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Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals

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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Coatings for Biomedicine and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 43531

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Liqiang Wang

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Guest Editor

State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Interests: biomedical alloys; metals; surface modification; microstructure; mechanical properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Lechun Xie

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Guest Editor

Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
Interests: titanium alloys; titanium matrix composites; additive manufacturing; surface treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Faramarz Djavanroodi

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
Interests: surface modification; bioactivity; bio-function; biomedical metal; titanium; magnesium

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The application of metal in biomedicine is becoming more and more common, but, due to its various limitations, it is often necessary to modify its surface to obtain better performance and better clinical application. There are many technologies for surface modification of medical metals, such as laser surface modification, chemical treatment, plasma surface modification, etc., and these technologies are still being developed to meet market demand. This Special Issue will collect important contributions related to the announced topics, focusing on biomedical metals and surface modification technologies of biomedical metals.

In particular, topics of interest include, but are not limited to the following:

Design of biomedical alloy
Preparation method of biomedical alloy
Biomedical alloy modification technology and method
Surface biological activity modification of biomedical alloys
Modification of corrosion resistance of biomedical alloys
Modification of wear resistance of biomedical alloys
Preparation of biomedical alloy surface coating
Evaluation of nanoscale microstructure and performance of biomedical alloys

Prof. Dr. Liqiang Wang
Prof. Dr. Lechun Xie
Prof. Dr. Faramarz Djavanroodi
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Biomedical alloy
Metals
Modification technology
Preparation
Microstructure
Mechanical properties
Osseointegration
Antibacterial properties
Surface coating
Clinical application

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transparent, High-Strength, and Antimicrobial Polyvinyl Alcohol/Boric Acid/Poly Hexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride Films

by Shaotian Zhang, Dafu Wei, Xiang Xu and Yong Guan

Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061115 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2505

Abstract

It is still crucial to improve the mechanical characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films without resorting to chemical cross-linking. In this study, boric acid (BA) was used to enhance the mechanical characteristics of PVA films while maintaining their excellent transparency and biodegradability. The hydrogen bond interaction between PVA and BA resulted in a 70% increase in tensile strength (from 48.5 to 82.1 MPa) and a 46% increase in elongation at break (from 150 to 220%). To introduce antibacterial properties, polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG) was incorporated into PVA/BA composite films resulting in PVA/BA/PHMG composite films. The PVA/BA/PHMG films exhibited 99.99% bacterial inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with negligible leaching of PHMG. The PVA/BA/PHMG films maintained a tensile strength of 75.3 MPa and an elongation at a break of 208%. These improved mechanical and antimicrobial properties make PVA/BA and PVA/BA/PHMG films promising for applications in food and medicinal packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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13 pages, 5145 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Ca–Zn Phosphate Conversion Coatings Deposited on Ti6Al4V for Medical Applications

by Diana-Petronela Burduhos-Nergis, Nicanor Cimpoesu, Elena-Luiza Epure, Bogdan Istrate, Dumitru-Doru Burduhos-Nergis and Costica Bejinariu

Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061029 - 1 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1546

Abstract

This paper aims to study the possibility of improving the chemical and surface characteristics of the Ti6Al4V alloy by depositing phosphate layers on its surface. Accordingly, an innovative phosphating solution was developed and used in a chemical conversion process to obtain Ca–Zn phosphate layers on the base material surface. Moreover, the chemical composition of the phosphate solution was chosen considering the biocompatibility of the chemical elements and their possibility of contributing to the formation of phosphate compounds. The obtained layer was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The wetting of the Ca–Zn sample surface was also investigated using water and two liquids similar to body fluids, namely, Ringer and Dulbecco solutions. According to the surface energy study, the polar component is almost two times larger compared with the dispersive one. The SEM and EDS tests revealed a uniformly coated surface with intercalated crystals leading to a rough surface. Furthermore, the XRD results showed not only the presence of hopeite and scholzite but also of phosphophyllite. By the vibrations of the PO₄⁻³ groups, the FTIR test confirmed the presence of these phases. The potentiodynamic tests revealed that the samples coated with the Ca–Zn phosphate layer present better corrosion resistance and a lower corrosion rate compared with the uncoated ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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13 pages, 10601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation of Bioresorbable Fe-Cu-Hydroxyapatite Composite by 3D Printing

by Valentina Vadimovna Chebodaeva, Nikita Andreevich Luginin, Anastasiya Evgenievna Rezvanova, Natalya Valentinovna Svarovskaya, Konstantin Vladimirovich Suliz, Ludmila Yurevna Ivanova, Margarita Andreevna Khimich, Nikita Evgenievich Toropkov, Ivan Aleksandrovich Glukhov, Andrey Aleksandrovich Miller, Sergey Olegovich Kazantsev and Maksim Germanovich Krinitcyn

