Diversity

2024

Jump to: 2023, 2022, 2021

21 pages, 12788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Scale Species Distribution Model for Migrating and Overwintering Western Monarch Butterflies: Climate Is the Best Predictor

by Ashley R. Fisher, William T. Bean and Francis X. Villablanca

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100640 - 15 Oct 2024

Viewed by 854

Abstract

Western Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) migrate from inland breeding ranges to coastal overwintering grounds in California. Given that migratory individuals may make multi-scale habitat selection decisions, we considered a multi-scale species distribution model (SDM) using range-wide climatic and local landscape-level predictors of [...] Read more.

Western Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) migrate from inland breeding ranges to coastal overwintering grounds in California. Given that migratory individuals may make multi-scale habitat selection decisions, we considered a multi-scale species distribution model (SDM) using range-wide climatic and local landscape-level predictors of migratory and overwintering habitat and community-science presence data. The range-wide model output was included as a predictor in the local-scale model, generating multi-scale habitat suitability. The top range-wide predictor was the minimum temperature in December, contributing 83.7% to the model, and was positively associated with presence. At the local scale, the strongest predictors of presence were the range-wide output and percent coverage of low and medium levels of development, contributing > 95%, with 61–63% from the range-wide output, with local-scale suitability coinciding with the California coastal zones. Development’s positive association with overwintering monarch presence was counterintuitive. It is likely that our local-scale model is overfit to these development zones, but it is unclear whether this overfitting resulted from modeler choices, monarchs overwintering close to human development, biased detection near human development, or a combination of these factors. Therefore, alternative approaches to collecting local-scale attribute data are suggested while recognizing the primacy of climate in restricting overwinter sites. Full article

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13 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Based Differences in Multilocus Heterozygosity in Wild Boar from Spain

by Javier Pérez-González, Sebastián J. Hidalgo de Trucios and Sebastián P. Hidalgo Toledo

Diversity 2024, 16(10), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16100610 - 1 Oct 2024

Viewed by 707

Abstract

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations are increasing worldwide, leading to health, economic and conservation issues. Assessing genetic structure and diversity can aid in the effective monitoring and management of wild boar populations. Processes related to sexual selection and behavioral differences between [...] Read more.

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations are increasing worldwide, leading to health, economic and conservation issues. Assessing genetic structure and diversity can aid in the effective monitoring and management of wild boar populations. Processes related to sexual selection and behavioral differences between sexes support the importance of considering sex in measuring genetic diversity. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of wild boar in southwestern Spain by comparing multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) in males and females. We collected tissue samples from 142 culled individuals and 146 fetuses during routine hunting activities and used 16 microsatellite markers to quantify MLH. Paternity analyses were conducted to infer the genotypes of reproductive males. Our results indicated that the sampled individuals constituted a unique polygynandrous population without clear genetic structure. We found that males tended to exhibit lower MLH than females, with reproductive males showing significantly lower MLH than females. We discuss the selection and demographic processes that might explain our results. We highlight the importance of sex-balanced culling for population control, as well as the use of sex-balanced samples for monitoring genetic diversities. Full article

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27 pages, 9128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revalidation of the Arboreal Asian Snake Genera Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891; Rhynchophis Mocquard, 1897; and Rhadinophis Vogt, 1922, with Description of a New Genus and Tribe (Squamata: Serpentes: Colubridae)

by Van Wallach, Rune Midtgaard and Emma Hsiao

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090576 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1783

Abstract

Based on the latest molecular phylogenies of Gonyosoma sensu lato, which recovered five clades with robust support, we utilize morphological characters to demonstrate the distinctiveness of each clade, resulting in the resurrection of three genera (Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891; Rhynchophis Mocquard, 1897; and [...] Read more.

Based on the latest molecular phylogenies of Gonyosoma sensu lato, which recovered five clades with robust support, we utilize morphological characters to demonstrate the distinctiveness of each clade, resulting in the resurrection of three genera (Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891; Rhynchophis Mocquard, 1897; and Rhadinophis Vogt, 1922) and a proposal of a new genus and a new tribe. A synopsis of the group, with descriptions and diagnoses, is provided for the five genera and eight species in addition to distribution maps and illustrations of the head of each taxon. An artificial key to the species and genera in the new tribe is presented in addition to the estimated origin times for each clade. Full article

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11 pages, 1628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Butterfly Diversity Results between iNaturalist and Expert Surveys in Eastern Oklahoma

by Alexander J. Harman, Madeline M. Eori and W. Wyatt Hoback

Diversity 2024, 16(9), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090515 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 608

Abstract

Ongoing worldwide biodiversity declines and range shifts associated with climate change increase the importance of documenting the current distributions of species to establish baseline data. However, financial and logistical constraints make it impossible for taxonomic experts to conduct thorough surveys in most locations. [...] Read more.

