Edge and Fog Computing for Internet of Things Systems 2023

A special issue of Computers (ISSN 2073-431X). This special issue belongs to the section "Cloud Continuum and Enabled Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 12120

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
2. Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Laboratory, University of Porto (LIACC), 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
Interests: distributed systems; ad hoc networks; edge computing; IoT; network management and orchestration; computational offloading; applications of declarative programming languages
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto (IPP), 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
Interests: distributed systems; cloud computing; edge computing; IoT; real-time systems; quality of service; ad hoc networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, Internet of Thing (IoT) devices have proliferated into many aspects of everyday life. The introduction of increasingly more capable devices makes them naturally central in the Edge and Fog computing paradigms. Exploring their interactions, collaboration, and communication capabilities is now a relevant research topic that enables the maximization of their use in several different scenarios.

Many problems, such as dealing with their heterogeneity, communication, computing, and storage capabilities, stem from the need to explore such devices in those contexts. Thus, new research is key to finding solutions for the various challenges resulting from the utilizations of such devices as Edge and Fog nodes. This Special Issue welcomes original research and review articles on all aspects of the use of IoT devices in the context of Edge and Fog computing paradigms. Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following areas:

  • IoT devices for Edge computing;
  • IoT devices for Fog computing;
  • Computational offloading;
  • Programming paradigms for IoT devices;
  • Protocols for distributed computing with IoT devices;
  • Ad-Hoc networks and IoT devices;
  • Abstraction of heterogeneous IoT devices;
  • Resource reservation in IoT devices;
  • Scheduling in IoT devices;
  • Parallel processing in IoT devices;
  • Coalitions of IoT devices;
  • Performance of IoT devices in the context of Edge and Fog;
  • QoS management in IoT devices;
  • Orchestration of IoT devices;
  • Security issues in IoT devices;
  • Embedded systems.

Dr. Jorge Coelho
Dr. Luís Nogueira
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • edge computing
  • fog computing
  • IoT
  • computational offloading
  • orchestration
  • distributed computing

