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Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment
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Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment

A special issue of Current Issues in Molecular Biology (ISSN 1467-3045). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2024) | Viewed by 21395

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Violeta Popovici

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Agro-Forestry and Biodiversity Laboratory, Natural Parks and Protected Areas, “Costin C. Kiriţescu” National Institute of Economic Research—Center for Mountain Economics (INCE-CEMONT) of Romanian Academy, 725700 Vatra Dornei, Romania
Interests: plant/lichen secondary metabolites-identification and pharmacological potential; antibiotics; antimicrobial activity; in vitro anticancer activity; oral cancer; ROS; oxidative stress; antioxidants/pro-oxidants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Emma Adriana Ozon

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: drug design; development, optimization, and manufacturing of pharmaceutical products; preformulating studies on pharmaceuticals; physico-chemical characterization of materials; cyclodextrin inclusion complexes; drug delivery systems; pharmaceutical processes; drug release profiles; quality of pharmaceutical forms
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oral cancer continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide; it is prevalent in developing countries, where people smoke, chew tobacco and betel nuts, and consume alcohol regularly. Oral inflammation may also have a role in the pathophysiology of oral cancers due to the involvement of several inflammatory pathways. Moreover, oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with several oral bacteria and virus carriage. It has been reported that oral cancer patients have significantly higher Candida albicans genotype A strain levels than noncancer patients. These strains have also been linked to leukoplakic lesions. Immunosuppression has also been linked to the development of oral cancer in patients undergoing bone marrow and renal transplantation. Despite the availability of novel therapeutic options, the 5-year survival rate for oral cancer in most countries remains below 50%. Therefore, effective therapies to prevent the development of oral cancer are required, and potential natural products and phytochemicals are investigated for treating oral diseases. These natural compounds may be supplemented in their natural form or incorporated into bars, powders, liquids, gels, tablets or capsules, toothpaste, mouthwashes, lozenges, oral gels, and other pharmaceutical products.

This Special Issue focuses on recent research regarding etiopathogenesis, biomarkers, natural products with anticancer activity through various mechanisms, and novel pharmaceutical formulations with potential applications in oral cancer prophylaxis and treatment.

Dr. Violeta Popovici
Dr. Emma Adriana Ozon
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Current Issues in Molecular Biology is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oral carcinogenesis
  • biomarkers
  • cell signaling
  • natural products
  • phytochemicals
  • medicinal plants
  • essential oils
  • antimicrobial activity
  • cytotoxicity
  • phytotherapy
  • drug discovery
  • drug delivery
  • pharmaceutical formulation

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 179 KiB  
Editorial
Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment
by Violeta Popovici and Emma Adriana Ozon
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 12911-12913; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110768 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 580
Abstract
Oral cancer contributes to approximately 3–10% of all cancer mortality worldwide, and its incidence is continuously increasing due to environmental conditions and harmful habits of the modern lifestyle [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 1727 KiB  
Article
The Potential Association of CDKN2A and Ki-67 Proteins in View of the Selected Characteristics of Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Dariusz Nałęcz, Agata Świętek, Dorota Hudy, Zofia Złotopolska, Michał Dawidek, Karol Wiczkowski and Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(11), 13267-13280; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110791 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 262
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent type of cancer worldwide. Not all mechanisms associated with cell cycle disturbances have been recognized in HNSCC. The aim of this study was to examine the concentration of CDKN2A and Ki-67 [...] Read more.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent type of cancer worldwide. Not all mechanisms associated with cell cycle disturbances have been recognized in HNSCC. The aim of this study was to examine the concentration of CDKN2A and Ki-67 proteins in 54 tumor and margin samples of HNSCC and to evaluate their association with the clinical and demographic variables. The ELISA method was used to measure concentrations of CDKN2A and Ki-67 in the tissue homogenates. A significantly higher CDKN2A concentration was found in OSCC tumor samples as compared with OPSCC+HPSCC+LSCC. An inverse correlation was observed for Ki-67. We showed an association between the CDKN2A level and the clinical parameters N in tumors. The patients with concomitant diseases had significantly higher levels of Ki-67 as compared with patients with no concomitant diseases. An analysis of the effect of drinking habits on Ki-67 level demonstrated a statistical difference between regular or occasional users of stimulants and patients who do not use any stimulants in the tumor and margin samples. Moreover, we found an association between CDKN2A and Ki-67 concentrations and the HPV status in tumor and margin samples. The levels of the proteins tested may be dependent on environmental factors. Our results showed that changes in protein levels in HNSCC subtypes may reflect different molecular pathways of tumor development or may also be responsible for the involvement of CDKN2A and Ki-67 in the carcinogenesis process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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11 pages, 1272 KiB  