Ongoing worldwide biodiversity declines and range shifts associated with climate change increase the importance of documenting the current distributions of species to establish baseline data. However, financial and logistical constraints make it impossible for taxonomic experts to conduct thorough surveys in most locations. One popular approach to offset the lack of expert sampling is using community science data collected by the public, curated, and made available for research. These datasets, however, contain different biases than those typically present in data collected through conventional survey practices, often leading to different results. Recent studies have used massive datasets generated over large areas; however, less is known about the results obtained at smaller scales or with more limited sampling intervals. We compared butterfly observations in eastern Oklahoma using a dataset obtained from the popular community science website iNaturalist and one collected during targeted surveys of glade habitats conducted by taxonomic experts. At the county-level scale, the relative abundances of butterfly species correlated well between the glade surveys and the iNaturalist observations, and there was no difference in the relative abundance of different butterfly families between the two survey methods. However, as anticipated, the conventional surveys outperformed the community science data in measuring biodiversity at a smaller geographic scale. Full article

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15 pages, 2720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Population Density Estimation Methods for Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)

by Gergely Tóth and Krisztián Katona

Diversity 2024, 16(8), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080500 - 15 Aug 2024

Viewed by 725

Abstract

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations have been increasing in Europe in the last decades. Without reliable methods, game managers frequently underestimate the population size, leading to underharvesting. The aim of this research was to identify the most suitable method for roe [...] Read more.

Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations have been increasing in Europe in the last decades. Without reliable methods, game managers frequently underestimate the population size, leading to underharvesting. The aim of this research was to identify the most suitable method for roe deer density estimation in lowland, sparsely forested, high-visibility flat areas in Hungary. The census data of the total counting in the daytime strip transect and the night spotlight strip transect, as the total counting of the sample areas with a thermal camera from observation points within 0–250 m and 0–500 m ranges, were compared in seven hunting areas. It was revealed that using the thermal camera within 0–250 m and the spotlight method in the same range gave the statistically highest population density values. There was no significant difference between the two methods. The smallest mean was revealed in the case of the daytime strip transect data. The thermal imaging method gave significantly lower values for the greater distance (250–500 m) than for the range of spotlighting (250 m). The night spotlight strip transect method and the counting from observation points with a thermal camera, both to 250 m, provided the highest values; thus, they are recommended to determine the roe deer population density in open flat areas. They require the same amount of human resources and time, but due to the high cost of the thermal camera, the spotlight is also perfectly suited for widespread use by hunting companies. The results supported the underestimation of roe deer populations. Full article

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9 pages, 4297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lack of Data or Lack of Weasels? The Likely Silent Extinction of Weasel Mustela nivalis (Carnivora: Mustelidae) in Spain

by Ana B. Llorca, Francisco S. Tortosa and José Guerrero-Casado

Diversity 2024, 16(8), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080446 - 29 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1389

Abstract

Records from online biodiversity databases (including citizen science data) can play a crucial role in enhancing scientific knowledge about the abundance, distribution, and population trends of poorly studied species which are usually not properly monitored. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of [...] Read more.

Records from online biodiversity databases (including citizen science data) can play a crucial role in enhancing scientific knowledge about the abundance, distribution, and population trends of poorly studied species which are usually not properly monitored. This study aims to demonstrate the utility of data hosted in GBIF in detecting the likely decline of species common and widely distributed in the past, but whose conservation status is now uncertain, such as the weasel (Mustela nivalis) in Spain. To address this, we analyzed data on its presence in Spain from 2008 to 2022 available on GBIF.org, and compared it with the distribution data from the Atlas of Mammals of Spain published in 2007. The results indicate that: (i) data from GBIF.org reveal a moderate decline (negative trend) in the weasel population in Spain during the study period; (ii) the species has been recorded in a limited number of 10 × 10 km UTM-squares (Universal Transverse Mercator) within its distribution range as defined by the 2007 atlas; and (iii) there are large areas of Spain in which the species has not been detected in recent years. These findings highlight the concerning conservation status of this carnivorous species and underscore the value of data from open access platforms such as GBIF in identifying potential silent extinctions. Full article

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13 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Conservation Strategies for Native Eastern Highlands-Strain Walleye Sander vitreus in West Virginia: Insights from Genomic Investigations and Broodstock Screening

by Andrew Johnson, Katherine Zipfel and Amy Welsh

Diversity 2024, 16(7), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16070371 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 660

Abstract

Walleye, Sander vitreus, has several distinct genetic lineages throughout North America as a consequence of Pleistocene glaciation. Stocking walleye across genetic boundaries in the mid-20th century has led to the introduction of non-native strains that persist to this day. In West Virginia, the [...] Read more.

Walleye, Sander vitreus, has several distinct genetic lineages throughout North America as a consequence of Pleistocene glaciation. Stocking walleye across genetic boundaries in the mid-20th century has led to the introduction of non-native strains that persist to this day. In West Virginia, the identification of the native Eastern Highlands strain led the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources (WVDNR) to employ broodstock screening to assist in the conservation of the native strain. To develop a baseline native ancestry prevalence in walleye populations throughout the state, 1532 broodstock were sampled across 17 sampling locations over a 6-year period. To evaluate the effectiveness of the current broodstock two-SNP qPCR assay protocol and identify whether more SNPs need to be implemented, 284 walleye were sequenced and ancestry-genotyped across 42 fixed SNPs between the two strains. When comparing the current protocol to the older microsatellite protocol, advancement in the ability to identify native-strain individuals was observed. Genotyping previously assigned walleye broodstock across multiple fixed SNPs revealed that the current ancestry assignment protocol, on average, assigned individuals that display 96% Eastern Highlands native ancestry to the native strain and accurately identified >93% of all pure Eastern Highlands walleye. Throughout the state of West Virginia, the New and Kanawha River systems contained a high prevalence of native ancestry, with the Ohio River and sampled impoundments displaying varying levels of ancestry. SNPs with >98% prevalence in individuals assigned to the Eastern Highlands strain were identified during the course of the study and can be implemented in future screening protocols. Our results highlight the utility of genomic approaches as tools to assist fisheries management goals and their capability to accurately identify native ancestry to assist in conservation efforts. Full article

