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Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023

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A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystalline Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 26657

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Prof. Dr. Marek Sroka

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Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego, 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: steel; alloys; mechanical properties; mechanical properties; precipitates; microstructure; welded joints, creep; heat treatment
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Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Golański

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Politechnika Czestochowska, Czestochowa, Poland
Interests: steel/ cast steel; mechanical properties; microstructure; preciptates; heat treatment
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Dr. Patrice Berthod

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Institut Jean Lamour and Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, University of Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
Interests: elaboration, microstructures and properties of superalloys and dental alloys (mechanical behavior, oxidation and corrosion)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The journal Crystals (ISSN: 2073-4352) is pleased to announce the launch of a Special Issue titled “Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022-2023”.

The Crystalline Metals and Alloys section aims to publish high-quality theoretical and/or experimental studies related to crystalline metals, alloys, and intermetallics. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

Solidification and crystallization;
Casting, welding, and additive manufacturing;
Thermomechanical processes and high deformations;
Recrystallization, grain growth, and textures;
Martensite, twins, and displacive phase transformations;
Order–disorder, precipitation, and diffusive phase transformations;
Classical alloys, such as Mg-, Al-, Ti-, Fe-, Ni-, Zr-, and Cu-based alloys;
Advanced alloys, such as TWIP and TRIP steels and Ti alloys;
Precious alloys, for example, those based on Au, Pt, or Pd;
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) and high-entropy alloys (HEAs);
Crystallization in bulk metallic glasses (BMG);
Non-standard heat treatment

Characterization techniques, such as optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, EBSD), calorimetry, dilatometry, mechanical tests, and in situ experiments.

Prof. Dr. Marek Sroka
Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Golański
Prof. Dr. Patrice Berthod
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Crystals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

metals
alloys
solidification
grains
textures
dislocations
phase transformations
twinning
precipitation
martensite
X-ray diffraction
electron microscopy
casting
rolling
welding
additive manufacturing
heat treatment

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 9472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Aging State on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Al-7.0Zn-2.5Mg-2.0Cu-0.1Zr-0.2Sc Alloy

by Xueyu Jiang, Xin Che, Mingxi Zhu and Chunbo Liu

Crystals 2023, 13(4), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040581 - 28 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1531

Abstract

Tensile experiments were conducted for Al-7.0Zn-2.5Mg-2.0Cu-0.1Zr-0.2Sc alloy in different aging states (18 h, 24 h, 36 h) with temperature environments including room temperature, −10 °C and −30 °C. Comparative studies were made on the evolution of the precipitate phase in alloys at three kinds of aging times and the evolution of tensile properties in alloys under different ambient temperatures. The findings showed that the precipitates in Al-7.0Zn-2.5Mg-2.0Cu-0.1Zr-0.2Sc alloy were mainly in the GP zone after the solution + aging treatment η’ phase, the secondary Al₃ (Sc, Zr) phase and the θ’ (Al₂Cu) phase. As the aging time was prolonged, the η’ phase gradually grew and the PFZ gradually widened. At the three test temperatures, the tensile strength (TS) and yield strength (YS) of the alloys both showed a trend of first increasing before decreasing with the extension of aging time, while the elongation (A) and section shrinkage (Z) showed a decreasing trend. As the test temperature decreased, the TS and YS of the alloys increased and the A and Z of the alloys decreased. At room temperature, alloys showed a ductile fracture mode, which changed to mixed ductile and brittle fracture with decreasing test temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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19 pages, 5818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Field-Dependent Microstructure Evolution of Solidified Co_39.2Ni_39.2Al_21.6 Eutectic Medium-Entropy Alloy

by Haoxiang Liu, Fan Bu, Yuhao Wu, Chenxu Xing, Xudong Liu and Yixuan He

Crystals 2023, 13(4), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040573 - 28 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

