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Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022)

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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 27609

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Oguzhan Ceylan

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Guest Editor

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey
Interests: power systems; smart grids; numerical computing; parallel computing; optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Murat Gol

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Guest Editor

Electric-Electronic Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Çankaya, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
Interests: power system state estimation; phasor measurement units (PMUs); computational methods applied to power systems; power system analysis; parameter estimation; fault location; smart grid; power quality; power system modeling; renewables (solar and wind power)

Prof. Dr. Aydogan Ozdemir

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34467, Turkey
Interests: high-voltage engineering; power system reliability; smart grids; intelligent systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 57^th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC 2022) will be hosted from 30 August to 2 September 2022 by Istanbul Technical University, Turkey and Kadir Has University, Turkey. UPEC 2022 continues the long tradition of the UPEC conferences. These conferences are particularly aimed at hosting scientific contributions presented by young researchers and Ph.D. students who meet each other, as well as with experienced researchers and professors, to discuss their research lines. The theme of the 57^th edition is “Big Data and Smart Grids”, and it will deal with a range of research topics in power engineering. This Special Issue will include selected papers addressing both the current concerns of the power/energy sector and upcoming challenging problems of future grids.

The topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Active distribution networks and virtual power plants;
Advanced metering infrastructures;
Condition monitoring and diagnostics;
Continuity of supply, reliability and resilience;
Data analytics and artificial intelligence applied to power systems;
Demand-side management, flexibility and demand response;
Distributed generation;
Electric vehicles and e-mobility;
Electrical machines and drives;
Electromagnetics and electrostatics;
Energy efficiency in buildings;
Energy storage;
Environmental impacts and targets;
High-voltage engineering;
HVDC, FACTS and power electronics;
ICT for future electricity grids;
Load and generation forecasting;
Magnetic materials for energy;
Multi-energy systems and networks;
Power engineering education;
Power quality;
Power system economics and electricity markets;
Power system modeling and analysis;
Power system operations and control;
Power system optimization and planning;
Power system protection;
Renewable energy systems;
Smart grids;
Substation and distribution system automation;
Sustainable e-transition;
Transient analysis and EMTP modeling.

Dr. Oguzhan Ceylan
Dr. Murat Gol
Prof. Dr. Aydogan Ozdemir
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

power systems operations and control
electrical power engineering
power systems
smart grids
renewable energy
distributed generation and storage
electric vehicle
big data and smart grids
high-voltage engineering
electricity markets

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 4527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Hierarchical Digital Twin for Power Systems Using Real-Time Simulation

by Stephan Ruhe, Kevin Schaefer, Stefan Branz, Steffen Nicolai, Peter Bretschneider and Dirk Westermann

Electronics 2023, 12(12), 2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122747 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

This paper presents a hierarchical Digital Twin architecture and implementation that uses real-time simulation to emulate the physical grid and support grid planning and operation. With the demand for detailed grid information for automated grid operations and the ongoing transformation of energy systems, the Digital Twin can extend data acquisition by establishing a reliable real-time simulation. The system uses observer algorithms to process model information about the voltage dependencies of grid nodes, providing information about the dynamic behavior of the grid. The architecture implements multiple layers of data monitoring, processing, and simulation to create node-specific Digital Twins that are integrated into a real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop setup. The paper includes a simulation study that validates the accuracy of the Digital Twin, in terms of steady-state conditions, dynamic behavior, and required processing time. The results show that the proposed architecture can replicate the physical grid with high accuracy and corresponding dynamic behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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21 pages, 2175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Extended Approach to the Evaluation of Energy Storage Systems: A Case Study of Li-Ion Batteries

by Salvatore Cellura, Andrea Mazza, Ettore Bompard and Stefano Corgnati

Electronics 2023, 12(11), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112391 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2427