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16 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experiments Reveal That Search Image Might Be Responsible for Seasonal Variation in Nest-Predation Rates

by Magne Husby and Turid Verdal

Diversity 2024, 16(6), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16060356 - 20 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1440

Abstract

Investigations of seasonal variations in nest predation rates yield highly variable results. Some investigations argue that search image is responsible for some of the nest-predation patterns, but as far as we know, this study is the first in which search image in connection [...] Read more.

Investigations of seasonal variations in nest predation rates yield highly variable results. Some investigations argue that search image is responsible for some of the nest-predation patterns, but as far as we know, this study is the first in which search image in connection with seasonal variation in nest-predation rate has been experimentally tested. We used 1457 artificial nests placed in an identical way during the months of March to August, either in the two months consecutively or early and late within one of the two months, between the years 2000 and 2023. In addition, we compared the change in nest-predation rates at 113 artificial and 460 natural nests between the same two months. We estimated the seasonal variation in the abundance of breeding birds in the study area with 140 point counts to find the abundance of different species at the times when they normally breed. We found a strong and consistent seasonal variation in the nest-predation rate, with the highest predation rate in the middle of the breeding season. There was a similar change in the predation rate on natural and artificial nests between May and June. From July to August, the predation rate on artificial nests decreased significantly, while the search-image experiment revealed a significant increase between the same two months. A generalized linear mixed-effect model analysis found that the variation in nest-predation rates on artificial nests was significantly affected by seasonal variation in the estimated number of natural nests, that nests in trees were predated more often than nests on the ground, and that nests in the open landscape and on forest edges suffered higher predation rates than nests inside a forest. Mammals were nest predators significantly more often inside forests and on forest edges than in the open landscape, but birds were much more common nest predators than mammals independent of placement and habitat. Our experiment shows that search image explains the seasonal variation in nest-predation rates. However, more investigations are needed to find the reasons for the variation in published results on seasonal variation. Further, experimental testing on search image to find its contribution to the seasonal variation in nest-predation rates in other areas is also needed. Full article

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2023

Jump to: 2024, 2022, 2021

81 pages, 10652 KiB

Open AccessReview

Amphibians of Rwanda: Diversity, Community Features, and Conservation Status

by J. Maximilian Dehling and Ulrich Sinsch

Diversity 2023, 15(4), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040512 - 2 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4100

Abstract

The diversity and distribution of the amphibians in Rwanda was critically reviewed to provide a reliable species inventory for informed conservation management. The checklist of the amphibian species of Rwanda is based on results of our own fieldwork, historical records compiled from the [...] Read more.

The diversity and distribution of the amphibians in Rwanda was critically reviewed to provide a reliable species inventory for informed conservation management. The checklist of the amphibian species of Rwanda is based on results of our own fieldwork, historical records compiled from the literature, and examination of voucher specimens in museum collections. A total of 62 species are recorded, and 22 further species listed in field guides and open-access data bases are discussed, identified as erroneous records, and consequently not included in the country list. We provide diagnostic characters of external morphology and the advertisement call for each validated species, and a short synopsis of geographic distribution, altitudinal range, occurrence in the provinces of Rwanda, and habitat preference. We provide keys to all genera, and all taxonomically described species based on morphological characters and additional keys based on features of the advertisement calls. We discuss features of amphibian communities including local community structure and delimitation of altitudinal metacommunities. Based on the IUCN red list assessment and our field surveys, we propose for the first time a national red list of amphibians in Rwanda. Full article

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15 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Invasion Potential of Ornamental Terrestrial Gastropods in Europe Based on Climate Matching

by Lucie Bohatá and Jiří Patoka

Diversity 2023, 15(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020272 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

Invasive species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. Pet trade is a well-known pathway for the introduction of non-native species. Prevention is the most effective, least time-consuming, and least financially demanding way to protect biodiversity against the spreading of [...] Read more.

