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20 pages, 1356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Secrecy Outage Performance and Power Allocation for Three Secondary Users CR-NOMA Networks with Transmit Antenna Selection

by Shuo Lv and Jianbo Ji

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1896; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081896 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1299

Abstract

Cognitive radio inspired non-orthogonal multiple access (CR-NOMA) networks are a research focus in the wireless communication field. The secure communication of wireless networks has become a pressing issue due to the openness of the wireless channel. Multiple-antenna technology can enhance the secrecy performance [...] Read more.

Cognitive radio inspired non-orthogonal multiple access (CR-NOMA) networks are a research focus in the wireless communication field. The secure communication of wireless networks has become a pressing issue due to the openness of the wireless channel. Multiple-antenna technology can enhance the secrecy performance in CR-NOMA networks, thus we propose a multiple-input-single-output (MISO) CR-NOMA network where the base station (BS) is equipped with multiple antennas, while others have a single antenna in the paper. The BS serves three secondary users in the presence of an eavesdropper and a primary user. We propose two transmit antenna selection (TAS) schemes, namely the space-time transmission (ST) scheme and the maximum channel capacity (MCC) scheme, respectively. Firstly, we obtain an exact closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of three secondary users and the overall SOP of the networks with the two schemes, respectively. To gain further insights, the present study analyzes the asymptotic SOP performance to analyze the relationship between the network parameters and secrecy outage performance. Based on this, we propose a power allocation algorithm to further improve the secrecy outage performance of the networks. Finally, we verify the analyses with Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical and simulation results demonstrate that: (1) The MCC scheme outperforms the ST scheme on the secrecy outage performance. (2) The proposed power allocation algorithm optimizes the secrecy outage performance of the networks. (3) There exists a sole respective optimal power allocation factor for a BS different transmission power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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11 pages, 1199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliable Resource Allocation and Management for IoT Transportation Using Fog Computing

by Haseeb Ullah Atiq, Zulfiqar Ahmad, Sardar Khaliq uz Zaman, Muhammad Amir Khan, Asad Ali Shaikh and Amal Al-Rasheed

Electronics 2023, 12(6), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061452 - 19 Mar 2023

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2810

Abstract

Resource allocation in smart settings, more specifically in Internet of Things (IoT) transportation, is challenging due to the complexity and dynamic nature of fog computing. The demands of users may alter over time, necessitating more trustworthy resource allocation and administration. Effective resource allocation [...] Read more.

Resource allocation in smart settings, more specifically in Internet of Things (IoT) transportation, is challenging due to the complexity and dynamic nature of fog computing. The demands of users may alter over time, necessitating more trustworthy resource allocation and administration. Effective resource allocation and management systems must be designed to accommodate changing user needs. Fog devices don’t just run fog-specific software. Resource and link failures could be brought on by the absence of centralised administration, device autonomy, and wireless communication in the fog environment. Resources must be allocated and managed effectively because the majority of fog devices are battery-powered. Latency-aware IoT applications, such as intelligent transportation, healthcare, and emergency response, are now pervasive as a result of the enormous growth of ubiquitous computing. These services generate a large amount of data, which requires edge processing. The flexibility and services on-demand for the cloud can successfully manage these applications. It’s not always advisable to manage IoT applications exclusively in the cloud, especially for latency-sensitive applications. Thus, fog computing has emerged as a bridge between the cloud and the devices it supports. This is typically how sensors and IoT devices are connected. These neighbouring Fog devices control storage and intermediary computation. In order to improve the Fog environment reliability in IoT-based systems, this paper suggests resource allocation and management strategy. When assigning resources, latency and energy efficiency are taken into account. Users may prioritise cost-effectiveness over speed in a fog. Simulation was performed in the iFogSim2 simulation tool, and performance was compared with one of the existing state-of-the-art strategy. A comparison of results shows that the proposed strategy reduced latency by 10.3% and energy consumption by 21.85% when compared with the existing strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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16 pages, 995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Spectrum and Power Allocation with User Association for 5G/Wi-Fi Coexisting Millimeter Wave Networks

by Yuxuan Xie, Danpu Liu and Fangfang Yin

Electronics 2023, 12(4), 959; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040959 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1547

Abstract

With the exponential growth of mobile data traffic, the deployment of a large number of devices in the hot-spot gathering scenario has brought great challenges to the current wireless communication network. Considering that the user service latency of unidirectional data offloading scheme is [...] Read more.