A (Fe, Cr)-free Co_39.2Ni_39.2Al_21.6 eutectic medium-entropy alloy (EMEA) was designed and fabricated to study the microstructure and its evolution during slow solidification under different intensities of high static magnetic field (0 T, 5 T and 10 T). It was found that the original microstructure was characterized by FCC/BCC mixed herringbone eutectics consisting of two types of lamellar structures: a curved and wormy anomalous eutectic in the fringe, and a straight and long regular eutectic in the center. Nano-sized L1₀-type martensite layers are also distributed on the BCC lamellar as the martensitic transformation product. The FCC and BCC phases were enriched in Co and Al elements, respectively, while Ni element was distributed homogenously in both phases. With increasing magnetic field intensity, the herringbone eutectic structures remained stable, without the formation of a primary phase, while the phase constitution and the orientation relationships in the eutectic structures remained unchanged, with no obvious magnetically induced alignments. However, the lamellar spacing of the regular lamellar eutectic decreased significantly from 3.3 μm (0 T) to 1.93 μm (10 T); by contrast, the volume fraction of the anomalous eutectics increased considerably from 28.35% (0 T) to 55.14% (10 T), and the assumption that the imposed convection and destabilization of lamellar eutectics is controlled by the magnetic field is discussed in depth. Our results show a great potential for tailoring microstructures and properties by applying a strong magnetic field during the solidification process of EMEAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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9 pages, 16470 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Novel Approach to Grain Shape Factor in 3D Hexagonal Cellular Automaton

by Lei Bao and Jun Shi

Crystals 2023, 13(3), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030544 - 22 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1707

Abstract

Cellular automata (CA) modeling is a powerful and efficient tool for simulating the dynamic evolution of polycrystalline microstructures in modern materials and metallurgy studies, such as solidification, plastic deformation and recrystallization. We propose a novel model to calculate the shape factor of grains in three-dimensional hexagonal grid (3D-HEX) CA, which overcomes the disadvantages of 3D-HEX CA, such as complex algorithms and a long computation time. The shape factor is a quantitative measure of grain morphology based on the ratio of the surface area of the grain to its volume-equivalent-sphere and volume-equivalent-chain. It indicates how the shape of a grain or phase affects its mechanical properties, such as stiffness, deformation and fracture. Our model can easily calculate the shape factor for any grain by counting its surface cells and volume cells. We test our model on 1000 grains with different shapes (equiaxed, irregular and chain-like) by Monte Carlo (MC) methods. MC methods evaluate the validity of a calculation model by comparing the simulated outcomes with the observed or expected outcomes. The results show that our model can accurately describe the grain morphology and has a good comparability and generality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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12 pages, 20087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of Al-20Si@Al₂O₃ Nanosheets Composite Powders and Its Refinement Performance on Primary Silicon in Al-20Si Alloy

by Kunliang Yu, Jiahao Su, Mengchen Liu, Chengdong Li, Yuhui Lin, Mei Zhao and Chuncheng Hao

Crystals 2023, 13(3), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13030514 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1530

Abstract

In this work, Al(OH)₃ nanosheets are synthesized in situ on the surface of an Al-20Si alloy via the water bath method, and Al–20Si@Al₂O₃ composites are then obtained after calcination. The growth mechanism of the Al(OH)₃ nanosheets is revealed, and a pathway is demonstrated to obtain Al–20Si@Al₂O₃ nanosheets with the desired structure and thickness. Furthermore, the influence of different Al–20Si@Al₂O₃ contents on the primary silicon phase in the Al–20Si alloy is investigated, and the mechanism of such an influence is theoretically analyzed. The mechanical properties of the modified Al–20Si alloy are tested, and the effects of the morphology and particle size of the silicon phase on the alloy properties are studied. The results show that Al–20Si@Al₂O₃ synthesized in situ by water bath has good dispersion in the melt. There is a lot of γ-Al₂O₃ dispersed in the matrix of the alloy, and the primary silicon of the Al-20Si alloy is obviously refined. By increasing the content of the modifier, the average size of primary silicon decreases first and then increases. When 15 wt% of the modifier is added, the refinement effect of primary silicon reaches its peak, and the size of primary silicon is reduced from unmodified 86.4 μm to 28.5 μm. The hardness and tensile strength of 75.2 HB and 120.3 MPa are increased to 107.2 HB and 185.9 Mpa by 42% and 55%, respectively. Compared with adding γ-Al₂O₃ directly, this experiment provides a simple method to synthesize the modifier, and γ-Al₂O₃ can be dispersed evenly in the aluminium-silicon alloy melt more easily by in-situ generation, without ultrasonic treatment or other ways. During mass production, the cost can be better controlled and good results can be achieved at the same time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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13 pages, 2775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using First-Principles Calculations to Investigate the Interfacial Properties of Ni(100)/Ni₃Al(100) Eutectic Structures