Invasive species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. Pet trade is a well-known pathway for the introduction of non-native species. Prevention is the most effective, least time-consuming, and least financially demanding way to protect biodiversity against the spreading of invasive species. The main part of prevention is the early detection of a potentially high-risk species, as well as the successful implementation of prevention strategies in legislation and practice. This study summarizes the pre-introduction screening of pet-traded terrestrial gastropod species and their potential occurrence in the EU territory. Based on the list of species traded in the Czech Republic, one of the most important global hubs of the pet trade, 51 species (49 snails and 2 slugs) were analysed. Due to a lack of certain native occurrence data, only 29 species (28 snails and 1 slug) from 10 families were modelled using MaxEnt software. Twenty species from seven families have potential occurrence in the EU territory. Based on MaxEnt modelling, we considered the following species to be high-risk candidates for the EU: Anguispira alternata, A. strongylodes, Laevicaulis alte, Megalobulismus oblongus, Rumina decollata, and R. saharica. Based on this estimation, we present considerations with which to further improve the risk assessment and recommend continuous monitoring of the pet trade market. Full article

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10 pages, 1019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Five Galician (Northwestern Spain) Local Primitive Bovine Breeds Using Pedigree Records

by María Asunción García-Atance, Carlos Carleos, Sandra Andrino, José Ramón Justo, Castor José Rivero, Miguel Fernández, Javier Cañon and Oscar Cortes

Diversity 2023, 15(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020252 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

Characterization, inventory and monitoring trends of animal genetic resources of local breeds are crucial factors for the development of conservation strategies. Using genealogical information, the genetic diversity of five Spanish local bovine breeds located in the northwest of Spain in the region of [...] Read more.

Characterization, inventory and monitoring trends of animal genetic resources of local breeds are crucial factors for the development of conservation strategies. Using genealogical information, the genetic diversity of five Spanish local bovine breeds located in the northwest of Spain in the region of Galicia, and called in the past Morenas Gallegas (Cachena, Caldelá, Frieiresa, Limiá and Vianesa), has been analysed. The results achieved a good quality of pedigree records in terms of integrity and deepness. In spite of the low census of the five breeds, (no more or even less than one thousand animals), the strategies developed for genetic diversity conservation since the end of the last century revealed positive results. An increase of generation intervals, the use of reproductive technologies and a higher animal exchange between herds are some strategies suggested to preserve the genetic diversity of the five Galician bovine breeds analysed Full article

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12 pages, 2011 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isotopic Space of the House Mouse in the Gradient of Anthropogenic Habitats

by Linas Balčiauskas, Andrius Garbaras, Vitalijus Stirkė, Raminta Skipitytė and Laima Balčiauskienė

Diversity 2023, 15(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020173 - 26 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1614

Abstract

The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a most extensively distributed omnivorous rodent species, usually living in close association with humans. Its diet includes various vegetable matter, insects and any available human food. For the first time, we assessed the dietary niche [...] Read more.

The house mouse (Mus musculus) is a most extensively distributed omnivorous rodent species, usually living in close association with humans. Its diet includes various vegetable matter, insects and any available human food. For the first time, we assessed the dietary niche of this species by the isotopic (δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C) compositions of animal hair samples in the gradient of habitats, ranging from natural to fully commensal. The main factors explaining the differences in the isotopic niche of the mice, being the proxy of their diet, were the season and the source of available food. Influence of the habitat was weak, while gender, age, body mass and body condition had no influence on the diet differences. We found that M. musculus dietary niches overlap between different habitats if mice have access to human food. Niches diverge when mice forage outdoors on natural food compared to farms where livestock feed is available. Compared to omnivorous bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) living synoptically, M. musculus has much wider dietary niche and consumes more foods of animal origin. Variability of the diet increases the ecological plasticity of this strongly commensal species and, together with behavioural and reproductive adaptability, allows irresistibly occupy various environments. Full article

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17 pages, 1960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pool Age and Local Habitat Are Associated with Effective Number of Breeders in Spotted Salamander Populations Colonizing Created Vernal Pools

by Alice R. Millikin, Stephanie S. Coster, Amy B. Welsh and James T. Anderson

Diversity 2023, 15(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020124 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2105

Abstract

Population genetics can reveal whether colonization of created habitats has been successful and inform future strategies for habitat creation. We used genetic analysis to investigate spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) colonization of created vernal pools and explored the impact of habitat characteristics [...] Read more.

Population genetics can reveal whether colonization of created habitats has been successful and inform future strategies for habitat creation. We used genetic analysis to investigate spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) colonization of created vernal pools and explored the impact of habitat characteristics on the genetic diversity and connectivity of the pools. Our first objective was to examine genetic structure, differentiation, diversity, and potential for a founder effect. Our second objective was to determine if habitat characteristics were associated with effective number of breeders, relatedness, or genetic diversity. We sampled spotted salamander larvae in 31 created vernal pools (1–5 years old) in Monongahela National Forest (WV) in May and June 2015 and 2016. The youngest pools exhibited genetic differentiation, a founder effect, and low effective number of breeders. Effective number of breeders was positively associated with pool age, vegetation cover, pool diameter, and sample size. Vegetation cover was also negatively associated with relatedness. Genetic diversity did not have strong environmental predictors. Our results indicated the effective number of breeders increased and genetic differentiation decreased within 4–5 years of pool creation, a sign of rapid colonization and potential population establishment. Our research also showed that higher vegetative cover within the pool and larger pool diameters could impact habitat quality and should be incorporated into future pool creation. Full article

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2022

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2021

14 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Den-Dwelling Carnivores in Central Poland: Long-Term Trends in Abundance and Productivity

by Dagny Krauze-Gryz and Jakub Gryz

Diversity 2023, 15(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15010032 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

The monitoring of medium-sized carnivores is essential because of their role in disease transmission and as predators. We focused on red foxes, badgers, raccoon dogs, and domestic dogs, and considered 9441 ha of field–forest mosaic in Central Poland. We compared current (2011–2018) abundance [...] Read more.