Article
The Potential MicroRNA Diagnostic Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue
by Young-Nam Park, Jae-Ki Ryu and Yeongdon Ju
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(7), 6746-6756; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070402 - 1 Jul 2024
Viewed by 987
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the tongue is a common type of head and neck malignancy with a poor prognosis, underscoring the urgency for early detection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have remarkable stability and are easily measurable. Thus, miRNAs may be a promising biomarker [...] Read more.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the tongue is a common type of head and neck malignancy with a poor prognosis, underscoring the urgency for early detection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have remarkable stability and are easily measurable. Thus, miRNAs may be a promising biomarker candidate among biomarkers in cancer diagnosis. Biomarkers have the potential to facilitate personalized medicine approaches by guiding treatment decisions and optimizing therapy regimens for individual patients. Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we identified 13 differentially expressed upregulated miRNAs in OSCC of the tongue. Differentially expressed miRNAs were analyzed by enrichment analysis to reveal underlying biological processes, pathways, or functions. Furthermore, we identified miRNAs associated with the progression of OSCC of the tongue, utilizing receiver operating characteristic analysis to evaluate their potential as diagnostic biomarkers. A total of 13 upregulated miRNAs were identified as differentially expressed in OSCC of the tongue. Five of these miRNAs had high diagnostic power. In particular, miR-196b has the potential to serve as one of the most effective diagnostic biomarkers. Then, functional enrichment analysis for the target gene of miR-196b was performed, and a protein–protein interaction network was constructed. This study assessed an effective approach for identifying miRNAs as early diagnostic markers for OSCC of the tongue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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14 pages, 70103 KiB  
Article
A Tissue Engineered 3D Model of Cancer Cell Invasion for Human Head and Neck Squamous-Cell Carcinoma
by Manuel Stöth, Anna Teresa Mineif, Fabian Sauer, Till Jasper Meyer, Flurin Mueller-Diesing, Lukas Haug, Agmal Scherzad, Maria Steinke, Angela Rossi and Stephan Hackenberg
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(5), 4049-4062; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46050250 - 28 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1393
Abstract
Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with aggressive local invasiveness, being a main reason for its poor prognosis. The exact mechanisms underlying the strong invasive abilities of HNSCC remain to be elucidated. Therefore, there is a need for in vitro models [...] Read more.
Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with aggressive local invasiveness, being a main reason for its poor prognosis. The exact mechanisms underlying the strong invasive abilities of HNSCC remain to be elucidated. Therefore, there is a need for in vitro models to study the interplay between cancer cells and normal adjacent tissue at the invasive tumor front. To generate oral mucosa tissue models (OMM), primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts from human oral mucosa were isolated and seeded onto a biological scaffold derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa with preserved mucosa. Thereafter, we tested different methods (single tumor cells, tumor cell spots, spheroids) to integrate the human cancer cell line FaDu to generate an invasive three-dimensional model of HNSCC. All models were subjected to morphological analysis by histology and immunohistochemistry. We successfully built OMM tissue models with high in vivo–in vitro correlation. The integration of FaDu cell spots and spheroids into the OMM failed. However, with the integration of single FaDu cells into the OMM, invasive tumor cell clusters developed. Between segments of regular epithelial differentiation of the OMM, these clusters showed a basal membrane penetration and lamina propria infiltration. Primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes seeded onto a porcine carrier structure are suitable to build an OMM. The HNSCC model with integrated FaDu cells could enable subsequent investigations into cancer cell invasiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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13 pages, 5097 KiB  
Article
Calcitriol Treatment Decreases Cell Migration, Viability and β-Catenin Signaling in Oral Dysplasia
by Daniel Peña-Oyarzún, Constanza Guzmán, Catalina Kretschmar, Vicente A. Torres, Andrea Maturana-Ramirez, Juan Aitken and Montserrat Reyes
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(4), 3050-3062; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46040191 - 2 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1328
Abstract
Nearly 90% of oral cancers are characterized as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), representing the sixth most common type of cancer. OSCC usually evolves from oral potentially malignant disorders that, in some cases, are histologically consistent with a oral dysplasia. The levels of [...] Read more.