With the exponential growth of mobile data traffic, the deployment of a large number of devices in the hot-spot gathering scenario has brought great challenges to the current wireless communication network. Considering that the user service latency of unidirectional data offloading scheme is still unacceptable when 5G and Wi-Fi coexist on the unlicensed 60 GHz band, we investigate a bidirectional data offloading scheme with resource allocation in this study. More specifically, aggregation nodes (ANs) are deployed in the coverage of Wi-Fi AP to receive multi-user data in parallel in order to reduce the collision probability of transmitted packets. Then, we formulate an optimization problem aiming to maximize the sum rate through spectrum and power allocation as well as user association. The problem is then decomposed into three sub-problems and solved successively, where RSSI (received signal strength indicator) as the standard determines the user association, while the algorithms of multi-stage matching and successive convex approximation are used for solving spectrum allocation and power allocation, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively increase the total capacity of the uplink coexisting networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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16 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing NOMA’s Spectrum Efficiency in a 5G Network through Cooperative Spectrum Sharing

by Mohamed Hassan, Manwinder Singh, Khalid Hamid, Rashid Saeed, Maha Abdelhaq, Raed Alsaqour and Nidhal Odeh

Electronics 2023, 12(4), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040815 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2748

Abstract

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the most effective techniques for meeting the spectrum efficiency (SE) requirements of 5G and beyond networks. This paper presents two novel methods for improving the SE of the downlink (DL) NOMA power domain (PD) integrated with [...] Read more.

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the most effective techniques for meeting the spectrum efficiency (SE) requirements of 5G and beyond networks. This paper presents two novel methods for improving the SE of the downlink (DL) NOMA power domain (PD) integrated with a cooperative cognitive radio network (CCRN) in a 5G network using single-input and single-output (SISO), multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), and massive MIMO (M-MIMO) in the same network and in a single cell. In the first method, NOMA users compete for free channels in a competing channel (C-CH) on the CCRN. The second method provides NOMA users with a dedicated channel (D-CH) with high priority. The proposed methods are evaluated using the Matlab software program using the three scenarios with different distances, power location coefficients, and transmitting power. Four users are assumed to operate on 80 MHz bandwidths (BWs) and use the quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation technique in all three scenarios. Successive interference cancellation (SIC) and unstable channel conditions are also considered when evaluating the performance of the proposed system under the assumption of frequency selective Rayleigh fading. The best four-user SE performance obtained by user U4 was 3.9 bps/Hz/cell for SISO DL NOMA, 5.1 bps/Hz/cell for SISO DL NOMA with CCRN with C-CH, and 7.2 bps/Hz/cell for SISO DL NOMA with CCRN with D-CH at 40 dBm transmit power. While 64 × 64 MIMO DL NOMA improved SE performance of the best-use U4 by 51%, 64 × 64 MIMO DL NOMA with C-CH CCRN enhanced SE performance by 64%, and 64 × 64 MIMO DL NOMA with D-CH CCRN boosted performance by 65% SE compared to SISO DL NOMA at 40 dB transmit power. While 128 × 128 M-MIMO DL NOMA improved SE performance for the best U4 user by 79%, 128 × 128 M-MIMO DL NOMA with C-CH CCRN boosted SE performance by 85%, and 128 × 128 M-MIMO DL NOMA with D-CH CCRN enhanced SE performance by 86% when compared to SISO DL NOMA SE performance at 40 dB transmit power. We discovered that the second proposed method, when using D-CH with CCR-NOMA, produced the best SE performance for users. On the other hand, the spectral efficiency is significantly increased when applying MIMO and M-MIMO techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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14 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Aware Next-Generation Mobile Routing Chains with Fog Computing for Emerging Applications

by Khalid Haseeb, Fahad A. Alzahrani, Mohammad Siraj, Zahid Ullah and Jaime Lloret

Electronics 2023, 12(3), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030574 - 23 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1841

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides robust services to connected sensors in a distributed manner, and maintains real-time communication using wireless standards. The smart network has offered many autonomous smart systems to collect information from remote nodes, and share it by exploring the [...] Read more.

