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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Coatings for Biomedicine and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 30957

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Dr. Jun-Beom Park

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Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Interests: bone; bone biology; tissue engineering; stem cells; instrumentation; enzyme kinetics; bone regeneration; dental implants; biomaterials; oral health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recently, the development of coatings of the implant and bone surfaces has had great interest. The coating of implants may enhance enhance osseointegration. Moreover, coating the surface of implants may provide antimicrobial effects. Various methods/techniques can be applied for coating implant surfaces. Plama splaying and electrospraying have been developed as coating methods. Quite a lot of materials have been applied for implant coatings. Growth factors have been used, along with bioactive glasses and ceramics. Similarly, bone surfaces have been coated using various methods to enhance the functionality of the graft material.

This scope of this Special Issue will serve as a forum for papers in the following concepts:

Theoretical and experimental research, knowledge, and new ideas in coatings of implant and bone surfaces;
Recent developments in coating techniques;
Recent developments in materials for surface coating;
Understanding the mechanisms for enhanced functionality;
Clincial research regarding the application of coated implant and/or bone.

Prof. Dr. Jun-Beom Park
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Implant surface coating
Bone surface coating
Dental bioceramics coating
Calcium silicate-based materials coating
Recent advances in coating
Mechanisms for coating
Clinical research regarding coating

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 3510 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Highly Bioactive Elastomeric Hybrid Nanoceramics for Guiding Bone Tissue Regeneration

by Jing Chen, Wenxiu Que, Bo Lei and Beibei Li

Coatings 2022, 12(11), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111633 - 27 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1574

Abstract

Conventional bioactive ceramic implants possess high osteogenic ability but exhibit poor machinability and brittleness, which limit their wide applications. In this study, we report an elastomeric machinable bioactive nanoceramic-based hybrid membrane that is formed by nanohydroxyapatite-reinforced hybrid matrix (poly(dimethylsilicone)-bioactive glass-poly(caprolactone) (nHA-PBP)) using a modified sol-gel process. The hybrid matrix is composed of elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane and bioactive glass nanogel. The effect of the nHA contents (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%) on the physicochemical structure and biomineralization activity of PBP hybrid membranes is investigated systematically. The results show that nHA-PBP hybrid membranes containing more than 20 wt% nHA exhibit the highest apatite-forming bioactivity due to the optimized hydroxyapatite crystalline phase. NHA-PBP implants with nHA also show good elastomeric mechanical behavior and foldable mechanical properties. Furthermore, the study of the in vitro cellular biocompatibility suggests that the nHA-PBP hybrid monoliths can enhance osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) attachment and proliferation. The biomimetic hybrid composition, crack-free monolith structure, and high biological activity of apatite formation make the nHA-PBP hybrid membrane a prospective candidate in the application of bone tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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24 pages, 10511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calcium Sulfate in Implantology (Biphasic Calcium Sul-Fate/Hydroxyapatite, BCS/HA, Bond Apatite^®): Review of the Literature and Case Reports

by Aina Torrejon-Moya, Alina Apalimova, Beatriz González-Navarro, Ramiro Zaera-Le Gal, Antonio Marí-Roig and José López-López

Coatings 2022, 12(9), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12091350 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3360

Abstract

Calcium sulfate is used as a synthetic graft material in orthopedics, plastic surgery, oncological surgery, and dentistry, and it has been used in a variety of clinical applications, such as the repair of periodontal defects, the treatment of osteomyelitis, maxillary sinus augmentation, and as a complement to the placement of dental implants. To carry out this systematic review, a bibliographic search was carried out. The PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) question was: Does the use of calcium sulfate as a material in guided bone regeneration in dentistry have better results compared to other bone graft materials? Finally, a case series is presented using the calcium sulfate for different procedures. Currently, the available literature on the use of calcium sulfate as a graft material in implant surgery is scarce, and what is available provides low-quality evidence. That is why more research studies on the subject are necessary to allow more comparisons and meaningful conclusions. After using Bond Apatite^® in our case series, we can conclude that it is a useful and easy-to-handle material in implantology practice, but more controlled studies should be carried out in this regard to assess its long-term efficacy, especially in horizontal and/or vertical regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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11 pages, 1668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to Stainless Steel Surfaces Modified Using Different Topographies Following a Biomimetic Approach

by Santiago Arango-Santander, Lina Serna, Juliana Sanchez-Garzon and John Franco

Coatings 2021, 11(7), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070829 - 9 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2493