Nearly 90% of oral cancers are characterized as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), representing the sixth most common type of cancer. OSCC usually evolves from oral potentially malignant disorders that, in some cases, are histologically consistent with a oral dysplasia. The levels of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3; calcitriol), the active form of vitamin D3, have been shown to be decreased in patients with oral dysplasia and OSCC. Moreover, treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3 has been proven beneficial in OSCC by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a signaling route that promotes cell migration, proliferation, and viability. However, whether this inhibition mechanism occurs in oral dysplasia is unknown. To approach this question, we used dysplastic oral keratinocyte cultures and oral explants (ex vivo model of oral dysplasia) treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 48 h. Following treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3, both in vitro and ex vivo models of oral dysplasia showed decreased levels of nuclear β-catenin by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Consistently, reduced protein and mRNA levels of the Wnt/β-catenin target gene survivin were observed after treatment with 1,25-(OH)2D3. Moreover, 1,25-(OH)2D3 promoted membranous localization of E-cadherin and nuclear localization of vitamin D receptor (VDR). Functionally, DOK cells treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 displayed diminished cell migration and viability in vitro. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3298 KiB  
Article
Investigating Cox-2 and EGFR as Biomarkers in Canine Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy
by Rita Files, Catarina Santos, Felisbina L. Queiroga, Filipe Silva, Leonor Delgado, Isabel Pires and Justina Prada
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(1), 485-497; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46010031 - 4 Jan 2024
Viewed by 2192
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common and highly aggressive dog tumor known for its local invasiveness and metastatic potential. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving the development and progression of OSCC is crucial for improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Additionally, spontaneous oral [...] Read more.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common and highly aggressive dog tumor known for its local invasiveness and metastatic potential. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving the development and progression of OSCC is crucial for improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Additionally, spontaneous oral squamous cell carcinomas in dogs are an excellent model for studying human counterparts. In this study, we aimed to investigate the significance of two key molecular components, Cox-2 and EGFR, in canine OSCC. We examined 34 tumor sections from various dog breeds to assess the immunoexpression of Cox-2 and EGFR. Our findings revealed that Cox-2 was highly expressed in 70.6% of cases, while EGFR overexpression was observed in 44.1%. Cox-2 overexpression showed association with histological grade of malignancy (HGM) (p = 0.006) and EGFR with vascular invasion (p = 0.006). COX-2 and EGFR concurrent expression was associated with HGM (p = 0.002), as well as with the presence of vascular invasion (p = 0.002). These data suggest that Cox-2 and EGFR could be promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, opening avenues for developing novel treatment strategies for dogs affected by OSCC. Further studies are warranted to delve deeper into these findings and translate them into clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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14 pages, 3435 KiB  
Article
PRI-724 and IWP-O1 Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitors Modulate the Expression of Glycolytic Enzymes in Tongue Cancer Cell Lines
by Robert Kleszcz, Jarosław Paluszczak, Marta Belka and Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(12), 9579-9592; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45120599 - 29 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2404
Abstract
The dysregulation of energetic metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Indeed, the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells depends heavily on glycolytic activity, which can be considered a potential therapeutic target. Wnt signaling is one of [...] Read more.