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides robust services to connected sensors in a distributed manner, and maintains real-time communication using wireless standards. The smart network has offered many autonomous smart systems to collect information from remote nodes, and share it by exploring the network layer. Researchers have recently offered a variety of ways to increase the effectiveness of emerging applications using trustworthy relaying systems. However, there are still many issues with route reformulation due to frequent disconnections of mobile devices and resource limitations. Furthermore, most of the existing methods for IoT systems are unable to utilize network resources, which lowers the performance of green networks. Thus, providing a foolproof solution for the autonomous system with energy efficiency is a challenging task. Therefore, this paper presents an algorithm for the mobile network using fog computing to reduce network disconnectivity. Furthermore, using security services, the proposed algorithm efficiently explores the characteristics of the device, and avoids malicious traffic to drain the additional energy consumption of the network. The main aspects of the proposed algorithm are as follows: (i) using the adjustable transmission power, the proposed algorithm offers a fault-tolerant solution to transmit the aggregated data over the unpredictable wireless system; (ii) with the support of fog nodes, the data load is reduced among devices with the offering of a secured authentication scheme. Using simulations, the proposed algorithm is tested, and its significance is demonstrated against other related studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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18 pages, 2650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodological Proposal for the Analysis of Urban Mobility Using Wi-Fi Data and Artificial Intelligence Techniques: The Case of Palma

by Pau Salas, Vicente Ramos, Maurici Ruiz-Pérez and Bartomeu Alorda-Ladaria

Electronics 2023, 12(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030504 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1668

Abstract

Knowing and modeling mobility in smart city spaces is important for both planning and managing city resources. The optimization of public resources and the improvement of their management are some of the main concerns in the development of sustainable urban development policies. This [...] Read more.

Knowing and modeling mobility in smart city spaces is important for both planning and managing city resources. The optimization of public resources and the improvement of their management are some of the main concerns in the development of sustainable urban development policies. This study proposes the application of several artificial intelligence methodologies to support mobility planning based on data provided by public Wi-Fi infrastructures in the city. Considering that Wi-Fi networks provide high-frequency data about the devices under their coverage radius, three classification techniques are proposed: by frequency of occurrence of the devices, by estimation of the mode of transport, and by estimation of the most common travel routes. As a case study, the city of Palma (Mallorca, Spain), an international tourist destination where mobility is of singular importance, is selected. This study shows the results obtained from a Wi-Fi network with wide coverage that is integrated into the urban space. It provides novel and updatable information on the mobility model of the city by taking advantage of public high-frequency monitoring resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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23 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid PDA/FIR Filtering for Indoor Localization Using Wireless Sensor Networks

by Jung Min Pak

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010180 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1745

Abstract

Indoor localization systems using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used to track the positions of workers, robots, and equipment. In indoor spaces, the occasional obstruction of radio propagation by physical objects such as furniture, appliances, and humans is referred to as the [...] Read more.

Indoor localization systems using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used to track the positions of workers, robots, and equipment. In indoor spaces, the occasional obstruction of radio propagation by physical objects such as furniture, appliances, and humans is referred to as the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) problem and has been a challenge for indoor localization. In this study, a new indoor localization algorithm to overcome the NLOS problem is proposed. We propose a new method to use redundant fixed nodes and nearest neighbor (NN) measurements, which increases the probability of avoiding NLOS-contaminated measurements. In addition, we propose a novel localization algorithm that can handle the contaminated measurements as clutters. The proposed algorithm is based on the hybrid filtering structure in which probabilistic data association (PDA) filter and a finite impulse response (FIR) filter are used as main and assisting filters, respectively. We adopt the extended minimum variance FIR (EMVF) filter as an assisting FIR filter, which recovers the main PDA filter from failures. Thus, the resulting filter is referred to as hybrid PDA/FIR filter (HPFF). Extensive simulations using an indoor localization scenario in a long corridor were performed for evaluation of the proposed localization algorithm. The EKF using NN measurements improves localization accuracy under temporary NLOS conditions, and the PDA filter further enhances the localization accuracy of EKF. However, EKF and PDA filter cannot completely overcome NLOS problem and exhibit significant increase in errors under certain conditions. The HPFF produced localization accuracy with the root time-averaged mean square (RTAMS) position error under 0.4 m and did not fail under NLOS conditions. The accurate and reliable localization performance of HPFF was demonstrated in comparison with the EKF and PDA filter through extensive WSN-based indoor localization simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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16 pages, 4904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Penetration Losses at 3.5 GHz: Dependence on Polarization and Incidence Angle

by Manuel García Sánchez, Carlos Iglesias, Iñigo Cuiñas and Isabel Expósito

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010106 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3255

Abstract

We measured and analyzed the building penetration losses for four different kinds of facades as a function of the incidence angle and polarization at 3.5 GHz, which is a frequency of interest for fifth generation (5G) communication systems. Results show that the attenuation [...] Read more.