Abstract

Bacterial adhesion to surfaces is the first step in biofilm formation, which leads to the development of conditions that may compromise the health status of patients. Surface modification has been proposed to reduce bacterial adhesion to biomaterials. The objective of this work was to assess and compare Streptococcus mutans adhesion to the surface of biomimetically-modified stainless steel using different topographies. Stainless steel plates were modified using a soft lithography technique following a biomimetic approach. The leaves from Colocasia esculenta, Crocosmia aurea and Salvinia molesta were used as surface models. Silica sol was synthesized using the sol-gel method. Following a soft lithography technique, the surface of the leaves were transferred to the surface of the SS plates. Natural and modified surfaces were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy and contact angle. Streptococcus mutans was used to assess bacterial adhesion. Contact angle measurements showed that natural leaves are highly hydrophobic, but such hydrophobicity could not be transferred to the metallic plates. Roughness varied among the leaves and increased after transference for C. esculenta and decreased for C. aurea. In general, two of the surface models used in this investigation showed positive results for reduction of bacterial adhesion (C. aurea and C. esculenta), while the other showed an increase in bacterial adhesion (S. molesta). Therefore, since a biomimetic approach using natural surfaces showed opposite results, careful selection of the surface model needs to be taken into consideration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 9341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 on Cellular Viability, Osteogenic Potential, and Global Gene Expression on Gingiva-Derived Stem Cell Spheroids

by Jae-Yong Tae, Yoon-Hee Park, Youngkyung Ko and Jun-Beom Park

Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111055 - 30 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is engaged in the migration ability of mesenchymal stem cells and the transition of mesenchymal stem cells into osteogenic and adipocytic lines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of BMP-4 on the cellular viability, osteogenic differentiation, and genome-wide mRNA levels using three-dimensional cell spheroids composed of stem cells. Stem cell spheroids were formed using concave microwells in the presence of BMP-4 with final concentrations of 0, 2, 6, and 10 ng/mL. Cellular viability was measured qualitatively using a microscope and quantitatively using an assay kit based on water-soluble tetrazolium salt. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by measuring the level of alkaline phosphatase activity. Global gene expression was assessed using next-generation mRNA sequencing and performing gene ontology and pathway analyses. Spheroids were well-maintained with the addition of BMP-4 up to Day 7. No significant differences were observed in cell viability between each group. There were significantly higher alkaline phosphatase values in the 2 ng/mL BMP-4 groups when compared with the control (p < 0.05). A total of 25,737 mRNAs were differentially expressed. Expression of β-catenin (CTNNB1) was increased with higher dosages of BMP-4. The expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) was increased up to 6 ng/mL. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase–protein kinase B/Akt signaling pathway was associated with the target genes. This study demonstrates that the application of BMP-4 enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of CTNNB1 and RUNX2 without affecting cellular viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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11 pages, 2614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coating of a Sand-Blasted and Acid-Etched Implant Surface with a pH-Buffering Agent after Vacuum-UV Photofunctionalization

by Chang-Joo Park, Jae Hyung Lim, Marco Tallarico, Kyung-Gyun Hwang, Hyook Choi, Gyu-Jang Cho, Chang Kim, Il-Seok Jang, Ju-Dong Song, Amy M. Kwon, Sang Ho Jeon and Hyun-Kyung Park

Coatings 2020, 10(11), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10111040 - 28 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2922