The dysregulation of energetic metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Indeed, the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells depends heavily on glycolytic activity, which can be considered a potential therapeutic target. Wnt signaling is one of the pathways that undergoes upregulation in HNSCC. Our previous studies have shown that Wnt signaling inhibitors—PRI-724 and IWP-O1—attenuate tongue SCC survival and reduce glucose uptake and lactate release. The aim of this research was to further evaluate the possible mechanisms of the previously observed effects. We assessed the effect of PRI-724 and IWP-O1 on the expression of selected glycolytic enzymes: phosphofructokinase M, pyruvate kinase M2, and lactate dehydrogenase. Relative transcript expression was assessed by real-time PCR, and protein levels by Western blot. Moreover, clinical data concerning mRNA and protein expression, gene promoter methylation, and HNSCC patients’ survival time were analyzed by the UALCAN tool, and protein–protein interaction was assessed using the STRING database. Experimental and bioinformatic data confirmed the relation between Wnt signaling and glycolytic enzymes in tongue cancer cells and HNSCC clinical samples. Overall, the inhibition of glucose metabolism by Wnt signaling inhibitors is a promising mode of action against tongue cancer cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1855 KiB  
Article
p62 Is a Potential Biomarker for Risk of Malignant Transformation of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders (OPMDs)
by Ryo Takasaki, Fumihiko Uchida, Shohei Takaoka, Ryota Ishii, Satoshi Fukuzawa, Eiji Warabi, Naomi Ishibashi-Kanno, Kenji Yamagata, Hiroki Bukawa and Toru Yanagawa
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(9), 7630-7641; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45090480 - 19 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1352
Abstract
To determine the intracellular behavior of p62, a marker of selective autophagy, in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). This retrospective study includes 70 patients who underwent biopsy or surgical resection and were definitively diagnosed with OPMDs. Immunohistochemical staining for p62, XPO1, p53, and [...] Read more.
To determine the intracellular behavior of p62, a marker of selective autophagy, in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). This retrospective study includes 70 patients who underwent biopsy or surgical resection and were definitively diagnosed with OPMDs. Immunohistochemical staining for p62, XPO1, p53, and ki67 was performed on all samples and positive cell occupancy was calculated. We statistically investigated the correlation between protein expression in OPMDs and the association between malignant transformation, clinicopathological characteristics, and occupancy. ki67 expression was negatively correlated with p62 expression in the nucleus (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with p62 expression in the cytoplasm (p < 0.01). For malignant transformation, the expression of p62 in the nucleus (p = 0.03) was significantly lower in malignant transformation cases, whereas the expression of p62 in the cytoplasm (p = 0.03) and the aggregation expression (p < 0.01) were significantly higher. Our results suggest that the function of p62 is altered by its subcellular localization. In addition, defects in selective autophagy occur in cases of malignant transformation, suggesting that p62 is a potential biomarker of the risk of malignant transformation of OPMDs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 3250 KiB  
Communication
Sequencing Analysis of MUC6 and MUC16 Gene Fragments in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Reveals Novel Mutations: A Preliminary Study
by Jadwiga Gaździcka, Krzysztof Biernacki, Silvia Salatino, Karolina Gołąbek, Dorota Hudy, Agata Świętek, Katarzyna Miśkiewicz-Orczyk, Anna Koniewska, Maciej Misiołek and Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(7), 5645-5661; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45070356 - 4 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1397
Abstract
The growing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) calls for better understanding of the mutational landscape of such cases. Mucins (MUCs) are multifunctional glycoproteins expressed by the epithelial cells and may be associated with the epithelial tumour invasion and progression. The present [...] Read more.
The growing incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) calls for better understanding of the mutational landscape of such cases. Mucins (MUCs) are multifunctional glycoproteins expressed by the epithelial cells and may be associated with the epithelial tumour invasion and progression. The present study aimed at the analysis of the sequence of selected MUC6 and MUC16 gene fragments in the tumour, as well as the margin, samples obtained from 18 OPSCC patients. Possible associations between the detected mutations and the clinicopathological and demographic characteristics of the study group were analysed. Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic data analysis of the selected MUC6 and MUC16 cDNA fragments were performed. Our study found 13 and 3 mutations in MUC6 and MUC16, respectively. In particular, one novelty variant found that the MUC6 gene (chr11:1018257 A>T) was the most frequent across our cohort, in both the tumour and the margin samples, and was then classified as a high impact, stop-gain mutation. The current study found novel mutations in MUC6 and MUC16 providing new insight into the genetic alternation in mucin genes among the OPSCC patients. Further studies, including larger cohorts, are recommended to recognise the pattern in which the mutations affect oropharyngeal carcinogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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15 pages, 4429 KiB  
