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Diagnostics
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 5892

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Giuseppe Stefano Netti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Molecular Medicine Center, Section of Clinical Pathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
Interests: kidney; renal disease; kidney transplantation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Kidney disease is an important and common public health problem with increasing incidence and prevalence, high costs, and poor outcomes. To overcome this problem in the future, it is indispensable for us to explore and establish early detection and treatment methods for various kidney diseases, which include primary/secondary glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy/diabetic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis, and polycystic kidney disease.

This Special Issue aims to bring together a collection of original research and review articles addressing novel biomarkers, techniques, and approaches that will be valuable and helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases.

Dr. Giuseppe Stefano Netti
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • kidney diseases
  • acute kidney injury
  • nephropathy
  • biomarkers
  • diagnosis
  • chronic renal failure

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2016 KiB  
Article
Validation of Ultrasound Measurement of Vastus Lateralis for Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Hemodialysis
by Peng-Ta Liu, Ta-Sen Wei and Congo Tak-Shing Ching
Diagnostics 2024, 14(22), 2600; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222600 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 288
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are at a high risk of developing sarcopenia. This study aimed to validate the performance of ultrasound (US) measurements of the vastus lateralis (VL) for estimating muscle mass and diagnosing sarcopenia in CKD patients with [...] Read more.
Background: Chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are at a high risk of developing sarcopenia. This study aimed to validate the performance of ultrasound (US) measurements of the vastus lateralis (VL) for estimating muscle mass and diagnosing sarcopenia in CKD patients with HD. Methods: Forty-six patients were enrolled in this study. Muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) of VL, physical performance, and biochemical markers were collected to establish a linear regression model for predicting appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference standard. The model’s performance was validated, and its diagnostic accuracy for sarcopenia was also evaluated. Results: An ASM prediction model was derived: −20.17 + 1.90 × MT_VL (cm) + 1.58 × male + 0.16 × Height (cm) + 0.09 × Weight (kg) + 0.05 × Age (year), with a standard estimated error of 1.44 kg and adjusted R-squared of 0.84. The model exhibited high correlation and an acceptable limit of agreement, compared to DXA measurement. EI displayed a negative correlation with ASM and MT. Conclusions: The ASM adjusted with BMI demonstrated superior performance in diagnosing sarcopenia compared to the ASM adjusted with height. Ultrasound provides a cost-effective bedside tool for evaluating muscle conditions in HD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease)
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16 pages, 2053 KiB  
Article
Impact of Precision in Staging Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease on Treatment Outcomes: An Observational Study
by Olga Endrich, Christos T. Nakas, Karen Triep, Georg M. Fiedler, Jaime J. Caro and Alistair McGuire
Diagnostics 2024, 14(22), 2476; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14222476 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 470
Abstract
(1) Background: “Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes” (KDIGO) provides guidelines for identifying the stages of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A data-driven rule-based engine was developed to determine KDIGO staging compared to KD-related keywords in discharge letters. (2) Methods: [...] Read more.
(1) Background: “Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes” (KDIGO) provides guidelines for identifying the stages of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A data-driven rule-based engine was developed to determine KDIGO staging compared to KD-related keywords in discharge letters. (2) Methods: To assess potential differences in outcomes, we compare the patient subgroups with exact KDIGO staging to imprecise or missing staging for all-cause mortality, in-hospital mortality, selection bias and costs by applying Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards regression model. We analysed 63,105 in-patient cases from 2016 to 2023 at a tertiary hospital with AKI, CKD and acute-on-chronic KD. (3) Results: Imprecise and missing CKD staging were associated with an 85% higher risk of all-cause and in-hospital mortality (CI: 1.7 to 2.0 and 1.66 to 2.03, respectively) compared to exact staging for any given disease status; imprecise or missing AKI staging increased in-hospital mortality risk by 56% and 57% (CI: 1.43 to 1.70 and 1.37 to 1.81, respectively) in patients with AKI. (4) Conclusions: Exact staging is associated with better outcomes in KD management. Our study provides valuable insight into potential quality and outcome improvements and lower costs, considering elderly patients, women and patients with acute-on-chronic KD as the most vulnerable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease)
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14 pages, 1514 KiB  
Article
Are There Differences in Skin Autofluorescence-Measured Advanced Glycation End-Product Levels between Chronic Kidney Disease and Kidney Transplant Recipients?
by Josipa Radić, Marijana Vučković, Hana Đogaš, Andrea Gelemanović, Andrej Belančić and Mislav Radić
Diagnostics 2024, 14(13), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14131383 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 838
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the differences in the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGE) between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and to investigate the risk factors for the AGE levels in [...] Read more.
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the differences in the levels of advanced glycation end products (AGE) between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and to investigate the risk factors for the AGE levels in each group of these patients. There were 217 participants total, of which 99 (45.6%) were KTRs and 118 (54.4%) had CKD. Data on the levels of AGE, body mass composition, anthropometric parameters, central and peripheral blood pressure, and clinical and laboratory parameters were gathered for each study participant. The AGE values of the CKD and KTRs groups did not differ from one another. In both groups, a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, male sex, and older age were positive predictors for increased AGE values. Furthermore, higher levels of AGE were linked to lower central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) in the CKD group, whilst, in the KTRs group, higher levels of AGE were linked to a shorter time since kidney transplantation (KTx), more years of dialysis prior to KTx, lower levels of trunk visceral fat, the presence of arterial hypertension, and the absence of prescriptions for the antihypertensive medications urapidil and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Further studies are needed to better understand the above associations. Consequently, a personalised multidisciplinary approach to assess the cardiovascular as well as dietary and lifestyle risk factors to reduce the AGE levels in both KTRs and CKD patients may be implemented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease)
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12 pages, 275 KiB  
Article
Novel Biomarkers in Evaluating Cardiac Function in Patients on Hemodialysis—A Pilot Prospective Observational Cohort Study
by Lazar Chisavu, Viviana Mihaela Ivan, Adelina Mihaescu, Flavia Chisavu, Oana Schiller, Luciana Marc, Flaviu Bob and Adalbert Schiller
Diagnostics 2024, 14(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14060664 - 21 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1364
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease patients treated by hemodialysis present a high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There is an imperative need for novel biomarkers for identifying these patients and to offer possible therapeutically interventions. We performed a prospective observational cohort study on 77 patients in [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease patients treated by hemodialysis present a high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. There is an imperative need for novel biomarkers for identifying these patients and to offer possible therapeutically interventions. We performed a prospective observational cohort study on 77 patients in the period of October 2021–October 2023. We measured serum plasma levels of interleukin 1-beta, galectin 3, human suppression of tumorigenicity factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein 2 and fibroblastic growth factor 23 at the inclusion site. We evaluated the correlations of these biomarkers with cardiac function and structure evaluated by echocardiography. The mean age was 61.02 (±11.81) years, with 45 (56.2%) males and with a dialysis vintage of 4.95 (2.4–7.8) years. Median ejection fraction was 51 (43–54%), and more than two-thirds of the patients presented valvular calcifications. Overall mortality was 22%. Interleukin 1-beta was correlated positively with ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain and negatively with left atrium diameter and left ventricle telesystolic diameter. Galectin 3 values were negatively correlated with aortic valve fibrosis and mitral valve calcifications, and human suppression tumorigenicity factor 2 was negatively correlated with mitral valve calcifications. Some of these novel biomarkers could be used to better assess cardiovascular disease in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease)