Abstract

Ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization can reset the biological aging of titanium after the preparation and storage of dental implants by transforming hydrophobic titanium surfaces into superhydrophilic surfaces. Blood clot formation around the implant can initialize and promote the healing process at the bone–implant interface. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the capabilities of surface wettability and blood clotting of implants with a conventional sand-blasted and acid-etched surface (SA), a sand-blasted and acid-etched surface with vacuum-UV treatment (SA + VUV), and a sand-blasted and acid-etched surface coated with a pH-buffering agent after vacuum-UV treatment (SA + VUV + BS). Static and dynamic tests for surface wettability and blood clotting were performed in vitro for SA + VUV and SA + VUV + BS (n = 5), while hemostasis resulting from blood clotting was evaluated in vivo for SA, SA +VUV, and SA + VUV + BS (n = 4). A Kruskal–Wallis test showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in all tests, with the exception of in vitro test of static blood clotting. VUV treatment is therefore effective at making an SA surface superhydrophilic as an alternative to routine UV-C radiation. The addition of a pH-buffering agent to SA + VUV also improved surface wettability and blood clotting, which are crucial for successful osseointegration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 2059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Autogenous Bone Mixed with a Biphasic Calcium Phosphate in a Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation Procedure with a 6-Month Healing Time: A Clinical, Radiological, Histological and Histomorphometric Evaluation

by Wilhelmus F. Bouwman, Nathalie Bravenboer, Christiaan M. ten Bruggenkate and Engelbert A. J. M. Schulten

Coatings 2020, 10(5), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10050462 - 9 May 2020

Viewed by 3056

Abstract

Background: In this study it is evaluated whether autogenous bone mixed with biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) used in a maxillary sinus floor elevation (MSFE) leads to improved bone formation. Materials and methods: In five patients a unilateral MSFE was performed. Histological and histomorphometric analyses were performed on bone biopsies that were obtained 6 months after MSFE during dental implant surgery. Results: The average vital bone volume was 29.9% of the total biopsy (BV/TV, SD ± 10.1) of which 7.1% was osteoid (OV/BV, SD ± 4.8). The osteoid surface (OS/BS) covered 26.0% (SD ± 13.4) of the bone surface. The BS/TV covered 4.7 mm²/mm³ (SD ± 2.3). Compared with previous studies the analyses showed a difference for trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.) and osteoid surface (OS/BS), but not for BV/TV, OV/BV and the number of osteoclasts. Conclusion: MSFE with autogenous bone mixed with BCP shows an amount of newly formed bone that is comparable with the findings from the previously published 6-month study with pure BCP. However, a better distribution of the new bone over the entire biopsy was observed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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12 pages, 2501 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Cytotoxicity and Mineralization Potential of Four Calcium Silicate-Based Cements on Human Gingiva-Derived Stem Cells

by Donghee Lee, Jun-Beom Park, Dani Song, Hye-Min Kim and Sin-Young Kim

Coatings 2020, 10(3), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030279 - 18 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3260

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and mineralization potential of four calcium silicate-based cements on human gingiva-derived stem cells (GDSCs). The materials evaluated in the present study were ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), Biodentine (Septodont), Endocem Zr (Maruchi), and RetroMTA (BioMTA). Experimental disks of 6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height were produced and placed in a 100% humidified atmosphere for 48 h to set. We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of the cements using methyl-thiazoldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) and live/dead staining assays. We used a scratch wound healing assay to evaluate cell migratory ability. Mineralization potential was determined with an Alizarin red S (ARS) staining assay. In the MTT assay, no significant differences were found among the ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, and control groups during the test period (p > 0.05). The Endocem Zr and RetroMTA groups showed relatively lower cell viability than the control group at day 7 (p < 0.05). In the wound healing assay, no significant differences were found among the ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, Endocem Zr, and control groups during the test period (p > 0.05). The RetroMTA group had slower cell migration compared to the control group at days 3 and 4 (p < 0.05). In the ARS assay, the ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, and RetroMTA groups exhibited a significant increase in the formation of mineralized nodules compared to the Endocem Zr and control groups on day 21 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the four calcium silicate-based cements evaluated in the present study exhibited good biological properties on GDSCs. ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, and RetroMTA showed higher mineralization potential than the Endocem Zr and control groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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11 pages, 2347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Curcumin on Bone Osteogenic Promotion of MC3T3 Cells under High Glucose Conditions and Enhanced Bone Formation in Diabetic Mice

by Jia He, Xiaofeng Yang, Fan Liu, Duo Li, Bowen Zheng, Adil Othman Abdullah and Yi Liu

Coatings 2020, 10(3), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10030258 - 10 Mar 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3266