by Zongye Ding, Weimin Long, Yongtao Jiu, Tianxing Yang, Sujuan Zhong, Jingwei Yang, Weijie Fu and Jian Qiao

Crystals 2023, 13(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020199 - 22 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1602

Abstract

In this paper, the interfacial stabilities of six different stacking interface configurations of Ni(100)/Ni₃Al(100) eutectic structures with AlNi termination and Ni termination are calculated by using first-principles methods. The calculated adhesion work and interface energy indicate that the “Center” site stacking interface configurations are more stable than the “Top” and “Bridge” site stacking interface models. The partial density of states (PDOS) and the charge density difference confirm that the bonding characteristic of the Ni-terminated “Center” site stacking interface of the Ni(100)/Ni₃Al(100) eutectic structure is metallic, while the bond at the AlNi-terminated “Center” site interface is a combination of covalent and metallic bonds. A comprehensive analysis of the interface energy, PDOS and charge density difference confirms that the AlNi-terminated “Center” site stacking interface configuration of the Ni(100)/Ni₃Al(100) eutectic structure is the most stable eutectic interface model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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17 pages, 7775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiments and Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Simulations of Texture Development during Cold Rolling in a Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al Alloy

by Diksha Mahadule, Murat Demiral, Hasan Mulki and Rajesh K. Khatirkar

Crystals 2023, 13(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010137 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2504

Abstract

The effect of deformation on the evolution of crystallographic texture in a Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al (Ti-15333) alloy after unidirectional cold rolling was studied experimentally and numerically in the present investigation. An optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to study the microstructures, while the crystallographic texture after cold rolling was studied with X-ray diffraction. The rolling process (deformation) was simulated with PRISMS-plasticity, open-source crystal plasticity software. Micro-indentations were performed on the initial solution-annealed sample with an equiaxed grain structure. The experimentally obtained load–displacement curve for a particular grain (orientation-φ₁, Φ, φ₂ = 325.2°, 18.0°, 66.2° (Bunge notation)) was compared with the crystal plasticity finite element method (FEM)-simulated load–displacement curve to obtain the calibration parameters. The obtained parameters, along with the experimental stress–strain curve, were used to recalibrate the PRISMS-plasticity software for the rolling simulations of the Ti-15333 alloy. It was observed that the γ-(normal direction, ND//<111>) and α-(rolling direction, RD//<110>) fibers strengthened with cold rolling, experimentally as well as numerically. The simulated orientation distribution functions (ODFs) matched reasonably well with those obtained from the experiments. The average values of von Mises stress and von Mises strain increased with an increase in deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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11 pages, 9353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation and Morphological Transition of Diversified Eutectic Structures in Ag-Based Brazing Filler Metals with Sn Addition

by Zongye Ding, Weimin Long, Yongtao Jiu, Sujuan Zhong, Danqing Jiang, Chuan Liu, Jingwei Yang and Jian Qiao

Crystals 2023, 13(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010068 - 31 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2057