Coatings 2023, 13(4), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13040803 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1662

Abstract

Studies of the microstructure, phase composition and mechanical characteristics, namely the microhardness of metal–ceramic composites made of Fe 90 wt.%–Cu 10 wt.% powder and hydroxyapatite (Fe-Cu-HA), are presented in the manuscript. The composite material was obtained using additive manufacturing based on the 3D-printing method, with different content levels of powder (40, 45 and 50%) and polymer parts (60, 55 and 50%). It is shown that varying the proportion of Fe-Cu-HA powder does not significantly affect the elemental and phase compositions of the material. The X-ray phase analysis showed the presence of three phases in the material: alpha iron, copper and hydroxyapatite. It is shown in the experiment that an increase in the polymer component of the composite leads to an increase in the defectiveness of the structure, as well as an increase in microstresses. An increase in the mechanical properties of the composite (Vickers microhardness), along with a decrease in the percentage of Fe-Cu-HA powder from 50 to 40%, was established. At the same time, the composite containing 45% Fe-Cu-HA powder demonstrated the maximum increase in the microhardness of the composite by ~26% compared to the composite containing 50% Fe-Cu-HA powder, which is due to the more uniform distribution of components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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12 pages, 4218 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Reinforced Ti-Matrix Composites

by Zhaomei Wan, Jiuxiao Li, Dongye Yang and Shuluo Hou

Coatings 2022, 12(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020120 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2294

Abstract

The 0.1–0.7 wt.% graphene oxide (GO)-reinforced Ti-matrix composites (TMCs) were prepared by the hot-pressed sintering method. The effects of GO content on the mechanical properties of TMCs were investigated. The microstructure of TMCs was analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of Ti and TMCs is equiaxed α. The average grain size of TMCs decreases with GO increasing. GO can react with Ti to form TiC at high temperatures. Meanwhile, GO is also presented in the matrix. The hardness of TMCs is higher than that of pure Ti. The maximum hardness is 320 HV, which is 43% higher than that of pure Ti. The yield strength of Ti-0.5 wt.% GO sintered at 1373 K is 1324 MPa, 77% more than pure Ti. The strengthening mechanism of TMCs is the fine-grained strengthening and the reinforcement that bear the stress from the matrix. The friction coefficient of Ti-0.3 wt.% GO sintered at 1373 K comes up to 0.50, which is reduced by 0.2 compared with pure Ti. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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14 pages, 40606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization and In Vitro Studies of Low Reflective Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) Thin Film on Stainless Steel 420A Developed by Chemical Method

by Reghuraj Aruvathottil Rajan, Kaiprappady Kunchu Saju and Ritwik Aravindakshan

Coatings 2021, 11(9), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091145 - 21 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2774

Abstract

Stainless steel has been the most demanded material for surgical utensil manufacture due to superior mechanical properties, sufficient wear, and corrosion resistance. Surgical grade 420A stainless steel is extensively used for producing sophisticated surgical instruments. Since these instruments are used under bright light conditions prevalent in operation theatres, the reflection from the material is significant which causes considerable strain to the eye of the surgeon. Surgical instruments with lower reflectance will be more efficient under these conditions. A low reflective thin -film coating has often been suggested to alleviate this inadmissible difficulty. This paper reports the development of an optimum parametric low reflective magnetite coating on the surface of SS 420A with a black color using chemical hot alkaline conversion coating technique and its bioactivity studies. Coating process parameters such as coating time, bath temperature, and chemical composition of bath are optimized using Taguchi optimization techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used to identify the composition of elements and the chemical condition of the developed coating. Surface morphological studies were accomplished with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). When coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), compositional information can also be collected simultaneously. Invitro cytotoxicity tests, corrosion behavior, the effect of sterilization temperature on adhesion property, and average percentage reflectance (R) of the developed coating have also been evaluated. These results suggest adopting the procedure for producing low reflective conversion coatings on minimally invasive surgical instruments produced from medical grade 420A stainless steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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17 pages, 32649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Properties of Multilayer Ca/P Bio-Ceramic Coating by Laser Cladding

by Boda Liu, Zixin Deng and Defu Liu

Coatings 2021, 11(8), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080891 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2632