Abstract

Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is characterized by impaired bone microstructure and reduced bone density resulting from high glucose levels. Curcumin (CURC) is extensively applied in the treatment of inflammation-associated diseases. However, the effect of curcumin on bone metabolism in diabetic osteoporosis is unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the optimal concentration of curcumin on enhancing osteogenesis in diabetic osteoporosis. Osteoblasts were treated with a high or low concentration of curcumin under a series of concentrations of high-glucose conditions. Type 2 diabetic mice were intervened with curcumin. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and osteogenesis-related gene expressions were evaluated by CCK-8, flow cytometry, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Bone formation was evaluated by histological staining. The findings revealed that curcumin suppressed apoptosis and enhanced proliferation and osteogenesis-related gene expressions of osteoblasts under high glucose concentrations (p < 0.05). The histological sections displayed reduced bone destruction and increased the growth rate of trabecular bone and the bone density of diabetic mice treated with curcumin, compared to diabetic mice. These results showed that curcumin could reverse the harmful effects of diabetic osteoporosis in a dose-dependent manner, and 10 μmol/L was regarded as the optimal concentration, which supports the potential use of curcumin for bone regeneration under high glucose concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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Review

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14 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessReview

Various Coated Barrier Membranes for Better Guided Bone Regeneration: A Review

by Ji-Youn Kim and Jun-Beom Park

Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081059 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2692

Abstract

A good barrier membrane is one of the important factors for effective guided bone/tissue regeneration (GBR/GTR) in the case of periodontal bone defects. Several methods are being discussed to overcome and improve the shortcomings of commercially available membranes. One of the methods is to coat the membrane with bioactive materials. In this study, 41 studies related to coated membranes for GBR/GTR published in the last 5 years were reviewed. These studies reported coating the membrane with various bioactive materials through different techniques to improve osteogenesis, antimicrobial properties, and physical/mechanical properties. The reported studies have been classified and discussed based on the purpose of coating. The goal of the most actively studied research on coating or surface modification of membranes is to improve new bone formation. For this purpose, calcium phosphate, bioactive glass, polydopamine, osteoinduced drugs, chitosan, platelet-rich fibrin, enamel matrix derivatives, amelotin, hyaluronic acid, tantalum, and copper were used as membrane coating materials. The paradigm of barrier membranes is changing from only inert (or biocompatible) physical barriers to bioactive osteo-immunomodulatory for effective guided bone and tissue regeneration. However, there is a limitation that there exists only a few clinical studies on humans to date. Efforts are needed to implement the use of coated membranes from the laboratory bench to the dental chair unit. Further clinical studies are needed in the patients’ group for long-term follow-up to confirm the effect of various coating materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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Other

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13 pages, 775 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Titanium Meshes in Guided Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review

by Ricard Aceves-Argemí, Elisabet Roca-Millan, Beatriz González-Navarro, Antonio Marí-Roig, Eugenio Velasco-Ortega and José López-López

Coatings 2021, 11(3), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030316 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4869

Abstract

The presence of satisfactory bone volume is fundamental for the achievement of osseointegration. This systematic review aims to analyse the use of titanium meshes in guided bone regeneration in terms of bone gain, survival and success rates of implants, and percentages of exposure. An electronic search was conducted Articles were selected from databases in MEDLINE (PubMed), SCOPUS, Scielo, and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies in which bone regeneration was performed through particulate bone and the use of titanium meshes. Twenty-one studies were included in the review. In total, 382 patients, 416 titanium meshes, and 709 implants were evaluated. The average bone gain was 4.3 mm in horizontal width and 4.11 mm in vertical height. The mesh exposure was highly prevalent (28%). The survival rate of 145 simultaneous implants was 99.5%; the survival rate of 507 delayed implants was 99%. The success rate of 105 simultaneous implants was 97%; the success rate of 285 delayed implants was 95.1%. The clinical studies currently available in the literature have shown the predictability of this technique. It has a high risk of soft tissue dehiscence and membrane exposure although the optimal management of membrane exposition permits obtaining a sufficient bone regeneration volume and prevents compromising the final treatment outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Coatings of Implant and Dental Biomaterials)

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