Article
Establishment of a Novel Anti-CD44 Variant 10 Monoclonal Antibody C44Mab-18 for Immunohistochemical Analysis against Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas
by Kenichiro Ishikawa, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Mika K. Kaneko and Yukinari Kato
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(7), 5248-5262; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45070333 - 21 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2537
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer, and has been revealed as the second-highest expression of CD44 in cancers. CD44 has been investigated as a cancer stem cell marker of HNSCC and plays [...] Read more.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer, and has been revealed as the second-highest expression of CD44 in cancers. CD44 has been investigated as a cancer stem cell marker of HNSCC and plays a critical role in tumor malignant progression. Especially, splicing variant isoforms of CD44 (CD44v) are overexpressed in cancers and considered a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. We developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD44 by immunizing mice with CD44v3–10-overexpressed PANC-1 cells. Among the established clones, C44Mab-18 (IgM, kappa) reacted with CHO/CD44v3–10, but not with CHO/CD44s and parental CHO-K1 using flow cytometry. The epitope mapping using peptides that cover variant exon-encoded regions revealed that C44Mab-18 recognized the border sequence between variant 10 and the constant exon 16-encoded sequence. These results suggest that C44Mab-18 recognizes variant 10-containing CD44v, but not CD44s. Furthermore, C44Mab-18 could recognize the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell line, HSC-3, in flow cytometry. The apparent dissociation constant (KD) of C44Mab-18 for CHO/CD44v3–10 and HSC-3 was 1.6 × 10−7 M and 1.7 × 10−7 M, respectively. Furthermore, C44Mab-18 detected CD44v3–10 but not CHO/CD44s in Western blotting, and endogenous CD44v10 in immunohistochemistry using OSCC tissues. These results indicate that C44Mab-18 is useful for detecting CD44v10 in flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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12 pages, 6837 KiB  
Article
M2 Macrophages-Derived Exosomal miRNA-23a-3p Promotes the Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting PTEN
by Jun Li, Yongjie Bao, Sisi Peng, Chao Jiang, Luying Zhu, Sihai Zou, Jie Xu and Yong Li
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(6), 4936-4947; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45060314 - 7 Jun 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2151
Abstract
Exosomes from tumor cells and immune cells regulate the tumor microenvironment through the biomolecules or microRNAs (miRNAs) they carry. This research aims to investigate the role of miRNA in exosomes derived from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma [...] Read more.
Exosomes from tumor cells and immune cells regulate the tumor microenvironment through the biomolecules or microRNAs (miRNAs) they carry. This research aims to investigate the role of miRNA in exosomes derived from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). RT-qPCR and Western blotting assays were used to determine the expression of genes and proteins in OSCC cells. CCK-8, Scratch assay and invasion-related proteins were utilized to detect the malignant progression of tumor cells. High-throughput sequencing predicted differentially expressed miRNAs in exosomes secreted by M0 and M2 macrophages. Compared with exosomes from M0 macrophages, exosomes from M2 macrophages led to enhanced proliferation and invasion of OSCC cells and inhibited their apoptosis. High-throughput sequencing results show that miR-23a-3p is differentially expressed in exosomes from M0 and M2 macrophages. MiRNA target gene database predicts that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) are target genes of miR-23a-3p. Further studies revealed that transfection of miR-23a-3p mimics inhibited PTEN expression in vivo and in vitro and promoted the malignant progression of OSCC cells, which was reversed by miR-23a-3p inhibitors. MiR-23a-3p in exosomes derived from M2 macrophages promotes malignant progression of OSCC. PTEN is a potential intracellular target of miR-23a-3p. MiR-23a-3p, an M2 macrophage-associated exosome, is a promising target for the future treatment of OSCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

19 pages, 1575 KiB  
Review
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine: Current Landscape and Perspectives
by Piero Giuseppe Meliante, Carla Petrella, Marco Fiore, Antonio Minni and Christian Barbato
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2023, 45(11), 9215-9233; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45110577 - 16 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2619
Abstract
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its [...] Read more.
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. This review scope is to comprehensively gather existing evidence and summarize ongoing clinical trials focused on therapeutic vaccines for HNSCC treatment. The current landscape reveals numerous promising drugs in the early stages of experimentation, along with a multitude of trials that have been suspended or abandoned for years. Nonetheless, there are encouraging results and ongoing experiments that instill hope for potential paradigm shifts in HNSCC therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: Prophylaxis, Etiopathogenesis and Treatment)
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