Ion Electroanalysis for Real World Applications
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Modern Directions in Ion Electroanalysis for Real World Applications

A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2022) | Viewed by 33488

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Maria Cuartero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Applied Physical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Interests: development of new fundamental concepts in electroanalysis towards real world applications; environmental water electroanalysis; enzymatic (bio)sensors; wearable sensors for healthcare; spectroelectrochemistry and scanning-electrochemical microscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ion sensing with electrochemical techniques is undoubetely among the pillars of the digitalization era. From wearable sensors to submersible probes, ion electroanalysis has demonstrated tremendous potential in miniaturized gadgets able to monitor the fluctuation of ion concentrations. Furthermore, the appropriate interpretation of these outcomes in certain time, space, or inter-subject domains provides unprecedented information related to important socioeconomical aspects, such as clinical diagnosis, disease monitoring, water quality control, and cell-scale processes. Any real world application is attainable owing to a deep understanding of the fundaments embracing the sensing core of the ion detection principle. Thus, the integration of basis science and analytical applications has advanced towards a true decentralization process of accurate ion measurement. The aim of this Special Issue is to collect current fundamental directions in ion electroanalysis in view of further analytical applications, but also demonstrations at the lab scale and through the on site assessment of real world uses.

Dr. Maria Cuartero
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • ion electroanalysis
  • fundaments
  • new principles
  • sensor array
  • on site measurements
  • real world applications

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 10958 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Potentiometry with an Ion-Selective Electrode: A Tool for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Inorganic and Organic Cations
by José Antonio González-Franco, Alberto Ruiz and Joaquín Ángel Ortuño
Chemosensors 2022, 10(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030116 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3443
Abstract
A study of the transient potential signals obtained with a cation-selective electrode based on an ion-exchanger was carried out for solutions of the following individual cations at different concentrations: H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ [...] Read more.
A study of the transient potential signals obtained with a cation-selective electrode based on an ion-exchanger was carried out for solutions of the following individual cations at different concentrations: H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Mg2+, Ca2+, choline (Ch+), acetylcholine (AcCh+), and procaine (Pr+). Three different general types of transient signals were distinguished depending on the value of the selectivity coefficient of the corresponding ion. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the signals, finding that the qualitative identification of the corresponding ion from the scores of two principal components is possible. The study was extended to the transient signals of solutions containing an analyte in the presence of an interfering ion. The PCA of the corresponding signal allows for the detection of the presence of interfering ions, thus avoiding biased results in the determination of the analyte. Moreover, the two principal components of the transient signals obtained for each of the ions at different concentrations allow for the construction of calibration graphs for the quantitative determination of the corresponding ion. All the transient signals obtained experimentally in this work can be reconstructed accurately from principal components and their corresponding scores. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Directions in Ion Electroanalysis for Real World Applications)
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16 pages, 1141 KiB  
Article
Cucurbit[8]uril-Based Potentiometric Sensor Coupled to HPLC for Determination of Tetracycline Residues in Milk Samples
by Renato L. Gil, Célia M. P. G. Amorim, Maria da Conceição B. S. M. Montenegro and Alberto N. Araújo
Chemosensors 2022, 10(3), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030098 - 3 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3116
Abstract
The determination of chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in milk samples by HPLC coupled to a cucurbit[8]uril-based potentiometric sensor is herein presented. The new tetracycline-selective electrode is based on a polymeric membrane incorporating cucurbit[8]uril as a macrocyclic host, potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl) borate as an [...] Read more.
The determination of chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in milk samples by HPLC coupled to a cucurbit[8]uril-based potentiometric sensor is herein presented. The new tetracycline-selective electrode is based on a polymeric membrane incorporating cucurbit[8]uril as a macrocyclic host, potassium tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl) borate as an ionic additive, 2-fluorophenyl 2-nitrophenyl ether as a plasticizer, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as nanostructured materials. A microfluidic wall-jet flow-cell is implemented as a potentiometric detector after chromatographic separation by a C8 column using a gradient mobile phase of sulphuric acid and acetonitrile. The proposed methodology was validated following International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and European Union (EU) guidelines. Linear regression models provided R2 in the range from 0.9973 ± 0.0026 to 0.9987 ± 0.0012 for all tetracycline antibiotics. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 13.3 to 46.0 μg L−1 and 44.4 to 92.1 μg L−1, respectively. Precision intra-day, inter-day, and inter-electrode showed relative standard deviation values lower than 12.5%, 13.5%, and 12.9%, respectively. Accuracy was assessed by analysis of spiked milk samples around the maximum residue limit, yielding recovery values in the range from 81.3 to 108.5%. The simple, sensitive, cost-effective, and reliable HPLC-ion-selective electrode method justifies its use as a competitive alternative for the analysis of tetracycline residues in the food quality control sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Directions in Ion Electroanalysis for Real World Applications)
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16 pages, 16594 KiB  
Article
Anodic Stripping Voltammetry with the Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode for Trace Metal Detection in Soil Samples
by Kequan Xu, Clara Pérez-Ràfols, Amine Marchoud, María Cuartero and Gastón A. Crespo
Chemosensors 2021, 9(5), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9050107 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5967
Abstract
The widely spread use of the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) for multi-ion analysis is primarily ascribed to the following reasons: (i) excellent reproducibility owing to the easy renewal of the electrode surface avoiding any hysteresis effect (i.e., a new identical drop is [...] Read more.
The widely spread use of the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) for multi-ion analysis is primarily ascribed to the following reasons: (i) excellent reproducibility owing to the easy renewal of the electrode surface avoiding any hysteresis effect (i.e., a new identical drop is generated for each measurement to be accomplished); (ii) a wide cathodic potential window originating from the passive hydrogen evolution and solvent electrolysis; (iii) the ability to form amalgams with many redox-active metal ions; and (iv) the achievement of (sub)nanomolar limits of detection. On the other hand, the main controversy of the HMDE usage is the high toxicity level of mercury, which has motivated the scientific community to question whether the HMDE deserves to continue being used despite its unique capability for multi-metal detection. In this work, the simultaneous determination of Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ using the HMDE is investigated as a model system to evaluate the main features of the technique. The analytical benefits of the HMDE in terms of linear range of response, reproducibility, limit of detection, proximity to ideal redox behavior of metal ions and analysis time are herein demonstrated and compared to other electrodes proposed in the literature as less-toxic alternatives to the HMDE. The results have revealed that the HMDE is largely superior to other reported methods in several aspects and, moreover, it displays excellent accuracy when simultaneously analyzing Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ in such a complex matrix as digested soils. Yet, more efforts are required towards the definitive replacement of the HMDE in the electroanalysis field, despite the elegant approaches already reported in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Directions in Ion Electroanalysis for Real World Applications)
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Review