Abstract

Energy storage technologies can act as flexibility sources for supporting the energy transition, enabling the decarbonisation of the grid service provision and the active engagement of the customers (both prosumers and consumers), opening for them new business opportunities. Within storage technologies, Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries represent an interesting solution for dealing with the majority of these services. In this context, this study addresses an evaluation of economic, environmental and geopolitical risks with reference to the critical raw materials used in the manufacturing of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Li-ion batteries. The assessment entailes grid and prosumer services that these batteries can provide. The exploited economic indicator is the Levelised Cost of Storage, whereas six environmental indicators are used for environmental impact estimation. Cycle stages accounted for in the analysis are the manufacturing and use phases. Finally, the evaluation of the impact of critical raw materials is performed by deploying a Supply Risk indicator, which is instead assessed considering every single material and the overall risk for the battery. High-risk materials are represented by Graphite and Phosphorous. Results denote that, for each service, the number of cycles and the discharge duration are pivotal to make the investment economically and environmentally sustainable. The reduction in the Net Import Reliance, as well as the increase in the Recycling Rate, could sensibly reduce the risk associated with battery raw materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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20 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits of Monthly Storage Rates in Shared Storage for Energetic Communities

by Marcel Böhringer, Achraf Kharrat and Jutta Hanson

Electronics 2023, 12(10), 2222; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12102222 - 13 May 2023

Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Community energy storages, i.e., central battery storages that take over the self-consumption optimisation of energetic communities, can play a central role in the cellular structure of the energy system. However, if the central storage is only used for optimising households’ self-demand, the use is neither economical nor efficient. Therefore, it is conceivable to use the storage for different applications. This article focused on a monthly storage rate for households in energetic communities. First, different households’ storage capacities were determined to demonstrate the benefits of a monthly adjustment in the shared storage for households and storage operators. The advantages are shown compared to annual storage rates and they can be seen on both sides. Households can increase their degree of self-sufficiency and their self-consumption rate through the monthly storage rates. In addition, the storage operator gains more security through the fixed monthly storage rates and has further opportunities to generate revenue through daily sales. In some months, the results show a secondary use potential of over 82% related to the monthly rate, which is determined by the complete data set and additionally substantiated for two exemplary households. In the second part of the article, the annual and monthly storage rates for different kinds of households were transferred into a multiple linear regression model. The model enables us to determine the monthly and annual storage rates of households on the basis of the annual electricity consumption, the installed photovoltaic power, and the rated power of the electric vehicle charging station as well as the heat pump. The estimated results show small deviations from the calculated results and can be used to simplify the planning of the community energy storage for various districts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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14 pages, 543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PMU-Based Dynamic Model Calibration of Type 4 Wind Turbine Generators

by Fatih Erden, Etki Acilan, Oguzhan Ustundag, Ersan Bozkurt and Murat Gol

Electronics 2023, 12(9), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12092004 - 26 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1366

Abstract

In today’s power system where the share of renewables is rapidly increasing, the system now exhibits a more dynamic behavior compared to the past. Therefore, the importance of dynamic simulations at every level of the power system is crucial for the system operators. However, calibration of model parameters and their regular controlling are required to simulate the real-life behavior of the system correctly. This paper aims to improve the dynamic simulations by calibrating the parameters of the Type 4 wind turbine generator model. The employed method uses an ensemble Kalman filter to estimate the model states and calibrate parameters. For the simulation environment, SIEMENS PSS®E software (v35.5) and its Python^TM API are utilized. After the sensitivity and collinearity analyses, during the transient event, the erroneous model parameters are calibrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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24 pages, 6134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transient Frequency Estimation Methods for the Fast Frequency Response in Converter Control