The monitoring of medium-sized carnivores is essential because of their role in disease transmission and as predators. We focused on red foxes, badgers, raccoon dogs, and domestic dogs, and considered 9441 ha of field–forest mosaic in Central Poland. We compared current (2011–2018) abundance (i.e., number of natal dens recorded annually) and breeding parameters (assessed with the aid of camera traps) with published past data (1980s–1990s). The red fox population increased after rabies vaccinations were introduced and has increased further in the last few years. The population is now stable, which suggests that other factors, possibly mange, limit the population instead. Contrary to historical data, one-fourth of red fox females now breed outside of forests areas, indicating the high plasticity of the species. The number of natal dens of badgers and recruitment rates have also increased. The mean litter sizes of these two species are positively affected by small rodent availability. The raccoon dog, which is an alien and invasive species, used to be recorded sporadically but now breeds regularly (1.8 breeding cases yearly). Nowadays, free-ranging/feral domestic dogs are not controlled by culling, so they have started to breed in the wild (1.6 cases per year), which is a new occurrence. Full article

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16 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Why Did Brown Hare Lepus europaeus Disappear from Some Areas in Central Poland?

by Jakub Gryz and Dagny Krauze-Gryz

Diversity 2022, 14(6), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14060465 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2706

Abstract

Brown hares originated in the open steppe grasslands of Eurasia and have adapted very successfully to a mixed, arable agriculture environment. In the last decades of the 20th century, a decline in brown hare populations has been observed in many European countries. In [...] Read more.

Brown hares originated in the open steppe grasslands of Eurasia and have adapted very successfully to a mixed, arable agriculture environment. In the last decades of the 20th century, a decline in brown hare populations has been observed in many European countries. In this study, we documented a long-term (1965–2018) decline in the hare population in a field and forest mosaic in central Poland (from over 30 ind./100 ha in the mid-1960s to 1–2 ind./100 ha in the past decade). We showed that the recent autumn densities were the same as compared to the preceding spring densities (suggesting a low recruitment rate) and that the recent densities recorded in the fields were no longer higher than in the forests (probably due to a decrease in the habitat quality of arable lands). We also showed that the share of hares in a red fox diet was now very low (0.1% vs. 13% in the past). We compared the recent (2004–2018) population estimates to another area that was located 70 km east (with a similar habitat structure, a community of predators and climate conditions, but with less intense agriculture), where the hare population was increasing. We suggested that the farming practices were the most important factor for the hare population decrease in our study area. Full article

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8 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Helminth Community of the Black Margate Anisotremus surinamensis (Teleostei: Haemulidae), from Coral Reefs off the Veracruz Coast, Mexico, Southern Gulf of Mexico

by Jesús Montoya-Mendoza, Guillermo Salgado-Maldonado, Carlos Roberto Blanco-Segovia, Edgar F. Mendoza-Franco and Fabiola Lango-Reynoso

Diversity 2022, 14(5), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14050368 - 6 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

We describe the composition and structure of the helminth community of the black margate Anisotremus surinamensis in coral reefs from the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV) off the Veracruz coast. We examined a total of 78 specimens (total length TL range 21.7–77.9, [...] Read more.

We describe the composition and structure of the helminth community of the black margate Anisotremus surinamensis in coral reefs from the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV) off the Veracruz coast. We examined a total of 78 specimens (total length TL range 21.7–77.9, mean 33.7 cm) (28 males, TL range 22.5–51.5, mean 32.7 cm; 50 females, TL range 21.7–77.9, mean 34.3 cm) of A. surinamensis. At least nine helminth taxa (seven intestinal) were found, for all of which A. surinamensis is a new host. Our inventory includes two new geographic records for the southern Gulf of Mexico: the digeneans Cainocreadium oscitans (Linton, 1910) and Infundiburictus longovatus (Hopkins, 1941). Observed component community richness (S = 9) and infracommunity richness (mean ± SD, S = 2.8 ± 1.3) for A. surinamensis were lower than previously recorded richness for the sympatric A. virginicus and other coral reef fishes from the PNSAV. Numerically dominant taxa were trematodes (four taxa) and monogeneans (two), followed by nematodes (one), acanthocephalans (and) and cestodes (one). The trematode Monorchis latus was the more prevalent, more abundant and numerically dominant helminth species in the community of parasites of A. surinamensis. Full article

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2021

Jump to: 2024, 2023, 2022

16 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Productive Tropical Seagrass Beds Support Diverse Consumers and a Large Organic Carbon Pool in the Sediments

by Chen-Lu Lee, Wei-Jen Lin, Pi-Jen Liu, Kwang-Tsao Shao and Hsing-Juh Lin

Diversity 2021, 13(11), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110544 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6883

Abstract

Tropical seagrass beds are productive coastal ecosystems that are important blue carbon sinks and crucial habitats and feeding grounds for consumers at high trophic levels. To understand how energy sustains the ecosystem from seagrass production, we constructed an Ecopath trophic model to reveal [...] Read more.

