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Natural Fiber Based Composites II
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Natural Fiber Based Composites II

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 35248

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Philippe Evon

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle (LCA), Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse INP, Toulouse, France
Interests: biorefinery; twin-screw extrusion; biopolymers; biocomposites; molding processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, “Natural-Fiber-Based Composites II”, aims to provide an inventory of the latest research in the area of composites reinforced with natural fibers. Fibers of renewable origin have many advantages. They are abundant and cheap, they have a reduced impact on the environment, and they are also independent from fossil resources. Their ability to mechanically reinforce thermoplastic matrices is well known, as is their natural heat insulation ability.

In the last twenty years, the use of cellulosic and lignocellulosic agricultural byproducts for composite applications has been of great interest, especially for reinforcing matrices. The latter can themselves be of renewable origin (e.g., proteins, starches, PLA, PHAs), thus contributing to the development of 100% bio-based composites with a controlled end of life.

In Special Issue, original manuscripts presenting the latest developments in the field of natural-fiber-based composites are welcome. In addition to the use of natural fibers, the use of renewable matrices is strongly recommended but not mandatory. Structured as original experimental works, papers will focus on the preparation and molding processes of such materials (e.g., extrusion, injection-molding, hot pressing, 3D printing) and their thermomechanical characterization. New data dealing with their aging behavior, recyclability, biodegradability, and life cycle assessment will be highly appreciated.

The Special Issue will be of interest for producers of natural fibers, polymer matrices of renewable origin, and composite materials, with the aim of future marketing of more environment-friendly materials.

In particular, the topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Cellulosic and lignocellulosic fibers;
  • Composite materials reinforced with renewable fibers;
  • Preparation and molding processes of natural-fiber-based composites;
  • Thermomechanical characterization of natural-fiber-based composites;
  • Aging behavior of natural-fiber-based composites;
  • Recyclability of natural-fiber-based composites;
  • Biodegradability of natural-fiber-based composites at end of life;
  • Life cycle assessment.

Dr. Philippe Evon
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 188 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Natural Fiber Based Composites II”
by Philippe Evon
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101694 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 658
Abstract
In the last twenty years, the use of cellulosic and lignocellulosic agricultural by-products for composite applications has been of great interest, especially for reinforcing matrices [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