Abstract

In order to enhance the bioactivity and wear resistance of titanium (Ti) and its alloy for use as an implant surface, a multilayer Ca/P (calcium/phosphorus) bio-ceramic coating on a Ti6Al4V alloy surface was designed and prepared by a laser cladding technique, using the mixture of hydroxyapatite (HA) powder and Ti powder as a cladding precursor. The main cladding process parameters were 400 W laser power, 3 mm/s scanning speed, 2 mm spot diameter and 30% lapping rate. When the Ca/P ceramic coating was immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF), ion exchange occurred between the coating and the immersion solution, and hydroxyapatite (HA) was induced and deposited on its surface, which indicated that the Ca/P bio-ceramic coating had good bioactivity. The volume wear of Ca/P ceramic coating was reduced by 43.2% compared with that of Ti6Al4V alloy by the pin-disc wear test, which indicated that the Ca/P bio-ceramic coating had better wear resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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19 pages, 5118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Degradation Characteristics of MAO/APS Composite Bio-Coating in Simulated Body Fluid

by Zexin Wang, Fei Ye, Liangyu Chen, Weigang Lv, Zhengyi Zhang, Qianhao Zang, Jinhua Peng, Lei Sun and Sheng Lu

Coatings 2021, 11(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060667 - 31 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2983

Abstract

In this work, ZK60 magnesium alloy was employed as a substrate material to produce ceramic coatings, containing Ca and P, by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). Atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) was used to prepare the hydroxyapatite layer (HA) on the MAO coating to obtain a composite coating for better biological activity. The coatings were examined by various means including an X-ray diffractometer, a scanning electron microscope and an energy spectrometer. Meanwhile, an electrochemical examination, immersion test and tensile test were used to evaluate the in vitro performance of the composite coatings. The results showed that the composite coating has a better corrosion resistance. In addition, this work proposed a degradation model of the composite coating in the simulated body fluid immersion test. This model explains the degradation process of the MAO/APS coating in SBF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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Review

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20 pages, 10013 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Surface Treatment Technologies on Titanium Alloys: A Mini Review

by Bingyu Xie and Kai Gao

Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091486 - 23 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3280

Abstract

Titanium alloys are important strategic structural materials with broad application prospects in the industries of aerospace, space technology, automobiles, biomedicine, and more. Considering the different requirements for the diverse applications of titanium alloys, the modification of physicochemical properties, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility are required, including novel composite materials, novel design, novel manufacturing methods, etc. In this review, the surface treatment technologies utilized on titanium alloys are summarized and discussed. Regarding surface modification of titanium alloys, the methods of laser treatment, electron beam treatment, surface quenching, and plasma spraying are discussed, and in terms of the surface coatings on titanium alloys, thermal spraying, cold spraying, physical vapor deposition, and chemical vapor deposition are also summarized and analyzed in this work. After surface treatments, information on microstructures, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of titanium alloys are collected in detail. Some important results are summarized according to the aforementioned analysis and discussion, which will provide new thinking for the application of titanium alloys in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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17 pages, 4702 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Effects of Femtosecond Laser Parameters on Metal Surface Properties

by Hongfei Sun, Jiuxiao Li, Mingliang Liu, Dongye Yang and Fangjie Li

Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101596 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4536

Abstract

As a laser technology, the femtosecond laser is used in biomedical fields due to its excellent performance—its ultrashort pulses, high instantaneous power, and high precision. As a surface treatment process, the femtosecond laser can prepare different shapes on metal surfaces to enhance the material’s properties, such as its wear resistance, wetting, biocompatibility, etc. Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) are a common phenomenon that can be observed on almost any material after irradiation by a linearly polarized laser. In this paper, the current research state of LIPSSs in the field of biomedicine is reviewed. The influence of laser parameters (such as laser energy, pulse number, polarization state, and pulse duration) on the generation of LIPSSs is discussed. In this paper, the applications of LIPSSs by femtosecond laser modification for various purposes, such as in functional surfaces, the control of surface wettability, the surface colonization of cells, and the improvement of tribological properties of surfaces, are reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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19 pages, 3833 KiB