Tropical seagrass beds are productive coastal ecosystems that are important blue carbon sinks and crucial habitats and feeding grounds for consumers at high trophic levels. To understand how energy sustains the ecosystem from seagrass production, we constructed an Ecopath trophic model to reveal the possible pathways of energy flow in the tropical seagrass beds around Dongsha Island, South China Sea. The model indicates that Dongsha seagrass beds were developing but well-structured ecosystems. The productive seagrasses were rarely directly consumed by herbivores and, ultimately, flowed into detrital pools. Detritus was the main food source used to support diverse consumers in the food web. Nevertheless, the low cycling rate (2.74%) suggests that most detritus was not reused or exported and was stored as a large organic carbon pool in the sediments. The detritus-feeding invertebrates are keystone groups in the Dongsha seagrass beds, as they recycle energy from detritus and transfer to top predators such as sharks. The predation of top predators affected the biomasses of other compartments, leading to strong top-down control via a trophic cascade effect. Full article

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21 pages, 12547 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area

by K. Shawn Smallwood and Noriko L. Smallwood

Diversity 2021, 13(11), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110540 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2772

Abstract

Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) has declined across most or all of its geographic range. The species’ raptorial behavior requires maintenance of large territories, which means populations of breeding shrikes require large areas of habitat and are therefore sensitive to habitat loss [...] Read more.

Loggerhead shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) has declined across most or all of its geographic range. The species’ raptorial behavior requires maintenance of large territories, which means populations of breeding shrikes require large areas of habitat and are therefore sensitive to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation. We estimated breeding densities of loggerhead shrikes in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (APWRA), California, where annual shrike mortality caused by wind turbine collisions was high until just before our study began in 2016. Based on surveys across an annual average 50 randomized sampling plots in 2016–2019, we estimated an average 129 breeding pairs/year across the 167.6-km² APWRA. Relative to the size of the study area, density in the APWRA was relatively high compared to densities reported from other study sites across North America. It was higher than predicted by application of the Partners in Flight estimator, which was based on Breeding Bird Surveys along roads. We also found that loggerhead shrikes in the APWRA were limited by the availability of nest substrate and by California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi) and their burrow complexes, which have keystone effects on vegetation and wildlife in the APWRA. To most effectively conserve loggerhead shrikes in the APWRA, wind turbine mortality should be minimized, ground squirrels conserved instead of eradicated as pests, and appropriate trees and shrubs cultivated where they are needed. Full article

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18 pages, 2102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aquatic Habitat Bird Occurrences at Photovoltaic Solar Energy Development in Southern California, USA

by Karl Kosciuch, Daniel Riser-Espinoza, Cyrus Moqtaderi and Wallace Erickson

Diversity 2021, 13(11), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110524 - 23 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5617

Abstract

The development of photovoltaic (PV) utility-scale solar energy (USSE) in the desert Southwest has the potential to negatively affect birds through collision mortality. Based on early patterns in fatality monitoring data, the lake effect hypothesis (LEH) was developed and suggested that birds misinterpret [...] Read more.

The development of photovoltaic (PV) utility-scale solar energy (USSE) in the desert Southwest has the potential to negatively affect birds through collision mortality. Based on early patterns in fatality monitoring data, the lake effect hypothesis (LEH) was developed and suggested that birds misinterpret PV solar panels for water. As the LEH was only recently defined and inference beyond bird mortality is limited, our research objective was to examine the species composition, abundance, and distribution of live and dead aquatic habitat birds at five PV solar facilities and paired reference areas in southern California. Further, we collected data from a small regional lake as an indicator of the potential aquatic habitat bird community that could occur at our study sites. Using an ordination analysis, we found the lake grouped away from the other study sites. Although the bird community (live and dead) at the solar facilities contained aquatic habitat species, Chao’s diversity was higher, and standardized use was more than an order of magnitude higher at the lake. Finally, we did not observe aquatic habitat bird fatalities in the desert/scrub and grassland reference areas. Thus, the idea of a “lake effect” in which aquatic habitat birds perceive a PV USSE facility as a waterbody and are broadly attracted is likely a nuanced process as a PV solar facility is unlikely to provide a signal of a lake to all aquatic habitat birds at all times. Full article

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15 pages, 27783 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Zoometric Characterization of Creole Cows from the Southern Amazon Region of Peru

by Ricardo Encina Ruiz, José Américo Saucedo-Uriarte, Segundo Melecio Portocarrero-Villegas, Hurley Abel Quispe-Ccasa and Ilse Silvia Cayo-Colca

Diversity 2021, 13(11), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13110510 - 20 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4224

Abstract

Bovine breeding began in Peru more than five centuries ago; since then, adaptation has started. Nowadays, Creole cattle are part of economic activities of Peruvian farmers, as they supply food and profits, among other things, for families in Andean region. Creole cattle have [...] Read more.