21 pages, 2174 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Compression Molding Temperature on VOCs and Odors Produced from Natural Fiber Composite Materials
by Benjamin Barthod-Malat, Maxime Hauguel, Karim Behlouli, Michel Grisel and Géraldine Savary
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020371 - 6 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2478
Abstract
In the automotive sector, the use of nonwoven preforms consisting of natural and thermoplastic fibers processed by compression molding is well known to manufacture vehicle interior parts. Although these natural fiber composites (NFCs) have undeniable advantages (lightweight, good life cycle assessment, recyclability, etc.), [...] Read more.
In the automotive sector, the use of nonwoven preforms consisting of natural and thermoplastic fibers processed by compression molding is well known to manufacture vehicle interior parts. Although these natural fiber composites (NFCs) have undeniable advantages (lightweight, good life cycle assessment, recyclability, etc.), the latter release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors inside the vehicle interior, which remain obstacles to their wide deployment. In this study, the effect of the compressing molding temperature on the VOCs and odors released by the flax/PP nonwoven composites was examined by heating nonwoven preforms in a temperature range up to 240 °C. During the hot-pressing process, real-time and in situ monitoring of the composite materials’ core temperature has been carried out using a thermocouples sensor. A chemical approach based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the VOCs analysis. The olfactory approach is based on the odor intensity scale rated by expert panelists trained in olfaction. The results demonstrate marked changes in the VOCs composition with temperature, thus making it possible to understand the changes in the NFCs odor intensity. The results allow for optimizing the molding temperature to obtain less odorous NFC materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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16 pages, 3754 KiB  
Article
Nanocellulose and Cellulose Making with Bio-Enzymes from Different Particle Sizes of Neosinocalamus Affinis
by Jiaxin Zhao, Xiaoxiao Wu, Xushuo Yuan, Xinjie Yang, Haiyang Guo, Wentao Yao, Decai Ji, Xiaoping Li and Lianpeng Zhang
Coatings 2022, 12(11), 1734; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111734 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2172
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant, widely distributed and abundant polysaccharides on earth, and is the most valuable natural renewable resource for human beings. In this study, three different particle sizes (250, 178, and 150 μm) of Neosinocalamus affinis cellulose were extracted [...] Read more.
Cellulose is one of the most abundant, widely distributed and abundant polysaccharides on earth, and is the most valuable natural renewable resource for human beings. In this study, three different particle sizes (250, 178, and 150 μm) of Neosinocalamus affinis cellulose were extracted from Neosinocalamus affinis powder using bio-enzyme digestion and prepared into nanocellulose (CNMs). The cellulose contents of 250, 178, and 150 μm particle sizes were 53.44%, 63.38%, and 74.08%, respectively; the crystallinity was 54.21%, 56.03% and 63.58%, respectively. The thermal stability of cellulose increased gradually with smaller particle sizes. The yields of CNMs for 250, 178, and 150 μm particle sizes were 14.27%, 15.44%, and 16.38%, respectively. The results showed that the Neosinocalamus affinis powder was successfully removed from lignin, hemicellulose, and impurities (pectin, resin, etc.) by the treatment of bio-enzyme A (ligninase:hemicellulose:pectinase = 1:1:1) combined with NH3·H2O and H2O2/CH3COOH. Extraction of cellulose from Neosinocalamus affinis using bio-enzyme A, the smaller the particle size of Neosinocalamus affinis powder, the more cellulose content extracted, the higher the crystallinity, the better the thermal stability, and the higher the purity. Subsequently, nanocellulose (CNMs) were prepared by using bio-enzyme B (cellulase:pectinase = 1:1). The CNMs prepared by bio-enzyme B showed a network structure and fibrous bundle shape. Therefore, the ones prepared in this study belong to cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). This study provides a reference in the extraction of cellulose from bamboo using bio-enzymes and the preparation of nanocellulose. To a certain extent, the utilization of bamboo as a biomass material was improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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18 pages, 7824 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Complexes Based on Aniline Derivative Schiff Base for Antimicrobial Applications and UV Protection of a Modified Cotton Fabric
by S. El-Sayed Saeed, Tahani M. Al-Harbi, Ahmed N. Alhakimi and M. M. Abd El-Hady
Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081181 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3526
Abstract
Antimicrobial textiles have played an increasingly important protection role in the medical field. With this aim, Schiff bases and nanometal complexes on the cotton fabric were in situ synthesized for achieving the conventional cotton fabric’s highly efficient and durable UV protection and antibacterial [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial textiles have played an increasingly important protection role in the medical field. With this aim, Schiff bases and nanometal complexes on the cotton fabric were in situ synthesized for achieving the conventional cotton fabric’s highly efficient and durable UV protection and antibacterial properties. Herein, a new Schiff base derived from the condensation reaction of 2,4-dihyroxybenzaldehyde with p-amino aniline was synthesized. Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn complexes of the Schiff base were also prepared and characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, elemental analysis, and thermal analysis. The modified cotton fabric was also characterized via X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transition electron microscope (TEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX). Moreover, the microbial, UV protection, and tensile strength of the samples were investigated. The antimicrobial was studied against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungal strains. Modified cotton fabric exhibited highly antibacterial activity in contrast with fungal activity. These results depended on the Schiff base and the type of metal complex. The results also show that the cotton fabric modified by in situ nanometal complexes provides excellent UV protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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12 pages, 3043 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a 5-Degree of Freedom (DOF) Hybrid Three-Nozzle 3D Printer for Wood Fiber Gel Material
by Jifei Chen, Qiansun Zhao, Guifeng Wu, Xiaotian Su, Wengang Chen and Guanben Du
Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081061 - 27 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2127
Abstract
Wood is an organic renewable natural resource. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in wood are used in tissue engineering, biomedicine and other fields because of their good properties. This paper reported that the possibility of wood fiber gel material molding and the preparing of [...] Read more.
Wood is an organic renewable natural resource. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in wood are used in tissue engineering, biomedicine and other fields because of their good properties. This paper reported that the possibility of wood fiber gel material molding and the preparing of gel material were researched based on the wood fiber gel material as a 3D printing material. A five-degree of freedom hybrid three nozzle 3D printer was designed. The structural analysis, static analysis, modal analysis and transient dynamic analysis of 3D printers were researched, and the theoretical basis of the 3D printer was confirmed as correct and structurally sound. The results showed that the 5-DOF hybrid 3-nozzle 3D printer achieved the 3D printing of wood fiber gel material and that the printer is capable of multi-material printing and multi-degree-of-freedom printing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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19 pages, 6200 KiB  