Abstract

Eutectic structures in Ag-based brazing filler metals play an important role in improving the properties of alloys and brazed joints. The typical microstructures and morphological evolution of Ag-Cu eutectic structures in Ag-based brazing filler metals solidified at various cooling rates and with the addition of different Sn contents were investigated. The formation mechanisms of anomalous eutectic structure (AES) and the morphological transition from lamellar eutectic structure (LES) to AES were elucidated. The microstructures in alloys solidified at a slow cooling rate and with low Sn content consisted of the full AES, which was attributed to the remelting of the LES during recalescence. Increasing the Sn content and cooling rate promoted the formation of developed Ag dendrite, eutectic dendrite with branches, and AES with large dimensions. The AES in rapidly solidified filler metals with a high Sn content was ascribed to the decomposition of the Ag-rich dendrite skeleton and the growth of Cu-rich between the ternary dendrite arms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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12 pages, 3788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cu on the Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel

by Keping Wang, Liya Guo, Tengshi Liu, Ali Huang, Yangyang Zhao, Wurong Wang and Jingguang Peng

Crystals 2023, 13(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13010031 - 24 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3439

Abstract

The effect of a Cu addition on the corrosion behavior of 304 austenitic stainless steel in a solution was elaborately investigated through salt spray tests, FeCl₃ immersion tests and characterization analyses. The corrosion behavior was further analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. 304Cu showed a higher corrosion resistance than 304 after the salt spray tests in a 5 wt.% NaCl solution for 168 h; the beneficial effect of Cu was not obvious after exposure for 480 h. Penetrating (stripped morphology in 304 and fishbone morphology in 304Cu) and non-penetrating dish-shaped pits were both observed on 304 and 304Cu after immersion in a 6 wt.% FeCl₃ solution for 72 h; the corrosion rates of 304Cu were much higher than 304. Cu and Cu²⁺ were the main existing forms in the as-received 304Cu and Cu⁺ formed with the corrosion in chloride solutions. The results indicated a good corrosion resistance of 304Cu in service. The use of steel in an aggressive environment for a long exposure time should be cautiously considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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13 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidation of the Strong Effect of the Annealing and the Magnetic Field on the Magnetic Properties of Ni₂-Based Heusler Microwires

by Mohamed Salaheldeen, Asma Wederni, Mihail Ipatov, Julian Gonzalez, Valentina Zhukova and Arcady Zhukov

Crystals 2022, 12(12), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12121755 - 4 Dec 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1691

Abstract

We study the effect of annealing and the applied magnetic field from 50 Oe to 20 kOe on the magneto-structural behavior of Ni₂FeSi-based Heusler microwires fabricated by using Taylor-Ulitovsky technique. Using the XRD analysis, a strong effect of annealing, manifested as the development of the crystallization process, was observed. The average grain size and crystalline phase content of annealed sample increase from 21.3 nm and 34% to 32.8 nm and 79%, respectively, as-compared to the as-prepared one. In addition, upon annealing, phase transforms into a monoclinic martensitic structure with a modulation of 10 M, which cannot be found in the as-prepared sample. Concerning the magnetic properties, both samples show ferromagnetic behavior below and above the room temperature, where the Curie temperature of Ni₂FeSi is higher than the room temperature. The induced secondary phases have a noticeable effect on the magnetic behavior of the annealed sample, where a high normalized saturation magnetization (NM_s) and low normalized reduced remenance (M_r = M/M_5K), compared to the as-prepared have been detected. Additionally, the coercivity of annealed sample shows one flipping point at 155 K where its behavior changes with temperature. Meanwhile, the as-prepared sample show two flipped point at 205 K and 55 K. A mismatch between field cooling (FC) and field heating (FH) magnetization curves with temperature has been detected for annealed sample at low applied magnetic field. The difference in magnetic and structure behavior of Ni₂FeSi microwires sample is discussed considering the effect of induced internal stresses by the presence of a glass coating and the recrystallization and stresses relaxation upon annealing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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9 pages, 3376 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Initial β-Zr Formation in β-Quenched N36 Zirconium Alloy Using Dynamic and Metallographic Methods

by Ali W. Aldeen, Zhongwei Chen, Imad A. Disher, Kang Yan and Yongjia Zhu

Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111535 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