Bovine breeding began in Peru more than five centuries ago; since then, adaptation has started. Nowadays, Creole cattle are part of economic activities of Peruvian farmers, as they supply food and profits, among other things, for families in Andean region. Creole cattle have many strengths such as resistance to diseases, low nutrient requirements and easy adaptation to different levels of altitude and environmental conditions. However, even with all these attributes, they are not valued within production systems. Moreover, these valuable genetic resources are disappearing gradually in Perú. For this reason, this study aims to characterize the zoometry of Creole cows from the Southern Amazonas region of Peru. Biotype classification was performed by hierarchical cluster and multivariate factors analysis. Qualitative traits were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Duncan’s test (α = 0.05) was used to compare means among groups. Associations between qualitative traits were determined with Chi-square. We distinguished three biotypes of Creole cows with characteristics for meat and milk production. This information is helpful for future conservation programs for Creole cattle. Full article

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18 pages, 4160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitogenomes of Three Satyrid Butterfly Species (Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera) and Reconstructed Phylogeny of Satyrinae

by Zhicuo Dan, Lei Duan, Zhenning Chen, Delong Guan and Shengquan Xu

Diversity 2021, 13(10), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13100468 - 27 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2800

Abstract

Satyrinae is a 3000-species butterfly subfamily of Nymphalidae. The higher-level classification of this family is still controversial. In this research, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of three satyrid butterfly species, Hipparchia autonoe, Paroeneis palaearctica, and Oeneis buddha, and studied the [...] Read more.

Satyrinae is a 3000-species butterfly subfamily of Nymphalidae. The higher-level classification of this family is still controversial. In this research, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of three satyrid butterfly species, Hipparchia autonoe, Paroeneis palaearctica, and Oeneis buddha, and studied the phylogeny of Satyrinae with all known complete mitogenomes. The results showed that the lengths of the three satyrid butterfly mitogenomes are 15,435 bp (H. Autonoe), 15,942 bp (P. palaearctica), and 15,259 bp (O. buddha). Gene content and arrangement of newly sequenced mitogenomes are highly conserved and are typical of Lepidoptera. These three mitogenomes were found to have a typical set of 37 genes and an A + T-rich region. The tRNA genes in these three mitogenomes showed a typical clover leaf structure, but the stem of tRNASer (AGN) was lacking dihydroacridine. In these three species, the lengths of the A + T-rich regions were different, which led to differences in mitochondrial genome sizes. The characterizations of the three mitogenomes enrich our knowledge on the Lepidopteran mitogenome and provide us genetic information to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree. Finally, the phylogenetic results confirmed the position of the genus Davidina in the subfamily Satyrini, had a closer phylogenetic relationship with Oeneis, and the phylogenetic analysis supported the formation of Oeneis buddha as an independent taxon in Oeneis. Full article

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12 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of eDNA Metabarcoding for Detecting Anura on a Tropical Island

by Wenhao Li, Tianjian Song, Xianglei Hou, Mingshuo Qin, Chunxia Xu and Yiming Li

Diversity 2021, 13(9), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13090440 - 12 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3163

Abstract

As anuran biodiversity quickly declines, it is important to understand local patterns of anuran occurrence. However, the limitations of traditional sampling methods make anuran biodiversity surveys inadequate. Tropical environments are rich in anuran species, which makes biodiversity measurements more difficult. Therefore, it is [...] Read more.

As anuran biodiversity quickly declines, it is important to understand local patterns of anuran occurrence. However, the limitations of traditional sampling methods make anuran biodiversity surveys inadequate. Tropical environments are rich in anuran species, which makes biodiversity measurements more difficult. Therefore, it is important to develop a rapid, inexpensive and nondestructive method to measure anuran biodiversity in tropical environments. We used eDNA metabarcoding to measure anuran diversity at 288 sites in 18 regions of Hainan Island. We also used traditional methods and compared the results with those obtained through the eDNA metabarcoding methods. We detected 9 anuran species by traditional sampling methods. We produced 626 million reads by eDNA metabarcoding and assigned them to 15 anuran species. Therefore, eDNA metabarcoding can be used for rapid and large-scale anuran biodiversity surveys. Full article

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18 pages, 2095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Phylogeography of Southern African Bird Species Suggests an Ephemeral Speciation Model

by Gary Voelker, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Jerry W. Huntley and Rauri C. K. Bowie

Diversity 2021, 13(9), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13090434 - 9 Sep 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3053

Abstract

Southern Africa is remarkably rich in avian species diversity; however, the evolutionary and biogeographic mechanisms responsible for that diversity are, in general, poorly understood, and this is particularly true with respect to the many species that are endemic or near-endemic to the region. [...] Read more.