Article
Biopaper Based on Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Nanowires and Cellulose Fibers Promotes Skin Wound Healing by Inducing Angiogenesis
by Jing Gao, Liang-Shi Hao, Bing-Bing Ning, Yuan-Kang Zhu, Ju-Bo Guan, Hui-Wen Ren, Han-Ping Yu, Ying-Jie Zhu and Jun-Li Duan
Coatings 2022, 12(4), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12040479 - 1 Apr 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3159
Abstract
Skin injury that is difficult to heal caused by various factors remains a major clinical challenge. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has high potential for wound healing owing to its high biocompatibility and adequate angiogenic ability, while traditional HAP materials are not suitable for wound dressing [...] Read more.
Skin injury that is difficult to heal caused by various factors remains a major clinical challenge. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has high potential for wound healing owing to its high biocompatibility and adequate angiogenic ability, while traditional HAP materials are not suitable for wound dressing due to their high brittleness and poor mechanical properties. To address this challenge, we developed a novel wound dressing made of flexible ultralong HAP nanowire-based biopaper. This biopaper is flexible and superhydrophilic, with suitable tensile strength (2.57 MPa), high porosity (77%), and adequate specific surface area (36.84 m2·g−1) and can continuously release Ca2+ ions to promote the healing of skin wounds. Experiments in vitro and in vivo show that the ultralong HAP nanowire-based biopaper can effectively induce human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with hypoxia and rat skin tissue to produce more angiogenic factors. The as-prepared biopaper can also enhance the proliferation, migration, and in vitro angiogenesis of HUVECs. In addition, the biopaper can promote the rat skin to achieve thicker skin re-epithelialization and the formation of new blood vessels, and thus promote the healing of the wound. Therefore, the ultralong HAP nanowire-based biopaper has the potential to be a safe and effective wound dressing and has significant clinical application prospects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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12 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Waste Biopolymers for Eco-Friendly Agriculture and Safe Food Production
by Elio Padoan, Enzo Montoneri, Giorgio Bordiglia, Valter Boero, Marco Ginepro, Philippe Evon, Carlos Vaca-Garcia, Giancarlo Fascella and Michéle Negre
Coatings 2022, 12(2), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020239 - 12 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2932
Abstract
This work addresses environmental problems connected with biowaste management, the chemical industry, and agriculture. These sectors of human activity cause greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the air, climate change, leaching of excess mineral fertilizers applied to soil into ground water, and eutrophication. To [...] Read more.
This work addresses environmental problems connected with biowaste management, the chemical industry, and agriculture. These sectors of human activity cause greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the air, climate change, leaching of excess mineral fertilizers applied to soil into ground water, and eutrophication. To mitigate this problem in agriculture, controlled release fertilizers (CRFs) are made by coating mineral fertilizers granules with synthetic polymers produced from the fossil-based chemical industry. This strategy aggravates GHG emission. In the present work, six formulations containing sunflower protein concentrate (SPC) and a new biopolymer (BP) obtained from sunflower oil cake and by hydrolysis of municipal biowaste, respectively, and commercial urea were tested as CRFs for spinach cultivation against the control growing substrate Evergreen TS and commercial Osmocote®. The results show large differences in plants’ nitrate concentration due to the different treatments, although the same nitrogen amount is added to the substrate in all trials. BP is the key component mitigating nitrate accumulation in plants. The plants grown in the substrates containing BP together with SPC and/or urea, although exhibiting relatively high total N uptake (47–52 g kg−1), have significantly lower nitric to total N ratio (9.6–12.0) than that (15.3–16.5) shown by the plants grown in the substrates containing SPC and/or urea, but no BP. The data confirm that all composites containing BP yield the safest crop coupled with high biomass production. Replication of BP effects for the cultivation of different plants will contribute to the development of a biobased chemical industry exploiting biowastes as feedstock. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
18 pages, 7200 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Polymer Composites Produced by FFF and PJM 3D Printing and Electrospinning Technologies for Possible Filter Applications
by Tomasz Kozior, Al Mamun, Marah Trabelsi and Lilia Sabantina
Coatings 2022, 12(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010048 - 1 Jan 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2952
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technologies are mainly used to build objects with complex shapes and geometry, largely prototypes, and thanks to the possibility of building very thin layers of material with small pores, electrospinning technology allows for the creation of structures with filtration properties, in [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional printing technologies are mainly used to build objects with complex shapes and geometry, largely prototypes, and thanks to the possibility of building very thin layers of material with small pores, electrospinning technology allows for the creation of structures with filtration properties, in particular very small particles. The combination of these technologies creates new possibilities for building complex-shape composites that have not been comprehensively tested so far. The article describes the results of research on composites manufactured by combining samples prepared with two 3D printing technologies, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and Photo-Curing of Liquid Polymer Resins (PJM) in combination with electrospinning (ES) technology. The surface morphology of composites manufactured from biocompatible materials was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and contact angle measurements, and chemical composition analysis was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This approach to creating composites appears to be an alternative to developing research for filtration applications. The article presents basic research illustrating the quality of composites produced by combining two unconventional technologies: 3D printing and electrospinning (ES). The analysis of the research results showed clear differences in the structure of composites produced with the use of various 3D printing technologies. The CLSM analysis showed a much better orientation of the fibers in the MED610 + PAN/gelatin composite, and the measurement of the contact angle and its indirect interpretation also for this composite allows for the conclusion that it will be characterized by a higher value of adhesion force. Moreover, such composites could be used in the future for the construction of filtering devices and in medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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Graphical abstract