Review

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10 pages, 255 KiB  
Review
Proenkephalin A 119–159 in Perioperative and Intensive Care—A Promising Biomarker or Merely Another Option?
by Paulina Walczak-Wieteska, Konrad Zuzda, Jolanta Małyszko and Paweł Andruszkiewicz
Diagnostics 2024, 14(21), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14212364 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 507
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe and prevalent syndrome, primarily observed in intensive care units (ICUs) and perioperative settings. The discovery of a new biomarker for kidney function and injury, capable of overcoming the limitations of traditional markers, has the potential to [...] Read more.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe and prevalent syndrome, primarily observed in intensive care units (ICUs) and perioperative settings. The discovery of a new biomarker for kidney function and injury, capable of overcoming the limitations of traditional markers, has the potential to improve the diagnosis and management of AKI. Proenkephalin A 119–159 (PENK) has emerged as a novel biomarker for AKI and has been validated in various clinical settings. It has demonstrated a faster response to AKI compared to creatinine and has been shown to predict successful weaning from renal replacement therapy in the ICU. PENK has also shown promise as an AKI biomarker in perioperative patients. Additionally, PENK has been proven to be effective in estimating mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, and those with traumatic brain injury or ischemic stroke. Incorporating PENK into a novel estimation of the glomerular filtration rate, referred to as the PENK-Crea equation, has yielded promising results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease)

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

10 pages, 11539 KiB  
Case Report
A Case of Castleman’s Disease with a Marked Infiltration of IgG4-Positive Cells in the Renal Interstitium
by Erika Sawada, Yuya Shioda, Kohki Ogawa, Takatsugu Iwashita, Yuko Ono, Hajime Hasegawa and Akito Maeshima
Diagnostics 2024, 14(5), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14050476 - 23 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1776
Abstract
Multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder with heterogenous clinical symptoms, and involves systemic organs in addition to lymph nodes. Herein, we present the case of a 55-year-old man with MCD characterized by an extensive infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells in [...] Read more.
Multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder with heterogenous clinical symptoms, and involves systemic organs in addition to lymph nodes. Herein, we present the case of a 55-year-old man with MCD characterized by an extensive infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells in the kidneys. The patient presented to our hospital with a high fever and diarrhea. On admission, laboratory analysis revealed anemia, renal dysfunction (eGFR 30 mL/min/1.73 m2), polyclonal gammopathy (IgG 7130 mg/dL), elevated serum IgG4 level (2130 mg/dL), and increased C-reactive protein (8.0 mg/dL). An enlargement of lymph nodes in the axillary, mediastinal, para-aortic, and inguinal regions was observed on abdominal computed tomography. Axillary lymph node biopsy revealed interfollicular expansion due to dense plasma cell infiltration. Renal biopsy demonstrated significant plasma cell infiltration into the tubulointerstitium. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a 40% IgG4-positive/IgG-positive plasma cell ratio, meeting the diagnostic criteria for an IgG4-related disease. Amyloid A deposition was observed along vessel walls, and immunofluorescence analysis indicated granular positivity of IgG and C3 along the glomerular capillary wall. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (21 pg/mL) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; 1210 pg/mL) were noted. Based on these findings, and the histological finding of the lymph node biopsy, idiopathic MCD was diagnosed. Corticosteroid monotherapy was only partially effective. Subsequently, tocilizumab administration was initiated, leading to sustained remission, even after discontinuation of prednisolone. Due to the diverse responses to steroid therapy and the varying prognoses observed in MCD and IgG4-related disease, it is essential to carefully diagnose MCD by thoroughly assessing the organ distribution of the disease, its response to steroid therapy, and any additional pathological findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Kidney Disease)
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