by Anna Pfendler, Rafael Steppan and Jutta Hanson

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081862 - 14 Apr 2023

Viewed by 2305

Abstract

In an interconnected power system, frequency control and stability are of vital importance and indicators of system-wide active power balance. The shutdown of conventional power plants leads to faster frequency changes and a steeper frequency gradient due to reduced system inertia. For this reason, the importance of electrical frequency estimation methods is increasing, among others, as an input for the control of converter-based generation plants. The aim of this work is to implement, compare, and analyze the robustness of the Phase-Locked-Loop and Zero-Crossing, Gauss–Newton, and recursive Gauss–Newton methods in time-domain simulations in Matlab/Simulink. The parameters of these methods are tuned for different scenarios in a medium-voltage testbench. The sensitive parameters of the frequency estimation methods show a linear correlation to the magnitude of the active power imbalance so a simple implementation can be designed for simulations. With the linearized parameter calculation for the frequency estimation methods, the local frequency as an input for converter control is used for the fast frequency response of a full power converter, which counteracts frequency deviations in the power system. Finally, two different implementations of the fast frequency response are compared. The Zero-Crossing Method shows the best robustness and the Phase-Locked Loop achieves the absolute best result. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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18 pages, 4616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sequentially Coordinated and Cooperative Volt/Var Control of PV Inverters in Distribution Networks

by Fathy Aboshady, Oguzhan Ceylan, Ahmed F. Zobaa, Aydogan Ozdemir, Gareth Taylor and Ioana Pisica

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081765 - 7 Apr 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1824

Abstract

Electric distribution grids are seeing an increased penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation. High PV generation exceeding the grid load demand results in a reverse active power flow in the grid, which raises the voltage level. This paper presents a reactive power controller to overcome the overvoltage problem in the distribution system. A sequentially coordinated and cooperative volt/var control technique is presented. The proposed controller aims to use as low reactive power as possible while mitigating the voltage issues. Accordingly, it reduces the active power loss associated with reactive power flow and reduces the probability for active power curtailment of the PV system. The controller is developed for each lateral and is replicated for all laterals. The lateral controller coordinates the operation of the smart PV inverters in a sequential manner. Cooperative control is proposed between the laterals’ controllers as well and is engaged when the individual laterals’ controllers are unable to solve their overvoltage issues. The performance of the proposed controller is evaluated by comparing it to two other volt/var controllers, and it demonstrates better performance in terms of reactive power requirement. To conduct the simulation study, a modified version of the unbalanced IEEE 13-bus system is utilized, which includes an additional 44 low-voltage bus. The study involves simulating 720 operating points across daily time series. The results indicate that the proposed controller effectively addresses overvoltage problems that occur during periods of high PV generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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20 pages, 3478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources on the Frequency Stability of the Saudi Grid

by Saad Alqahtani, Abdullah Shaher, Ali Garada and Liana Cipcigan

Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1470; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061470 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4347

Abstract

The high penetration of inverter-fed renewable energy sources (RESs) in modern energy systems has led to a reduction in the system’s inertial response. This reduction in the rotational inertial response is associated with synchronous generation and might result in a deteriorated frequency response following a power disturbance. This paper investigates the frequency stability of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s (KSA) grid. It includes a description of the changing energy landscape of the KSA’s electricity grid and an investigation of the impact of high penetration levels of inverter-fed RESs on the dynamic behavior of the KSA grid. The impact of RESs has been studied through a simulation of case studies of the future KSA power system using the MATLAB/Simulink simulation software. The frequency stability of the KSA’s power system has been evaluated with various RES levels under peak and base load conditions. The simulation results show that the high penetration levels of RESs dramatically affect the system’s frequency response, especially under off-peak conditions. In addition, the significance of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) for compensating the reduction in the system inertial response has been addressed. The results show the effectiveness of aggregated BESSs for enhancing the system frequency control of the KSA grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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15 pages, 2552 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Performance Optimization of a Blockchain-Enabled Information and Data Exchange Platform for Smart Grids

by Mubashar Amjad, Gareth Taylor, Zhengwen Huang, Maozhen Li and Chun Sing Lai

Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061405 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2176