Open AccessReview

β-Ti Alloys for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: A Review of Progress on Improvement of Properties through Surface Modification

by Longfei Shao, Yiheng Du, Kun Dai, Hong Wu, Qingge Wang, Jia Liu, Yujin Tang and Liqiang Wang

Coatings 2021, 11(12), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121446 - 25 Nov 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4210

Abstract

Ti and Ti alloys have charming comprehensive properties (high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility) that make them the ideal choice in orthopedic and dental applications, especially in the particular fabrication of orthopedic and dental implants. However, these alloys present some shortcomings, specifically elastic modulus, wear, corrosion, and biological performance. Beta-titanium (β-Ti) alloys have been studied as low elastic modulus and low toxic or non-toxic elements. The present work summarizes the improvements of the properties systematically (elastic modulus, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, antibacterial property, and bone regeneration) for β-Ti alloys via surface modification to address these shortcomings. Additionally, the shortcomings and prospects of the present research are put forward. β-Ti alloys have potential regarding implants in biomedical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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26 pages, 3149 KiB

Open AccessReview

Toward Bactericidal Enhancement of Additively Manufactured Titanium Implants

by Yingjing Fang, Shokouh Attarilar, Zhi Yang, Guijiang Wei, Yuanfei Fu and Liqiang Wang

Coatings 2021, 11(6), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060668 - 31 May 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3473

Abstract

Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are among the most intractable and costly complications in implant surgery. They can lead to surgery failure, a high economic burden, and a decrease in patient quality of life. This manuscript is devoted to introducing current antimicrobial strategies for additively manufactured (AM) titanium (Ti) implants and fostering a better understanding in order to pave the way for potential modern high-throughput technologies. Most bactericidal strategies rely on implant structure design and surface modification. By means of rational structural design, the performance of AM Ti implants can be improved by maintaining a favorable balance between the mechanical, osteogenic, and antibacterial properties. This subject becomes even more important when working with complex geometries; therefore, it is necessary to select appropriate surface modification techniques, including both topological and chemical modification. Antibacterial active metal and antibiotic coatings are among the most commonly used chemical modifications in AM Ti implants. These surface modifications can successfully inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and bacterial apoptosis, leading to improved antibacterial properties. As a result of certain issues such as drug resistance and cytotoxicity, the development of novel and alternative antimicrobial strategies is urgently required. In this regard, the present review paper provides insights into the enhancement of bactericidal properties in AM Ti implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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31 pages, 9508 KiB

Open AccessReview

Innovative Surface Modification Procedures to Achieve Micro/Nano-Graded Ti-Based Biomedical Alloys and Implants

by Jie Li, Peng Zhou, Shokouh Attarilar and Hongyuan Shi

Coatings 2021, 11(6), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060647 - 28 May 2021

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 9711

Abstract

Due to the growing aging population of the world, and as a result of the increasing need for dental implants and prostheses, the use of titanium and its alloys as implant materials has spread rapidly. Although titanium and its alloys are considered the best metallic materials for biomedical applications, the need for innovative technologies is necessary due to the sensitivity of medical applications and to eliminate any potentially harmful reactions, enhancing the implant-to-bone integration and preventing infection. In this regard, the implant’s surface as the substrate for any reaction is of crucial importance, and it is accurately addressed in this review paper. For constructing this review paper, an internet search was performed on the web of science with these keywords: surface modification techniques, titanium implant, biomedical applications, surface functionalization, etc. Numerous recent papers about titanium and its alloys were selected and reviewed, except for the section on forthcoming modern implants, in which extended research was performed. This review paper aimed to briefly introduce the necessary surface characteristics for biomedical applications and the numerous surface treatment techniques. Specific emphasis was given to micro/nano-structured topographies, biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bactericidal effects. Additionally, gradient, multi-scale, and hierarchical surfaces with multifunctional properties were discussed. Finally, special attention was paid to modern implants and forthcoming surface modification strategies such as four-dimensional printing, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. This review paper, including traditional and novel surface modification strategies, will pave the way toward designing the next generation of more efficient implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modification Technology of Biomedical Metals)

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