9 pages, 3802 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Coloring and Antibacterial Effects of Natural Dye: Pomegranate Peel
by Aicha Bouaziz, Dorra Dridi, Sondes Gargoubi, Souad Chelbi, Chedly Boudokhane, Abderraouf Kenani and Sonia Aroui
Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111277 - 21 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2978
Abstract
This work aims to conduct an eco-friendly textile finishing process by applying agricultural by-products as a dye for the finishing of polyamide fabrics. A natural dye was obtained from pomegranate peel extract. Polyamide fabrics were dyed at different conditions, and four mordanting agents [...] Read more.
This work aims to conduct an eco-friendly textile finishing process by applying agricultural by-products as a dye for the finishing of polyamide fabrics. A natural dye was obtained from pomegranate peel extract. Polyamide fabrics were dyed at different conditions, and four mordanting agents were tested. The finished fabrics were analyzed in terms of CIE L, a, b and color yield (K/S) values, as well as washing fastness, rubbing fastness, light fastness and antibacterial activity. Results show that pomegranate peel extract could dye polyamide fabrics. The rubbing and washing fastness of the finished samples was good. The light fastness was fair, and its antibacterial efficiency against the tested bacteria was good. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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14 pages, 5829 KiB  
Article
Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Bagasse Fibre Foamed Composites as Cushion Packaging Materials
by Baodong Liu, Xinjie Huang, Shuo Wang, Dongmei Wang and Hongge Guo
Coatings 2021, 11(9), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091094 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3082
Abstract
This work was designed to determine the mechanical properties and static cushioning performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/bagasse fibre foam composites with a multiple-factor experiment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and static cushioning tests were performed on the foamed composites and the results were [...] Read more.
This work was designed to determine the mechanical properties and static cushioning performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/bagasse fibre foam composites with a multiple-factor experiment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and static cushioning tests were performed on the foamed composites and the results were compared with those of commonly used expanded polystyrene (EPS). The results were as follows: the materials had a mainly open cell structure, and bagasse fibre had good compatibility with PVA foam. With increasing PVA content, the mechanical properties of the system improved. The mechanical properties and static cushioning properties of the foam composite almost approached those of EPS. In addition, a small amount of sodium tetraborate obviously regulated the foaming ratio of foamed composites. With increasing sodium tetraborate content, the mechanical properties of foamed composites were enhanced. The yield strength and Young’s modulus of the material prepared by reducing the water content to 80.19 wt% were too high and not suitable for cushioned packaging of light and fragile products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 12212 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Graphene Oxide Composites and Assessment of Their Adsorption Properties for Lanthanum (III)
by Jie Zhou, Xiaosan Song, Boyang Shui and Sanfan Wang
Coatings 2021, 11(9), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11091040 - 29 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2625
Abstract
In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using the improved Hummers’ method, and GO was carboxylated and modified into hydroxylated graphene oxide (GOH). Diatomaceous earth (DE), which exhibits stable chemical properties, a large specific surface area, and high porosity, as well as [...] Read more.
In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was prepared using the improved Hummers’ method, and GO was carboxylated and modified into hydroxylated graphene oxide (GOH). Diatomaceous earth (DE), which exhibits stable chemical properties, a large specific surface area, and high porosity, as well as chitosan/magnetic chitosan, was loaded by solution blending. Subsequently, carboxylated graphene oxide/diatomite/chitosan (GOH/DCS) and carboxylated graphene oxide/diatomite/magnetic chitosan (GOH/DMCS) composites were prepared through simple solid–liquid separation. The results showed that the modified GOH/DCS and GOH/DMCS composites could be used to remove lanthanum La(III)), which is a rare earth element. Different factors, such as initial solution concentration, pH of the solution, adsorbent dosage, adsorption contact time, and adsorption reaction temperature, on adsorption, were studied, and the adsorption mechanism was explored. An adsorption–desorption recycling experiment was also used to evaluate the recycling performance of the composite material. The results show that at the initial solution concentration of 50 mg·g−1, pH = 8.0, 3 g·L−1 adsorbent dosage, reaction temperature of 45 °C, and adsorption time of 50 min, the adsorption effect is the best. The adsorption process is more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, and the internal diffusion is not the only controlling effect. The adsorption process is an endothermic and spontaneous chemical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity of GOH/DMCS for La(III) at 308K is 302.51 mg/g through model simulation. After four adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity of the GOH/DMCS composite for La(III) initially exceeded 74%. So, GOH/DMCS can be used as a reusable and efficient adsorbent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