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3440 KiB  
Article
Novel Optimized Strategy Based on Multi-Next-Hops Election to Reduce Video Transmission Delay for GPSR Protocol over VANETs
by Imane Zaimi, Abdelali Boushaba, Mohammed Oumsis, Brahim Jabir, Moulay Hafid Aabidi and Adil EL Makrani
Computers 2023, 12(10), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12100205 - 12 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1663
Abstract
Reducing transmission traffic delay is one of the most important issues that need to be considered for routing protocols, especially in the case of multimedia applications over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). To this end, we propose an extension of the FzGR (fuzzy [...] Read more.
Reducing transmission traffic delay is one of the most important issues that need to be considered for routing protocols, especially in the case of multimedia applications over vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). To this end, we propose an extension of the FzGR (fuzzy geographical routing protocol), named MNH-FGR (multi-next-hops fuzzy geographical routing protocol). MNH-FGR is a multipath protocol that gains great extensibility by employing different link metrics and weight functions. To schedule multimedia traffic among multiple heterogeneous links, MNH-FGR integrates the weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling algorithm, where the link weights, needed for scheduling, are computed using the multi-constrained QoS metric provided by the FzGR. The main goal is to ensure the stability of the network and the continuity of data flow during transmission. Simulation experiments with NS-2 are presented in order to validate our proposal. Additionally, we present a neural network algorithm to analyze and optimize the performance of routing protocols. The results show that MNH-FGR could satisfy critical multimedia applications with high on-time constraints. Also, the DNN model used can provide insights about which features had an impact on protocol performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edge and Fog Computing for Internet of Things Systems 2023)
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24 pages, 6105 KiB  
Article
A Control Framework for a Secure Internet of Things within Small-, Medium-, and Micro-Sized Enterprises in a Developing Economy
by Tebogo Mhlongo, John Andrew van der Poll and Tebogo Sethibe
Computers 2023, 12(7), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12070127 - 22 Jun 2023
Viewed by 2724
Abstract
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in the economic growth of a nation, and their significance is increasingly acknowledged. More than 90% of commercial establishments, almost 70f% of jobs, and 55% of the GDP are held by SMEs in mature [...] Read more.
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in the economic growth of a nation, and their significance is increasingly acknowledged. More than 90% of commercial establishments, almost 70f% of jobs, and 55% of the GDP are held by SMEs in mature economies. Additionally, this sector accounts for 70% of employment possibilities and up to 40% of the GDP in developing countries. Technologically, the Internet of Things (IoT) enables multiple connected devices, i.e., “things”, to add value to businesses, as they can communicate and send messages or signals promptly. In this article, we investigate various challenges SMEs experience in IoT adoption to further their businesses. Amongst others, the challenges elicited include IoT considerations for SMEs, data, financial availability, and challenges related to the SME environment. Having analysed the challenges, a three-tiered solution framework coined the Secure IoT Control Framework (SIoTCF) to address the said challenges is developed and briefly validated through a theoretical analysis of the elements of the framework. It is hoped that the proposed framework will assist with aspects of design, governance, and maintenance in enhancing the security levels of IoT adoption and usage in SMEs, especially start-ups or less experienced SMEs. Future work in this area will involve surveying SME owners and ICT staff to validate the utility of the SIoTCF further. The study adds to the body of knowledge in general by developing a secure IoT control framework. In the field of ICT, this paradigm is expected to be useful for academics, researchers, and students. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edge and Fog Computing for Internet of Things Systems 2023)
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15 pages, 983 KiB  
Article
Persistence Landscapes—Implementing a Dataset Verification Method in Resource-Scarce Embedded Systems
by Sérgio Branco, Ertugrul Dogruluk, João G. Carvalho, Marco S. Reis and Jorge Cabral
Computers 2023, 12(6), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12060110 - 23 May 2023
Viewed by 1780
Abstract
As more and more devices are being deployed across networks to gather data and use them to perform intelligent tasks, it is vital to have a tool to perform real-time data analysis. Data are the backbone of Machine Learning models, the core of [...] Read more.
As more and more devices are being deployed across networks to gather data and use them to perform intelligent tasks, it is vital to have a tool to perform real-time data analysis. Data are the backbone of Machine Learning models, the core of intelligent systems. Therefore, verifying whether the data being gathered are similar to those used for model building is essential. One fantastic tool for the performance of data analysis is the 0-Dimensional Persistent Diagrams, which can be computed in a Resource-Scarce Embedded System (RSES), a set of memory and processing-constrained devices that are used in many IoT applications because they are cost-effective and reliable. However, it is challenging to compare Persistent Diagrams, and Persistent Landscapes are used because they allow Persistent Diagrams to be passed to a space where the mean concept is well-defined. The following work shows how one can perform a Persistent Landscape analysis in an RSES. It also shows that the distance between two Persistent Landscapes makes it possible to verify whether two devices collect the same data. The main contribution of this work is the implementation of Persistent Landscape analysis in an RSES, which is not provided in the literature. Moreover, it shows that devices can now verify, in real-time, whether they can trust the data being collected to perform the intelligent task they were designed to, which is essential in any system to avoid bugs or errors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edge and Fog Computing for Internet of Things Systems 2023)
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21 pages, 1418 KiB  
Article
EEGT: Energy Efficient Grid-Based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks for IoT Applications
by Nguyen Duy Tan, Duy-Ngoc Nguyen, Hong-Nhat Hoang and Thi-Thu-Huong Le
Computers 2023, 12(5), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12050103 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1885
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates different advanced technologies in which a wireless sensor network (WSN) with many smart micro-sensor nodes is an important portion of building various IoT applications such as smart agriculture systems, smart healthcare systems, smart home or monitoring environments, [...] Read more.
The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates different advanced technologies in which a wireless sensor network (WSN) with many smart micro-sensor nodes is an important portion of building various IoT applications such as smart agriculture systems, smart healthcare systems, smart home or monitoring environments, etc. However, the limited energy resources of sensors and the harsh properties of the WSN deployment environment make routing a challenging task. To defeat this routing quandary, an energy-efficient routing protocol based on grid cells (EEGT) is proposed in this study to improve the lifespan of WSN-based IoT applications. In EEGT, the whole network region is separated into virtual grid cells (clusters) at which the number of sensor nodes is balanced among cells. Then, a cluster head node (CHN) is chosen according to the residual energy and the distance between the sink and nodes in each cell. Moreover, to determine the paths for data delivery inside the cell with small energy utilization, the Kruskal algorithm is applied to connect nodes in each cell and their CHN into a minimum spanning tree (MST). Further, the ant colony algorithm is also used to find the paths of transmitting data packets from CHNs to the sink (outside cell) to reduce energy utilization. The simulation results show that the performance of EEGT is better than the three existing protocols, which are LEACH-C (low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy), PEGASIS (power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems), and PEGCP (maximizing WSN life using power-efficient grid-chain routing protocol) in terms of improved energy efficiency and extended the lifespan of the network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edge and Fog Computing for Internet of Things Systems 2023)
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26 pages, 13704 KiB  
Article
Prototype of an Emergency Response System Using IoT in a Fog Computing Environment
by Iván Ortiz-Garcés, Roberto O. Andrade, Santiago Sanchez-Viteri and William Villegas-Ch.
Computers 2023, 12(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers12040081 - 16 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2585
Abstract
Currently, the internet of things (IoT) is a technology entering various areas of society, such as transportation, agriculture, homes, smart buildings, power grids, etc. The internet of things has a wide variety of devices connected to the network, which can saturate the central [...] Read more.
Currently, the internet of things (IoT) is a technology entering various areas of society, such as transportation, agriculture, homes, smart buildings, power grids, etc. The internet of things has a wide variety of devices connected to the network, which can saturate the central links to cloud computing servers. IoT applications that are sensitive to response time are affected by the distance that data is sent to be processed for actions and results. This work aims to create a prototype application focused on emergency vehicles through a fog computing infrastructure. This technology makes it possible to reduce response times and send only the necessary data to cloud computing. The emergency vehicle contains a wireless device that sends periodic alert messages, known as an in-vehicle beacon. Beacon messages can be used to enable green traffic lights toward the destination. The prototype contains fog computing nodes interconnected as close to the vehicle as using the low-power whole area network protocol called a long-range wide area network. In the same way, fog computing nodes run a graphical user interface (GUI) application to manage the nodes. In addition, a comparison is made between fog computing and cloud computing, considering the response time of these technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edge and Fog Computing for Internet of Things Systems 2023)
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