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47 pages, 4457 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Chemical Sensors for Soil Analysis: A Review
by Marina Nadporozhskaya, Ninel Kovsh, Roberto Paolesse and Larisa Lvova
Chemosensors 2022, 10(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10010035 - 16 Jan 2022
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 16209
Abstract
The continuously rising interest in chemical sensors’ applications in environmental monitoring, for soil analysis in particular, is owed to the sufficient sensitivity and selectivity of these analytical devices, their low costs, their simple measurement setups, and the possibility to perform online and in-field [...] Read more.
The continuously rising interest in chemical sensors’ applications in environmental monitoring, for soil analysis in particular, is owed to the sufficient sensitivity and selectivity of these analytical devices, their low costs, their simple measurement setups, and the possibility to perform online and in-field analyses with them. In this review the recent advances in chemical sensors for soil analysis are summarized. The working principles of chemical sensors involved in soil analysis; their benefits and drawbacks; and select applications of both the single selective sensors and multisensor systems for assessments of main plant nutrition components, pollutants, and other important soil parameters (pH, moisture content, salinity, exhaled gases, etc.) of the past two decades with a focus on the last 5 years (from 2017 to 2021) are overviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Directions in Ion Electroanalysis for Real World Applications)
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32 pages, 2013 KiB  
Review
An overview of Structured Biosensors for Metal Ions Determination
by Diogo L. Rocha, Vivian Maringolo, Alberto N. Araújo, Célia M. P. G. Amorim and Maria da Conceição B. S. M. Montenegro
Chemosensors 2021, 9(11), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110324 - 18 Nov 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3409
Abstract
The determination of metal ions is important for nutritional and toxicological assessment. Atomic spectrometric techniques are highly efficient for the determination of these species, but the high costs of acquisition and maintenance hinder the application of these techniques. Inexpensive alternatives for metallic element [...] Read more.
The determination of metal ions is important for nutritional and toxicological assessment. Atomic spectrometric techniques are highly efficient for the determination of these species, but the high costs of acquisition and maintenance hinder the application of these techniques. Inexpensive alternatives for metallic element determination are based on dedicated biosensors. These devices mimic biological systems and convert biochemical processes into physical outputs and can be used for the sensitive and selective determination of chemical species such as cations. In this work, an overview of the proposed biosensors for metal ions determination was carried out considering the last 15 years of publications. Statistical data on the applications, response mechanisms, instrumentation designs, applications of nanomaterials, and multielement analysis are herein discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Directions in Ion Electroanalysis for Real World Applications)
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