42 pages, 31864 KiB  
Review
Hybridization of MMT/Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications: A Review
by Aisyah Humaira Alias, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin, Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim, Ahmad Rushdan Ilyas, Anton M. Kuzmin, Marwah Rayung, Siti Shazra Shazleen, Asmawi Nazrin, Shah Faisal Khan Sherwani, Muhammad Moklis Harussani, Mahamud Siti Nur Atikah, Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak, Salit Mohd Sapuan and Abdan Khalina
Coatings 2021, 11(11), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111355 - 3 Nov 2021
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 4999
Abstract
In the recent past, significant research effort has been dedicated to examining the usage of nanomaterials hybridized with lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. The introduction of nanoparticles like montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay was found to increase the strength, modulus [...] Read more.
In the recent past, significant research effort has been dedicated to examining the usage of nanomaterials hybridized with lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. The introduction of nanoparticles like montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay was found to increase the strength, modulus of elasticity and stiffness of composites and provide thermal stability. The resulting composite materials has figured prominently in research and development efforts devoted to nanocomposites and are often used as strengthening agents, especially for structural applications. The distinct properties of MMT, namely its hydrophilicity, as well as high strength, high aspect ratio and high modulus, aids in the dispersion of this inorganic crystalline layer in water-soluble polymers. The ability of MMT nanoclay to intercalate into the interlayer space of monomers and polymers is used, followed by the exfoliation of filler particles into monolayers of nanoscale particles. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of the features of the structure, chemical composition, and properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulosic fibers. Some of the techniques used for obtaining polymer nanocomposites based on lignocellulosic fibers and MMT nanoclay are described: (i) conventional, (ii) intercalation, (iii) melt intercalation, and (iv) in situ polymerization methods. This review also comprehensively discusses the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy properties of MMT-based polymer nanocomposites. The valuable properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulose fibers allow us to expand the possibilities of using polymer nanocomposites in various advanced industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Based Composites II)
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