In this study, the initial temperature of the (α) to (α + β) phase transformation of β-quenched N36 zirconium alloy was determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and metallographic techniques. Diagnosis and analysis of the difference between the two techniques were also conducted. It was found that the phase transition temperature, obtained by metallographic techniques, lies in a temperature range of 710–715 °C. This value is lower than that recorded by DSC analysis. A peak separation successfully explained the dissolution of the second phase particles (SPP)s and α→β phase transformation using the DSC analysis. Compared with previous studies, the results of this study showed that β-quenched starting material is responsible for the delay of β-Zr formation during the heat treatment of the N36 zirconium alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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10 pages, 2456 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ambient Pressure Synthesis of Re-Substituted MnGe and Its Magnetic Properties

by Vladislav O. Zhupanov, Roman A. Khalaniya, Alexey V. Bogach, Valeriy Yu. Verchenko, Maxim S. Likhanov and Andrei V. Shevelkov

Crystals 2022, 12(9), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091256 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2559

Abstract

Due to their non-centrosymmetric structure, B20-type compounds have intriguing properties of chiral magnets and are the objects of study of topological spin textures. Among them is a high-pressure phase MnGe, which demonstrates properties of magnetic skyrmions. We report on the synthesis of an Mn_1−xRe_xGe solid solution with the B20 structure, which can be prepared without the application of high pressure. Mn_1−xRe_xGe (x = 0.169(6)) shows unconventional magnetic behavior, where the Neel temperature is only slightly reduced compared to a chiral-lattice helimagnet MnGe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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8 pages, 4192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Al-Si@Al(OH)₃ Nanosheets Composite for Enhanced Efficient Strategy to Synthesize Al-Si@Al₂O₃ Core-Shell Structure

by Yuhui Lin, Panyu Chen, Ying Wang and Chengdong Li

Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081137 - 12 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1649

Abstract

Owing to the combined advantages of Al-Si alloy and Al₂O₃, Al-Si@Al₂O₃ is widely utilized as a heat storage material, catalyst carrier, and water adsorption host. Hence, the preparation of Al-Si@Al₂O₃ and corresponding precursors is of utmost significance. Herein, an Al-Si@Al(OH)₃ precursor is investigated, and Al(OH)₃ nanosheets are in situ formed on the surface of Al1-xSix, where x = 0,10, 0,20, and 0,30 in the presence of water. The influence of the Si content, diameter of Al-Si particles, and heating parameters on the morphology and thickness of the Al(OH)₃ nanosheets is systematically explored using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms. The growth mechanism of Al(OH)₃ nanosheets is revealed, and a pathway to obtain Al-Si@Al₂O₃ nanosheets with the desired structure and thickness is demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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Review

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24 pages, 7769 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on Eutectic-Type Alloys Solidified under Static Magnetic Field

by Hao Cai, Wenhao Lin, Meilong Feng, Tianxiang Zheng, Bangfei Zhou and Yunbo Zhong

Crystals 2023, 13(6), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13060891 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1635

Abstract

Processing metallic alloys under a static magnetic field (SMF) has garnered significant attention over the past few decades. SMFs can influence both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the solidification process by introducing extra force and energy. Eutectic-type alloys (ETAs) are commonly used as research materials under SMFs due to their featured microstructures. This review aims to present theoretical and experimental results regarding ETAs under SMFs, from post-analysis to in situ observation, to demonstrate the effects of magnetic phenomena such as magnetic braking, thermoelectric magnetic convection, magnetic gradient force, and magnetic energy on the thermodynamics and kinetics of microstructural evolution. In this paper, we adopt a hybrid approach between a review and an overview to comprehensively examine the effect of SMFs on the solidification process. Firstly, we provided a concise review of the historical research on the SMF’s impact on solidification in the literature. Next, we elucidated the basic physical principles of an SMF in material processing, followed by an introduction of numerous laboratory and industrial experiments that have utilized SMFs. Finally, we summarized the effects of SMFs on solidification in the past and provide insights into future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Crystalline Metals and Alloys in 2022–2023)

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