Abstract

Exchanging information and data within smart grids is crucial to improve interoperability among system users. Traditional cloud-based data exchange schemes are centralized on a single trusted third-party platform. The schemes consequently suffer from single-point failure, a lack of data protection, and uncontrolled access. Blockchain enables data exchange in a decentralised and secure manner. A new platform is proposed in this work for exchanging data within smart grids using blockchain. It allows users to securely exchange data without losing ownership. This platform provides solutions to three critical problems: privacy, scalability, and user ownership. Particularly, the blockchain-based smart contract technology gives participants the programmability to access data. All interactions are authenticated and recorded by the other participants in the tamper-resistant blockchain network. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed blockchain platform is enhanced by integrating it with an artificial neural network (ANN). The proposed method is used to predict the network’s throughput and latency, and the network administrator uses these predicted values to change the network’s settings for a high throughput and low latency. Throughout the results, the proposed model achieves performance improvements in blockchain-enabled information and data exchange and adapts well to the dynamics of smart grids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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24 pages, 4487 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Frequency and Voltage Compliance Capabilities of Grid-Forming Wind Turbines in Offshore Wind Farms in Weak AC Grids

by Benjamin Vilmann, Peter Jan Randewijk, Hjörtur Jóhannsson, Jesper Hjerrild and Ashraf Khalil

Electronics 2023, 12(5), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051114 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3386

Abstract

Weak grid conditions challenge the grid integration of offshore wind farms. Especially grids with low inertia and large grid impedance questions frequency and voltage compliance capabilities. Grid-forming wind turbines are a promising technology for weak grids due to the nature of their control strategy. This paper explains the difference in how weak grid conditions are described in the literature and shows how the voltage stability margin changes with the short-circuit ratio and X/R ratio. With that knowledge, the frequency and voltage compliance capabilities of three grid-forming controls in an offshore wind farm are investigated and benchmarked. These three controls are a droop control, a virtual synchronous machine, and a synchronverter. This was done by quantifying their performance during a frequency disturbance with sensitivity to the short-circuit ratio, X/R ratio, and the inertia constant, H. It is concluded that the virtual synchronous machine is the most compliant grid-forming control and that DC-link modeling is of great importance when testing compliance during frequency disturbances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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16 pages, 4014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Voltage Fluctuations for Battery Storage Systems Providing Frequency Response Services

by Stephen Sommerville, Gareth Taylor and Maysam Abbod

Electronics 2023, 12(5), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051084 - 22 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2754

Abstract

This paper investigates voltage fluctuations caused by the operation of battery energy storage (BES) units which provide frequency response (FR) and fast frequency response (FFR) services using a test network based on a typical part of the United Kingdom (UK) mainland system. This paper provides an overview of current FR/FFR services currently used in the UK, and a summary of their typical modes of operation. Using DIgSILENT Powerfactory, the paper introduces a simple frequency disturbance generator to mimic typical frequency disturbances that would occur in the UK network, and then subsequently uses a representative test distribution network to show how voltage disturbances associated with BES units can develop across the electrical network. The paper provides a contribution to knowledge by creating a systematic approach for assessing voltage disturbance and flicker concerns for BES units on island networks, using a simple control algorithm and novel frequency disturbance generator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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33 pages, 2288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Unidirectional Smart Charging Management Algorithm for Electric Buses

by Nicolae Darii, Roberto Turri, Keith Sunderland and Fabio Bignucolo

Electronics 2023, 12(4), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040852 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1837

Abstract

The difficulty of controlling the charging of electric buses (EBs) and their effects on network demand are discussed in this study. The solutions suggest a call for worldwide, complex infrastructures that manage EVs and EBs equally. Additionally, the Distribution Network (DN) must be prepared for an increased prevalence of reverse power flow caused by widespread distributed renewable generation. This paper focuses exclusively on EBs since they have higher capacity and predictable charging patterns, which makes them more significant for the DN in the context of a transition to complete vehicle electrification and technologies that are mature enough to be hosted. The proposed algorithm employs the Day-Ahead Energy Market (DAEM) in the Smart Charging (SC) to forecast the network operating circumstances. Additionally, the technique makes it possible to facilitate distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation, allowing network demand to be referenced depending on net demand. It also identifies an appropriate individual charger current per vehicle and per-time-step with load-levelling or peak-shaving as its primary goal. The final real demand demonstrates that a coarse correction of the demand is possible. According to the analysis of the DN voltage profile and associated line losses, the ideal node position location of the CS is dependent on PV penetration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Engineering—Selected Papers from 57th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC2022))

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