Southern Africa is remarkably rich in avian species diversity; however, the evolutionary and biogeographic mechanisms responsible for that diversity are, in general, poorly understood, and this is particularly true with respect to the many species that are endemic or near-endemic to the region. Here, we used mtDNA to assess genetic structure in three southern African bird species to determine whether each was genetically panmictic, or whether there was standing genetic variation upon which abiotic factors (e.g., climate, biome boundaries, geographic features) could have acted to drive lineage diversification. Haplotype diversity was partitioned into two (two species) or three (one species) distinct haplotype clusters that did not reflect biogeographic or biome partitioning; instead, haplotype clusters overlapped in central South Africa. Population and demographic analyses, along with ecological niche modeling and Bayesian Skyline Plots, indicated that each of the three species were likely isolated in refugia during Pleistocene climatic perturbations, with subsequent expansions from refugia resulting in present-day overlapping distributions. Collectively, our analyses suggest that an ephemeral speciation model is operating in southern Africa, driven by the dynamic climatic oscillations that characterize the region. At least some of the regional endemic bird species (e.g., White-eyes, Zosterops spp.) may be the result of sufficiently long periods in refugia as opposed to the distinct but ephemeral clusters recovered within our three focal species. Full article

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35 pages, 10736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioacoustics Reveal Hidden Diversity in Frogs: Two New Species of the Genus Limnonectes from Myanmar (Amphibia, Anura, Dicroglossidae)

by Gunther Köhler, Britta Zwitzers, Ni Lar Than, Deepak Kumar Gupta, Axel Janke, Steffen U. Pauls and Panupong Thammachoti

Diversity 2021, 13(9), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13090399 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4140

Abstract

Striking geographic variation in male advertisement calls was observed in frogs formerly referred to as Limnonectes doriae and L. limborgi, respectively. Subsequent analyses of mtDNA and external morphological data brought supporting evidence for the recognition of these populations as distinct species. We [...] Read more.

Striking geographic variation in male advertisement calls was observed in frogs formerly referred to as Limnonectes doriae and L. limborgi, respectively. Subsequent analyses of mtDNA and external morphological data brought supporting evidence for the recognition of these populations as distinct species. We describe two new frog species of the genus Limnonectes (i.e., L. bagoensis sp. nov. and L. bagoyoma sp. nov.) from Myanmar. Limnonectes bagoensis sp. nov. is closely related to L. doriae whereas L. bagoyoma sp. nov. is closely related to L. limborgi. Results of this integrative study provide evidence for the presence of additional undescribed species in these species complexes but due to the lack of bioacoustical data, we consider these additional diverging populations as candidate species that need further study to resolve their respective taxonomic status. Both new species are distributed in Lower Myanmar. Limnonectes doriae is restricted to southern Myanmar along the Malayan Peninsula whereas L. limborgi is known to occur in eastern Myanmar and northwestern Thailand. The remaining populations formerly referred to as either L. doriae or L. limborgi are considered representatives of various candidate species that await further study. We further provide a de novo draft genome of the respective holotypes of L. bagoensis sp. nov. and L. bagoyoma sp. nov. based on short-read sequencing technology to 25-fold coverage. Full article

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13 pages, 1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Climate Impacts on Vocal Activity in Two Neotropical Nonpasserines

by Cristian Pérez-Granados and Karl-L. Schuchmann

Diversity 2021, 13(7), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13070319 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3841

Abstract

Climatic conditions represent one of the main constraints that influence avian calling behavior. Here, we monitored the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) and the Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) during the dry and wet seasons in [...] Read more.

Climatic conditions represent one of the main constraints that influence avian calling behavior. Here, we monitored the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou (Crypturellus undulatus) and the Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis) during the dry and wet seasons in the Brazilian Pantanal. We aimed to assess the effects of climate predictors on the vocal activity of these focal species and evaluate whether these effects may vary among seasons. Air temperature was positively associated with the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season. However, the vocal activity of both species was unrelated to air temperature during the wet season, when higher temperatures occur. Daily rainfall was positively related to the daily calling activity of both species during the dry season, when rainfall events are scarce and seem to act as a trigger for breeding phenology of the focal species. Nonetheless, daily rainfall was negatively associated with the daily calling activity of the Undulated Tinamou during the wet season, when rainfall was abundant. This study improves our understanding of the vocal behavior of tropical birds and their relationships with climate, but further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the associations found in our study. Full article

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Planarians, a Neglected Component of Biodiversity in Groundwaters

by Benedetta Barzaghi, Davide De Giorgi, Roberta Pennati and Raoul Manenti

Diversity 2021, 13(5), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/d13050178 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3745

Abstract

Underground waters are still one of the most important sources of drinking water for the planet. Moreover, the fauna that inhabits these waters is still little known, even if it could be used as an effective bioindicator. Among cave invertebrates, planarians are strongly [...] Read more.

Underground waters are still one of the most important sources of drinking water for the planet. Moreover, the fauna that inhabits these waters is still little known, even if it could be used as an effective bioindicator. Among cave invertebrates, planarians are strongly suited to be used as a study model to understand adaptations and trophic web features. Here, we show a systematic literature review that aims to investigate the studies done so far on groundwater-dwelling planarians. The research was done using Google Scholar and Web of Science databases. Using the key words “Planarian cave” and “Flatworm Cave” we found 2273 papers that our selection reduced to only 48, providing 113 usable observations on 107 different species of planarians from both groundwaters and springs. Among the most interesting results, it emerged that planarians are at the top of the food chain in two thirds of the reported caves, and in both groundwaters and springs they show a high variability of morphological adaptations to subterranean environments. This is a first attempt to review the phylogeny of the groundwater-dwelling planarias, focusing on the online literature. The paucity of information underlines that scarce attention has been dedicated to these animals. Further revisions, including old papers and books, not available online will be necessary. Full article

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