We measured and analyzed the building penetration losses for four different kinds of facades as a function of the incidence angle and polarization at 3.5 GHz, which is a frequency of interest for fifth generation (5G) communication systems. Results show that the attenuation may vary up to 8 dB with the incidence angle, which justifies the need for an angular characterization of the penetration losses, going beyond the simpler characterization used for normal incidence. We also found that there is a relevant polarization dependence of this attenuation, as electromagnetic theory predicts for wave transmission across flat discontinuities and even across flat dielectric slabs. Results would be of interest for the network design of future 5G base stations using orthogonal polarizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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13 pages, 3767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Fuzzy Inference System for Adaptive Resource Allocation in C-V2X Networks

by Teguh Indra Bayu, Yung-Fa Huang and Jeang-Kuo Chen

Electronics 2022, 11(23), 4063; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11234063 - 6 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1609

Abstract

Mode 4 of 3GPP Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) uses a new Sensing-Based Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SB-SPS) algorithm to manage its radio resources. SB-SPS applies a probabilistic approach to provide the resource allocation in the system. The resource keep probability (

P_{r k}

) variable [...] Read more.

Mode 4 of 3GPP Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) uses a new Sensing-Based Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SB-SPS) algorithm to manage its radio resources. SB-SPS applies a probabilistic approach to provide the resource allocation in the system. The resource keep probability (

P_{r k}

) variable plays an essential role in the resource allocation mechanism. Most of the previous works used a fixed

P_{r k}

value. However, the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) can be improved by adapting the optimal

P_{r k}

value. Hence, we propose a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) with two inputs, distance, and Channel State Information (CSI) to determine the suitable

P_{r k}

. The simulation results show that the proposed FIS method outperforms the other methods for sparse and congested road scenarios, with total numbers of vehicles at 200 and 400, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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19 pages, 8567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Assistance System for Ambulances to Minimise the Vibrations in Patient Cabin

by Abdulaziz Aldegheishem, Nabil Alrajeh, Lorena Parra, Oscar Romero and Jaime Lloret

Electronics 2022, 11(23), 3965; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11233965 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1921

Abstract

The ambulance service is the main transport for diseased or injured people which suffers the same acceleration forces as regular vehicles. These accelerations, caused by the movement of the vehicle, impact the performance of tasks executed by sanitary personnel, which can affect patient [...] Read more.

The ambulance service is the main transport for diseased or injured people which suffers the same acceleration forces as regular vehicles. These accelerations, caused by the movement of the vehicle, impact the performance of tasks executed by sanitary personnel, which can affect patient survival or recovery time. In this paper, we have trained, validated, and tested a system to assess driving in ambulance services. The proposed system is composed of a sensor node which measures the vehicle vibrations using an accelerometer. It also includes a GPS sensor, a battery, a display, and a speaker. When two possible routes reach the same destination point, the system compares the two routes based on previously classified data and calculates an index and a score. Thus, the index balances the possible routes in terms of time to reach the destination and the vibrations suffered in the patient cabin to recommend the route that minimises those vibrations. Three datasets are used to train, validate, and test the system. Based on an Artificial Neural network (ANN), the classification model is trained with tagged data classified as low, medium, and high vibrations, and 97% accuracy is achieved. Then, the obtained model is validated using data from three routes of another region. Finally, the system is tested in two new scenarios with two possible routes to reach the destination. The results indicate that the route with less vibration is preferred when there are low time differences (less than 6%) between the two possible routes. Nonetheless, with the current weighting factors, the shortest route is preferred when time differences between routes are higher than 20%, regardless of the higher vibrations in the shortest route. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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21 pages, 11935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of an On-Body Wireless Body Network Based on an Ultra-Wideband Physical Layer under a Dynamic Channel Model

by Kento Takabayashi, Hirokazu Tanaka and Katsumi Sakakibara

Electronics 2022, 11(21), 3491; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213491 - 27 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1687

Abstract

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are attracting attention as an important technology for realizing the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). In addition, ultra-wideband (UWB) is one of the wireless communication technologies suitable for the IoMT and WBANs. Our previous study investigated the feasibility [...] Read more.

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are attracting attention as an important technology for realizing the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). In addition, ultra-wideband (UWB) is one of the wireless communication technologies suitable for the IoMT and WBANs. Our previous study investigated the feasibility of WBANs utilizing UWB under ideal and static wearable WBAN channel models. The present research applies a dynamic on-body UWB channel model to a WBAN as a more realistic channel model. The feasibility of a high-reliability UWB-WBAN is demonstrated by evaluating the physical layer performance. Numerical results reveal the maximum number of retransmissions needed to achieve the desired transmission failure ratio for each link type and the corresponding energy efficiency and average number of retransmissions. These findings contribute to the realization of a highly reliable IoMT utilizing UWB-WBANs in a practical environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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15 pages, 1918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Interference Coordination Optimization Strategy for User Fairness in NOMA Heterogeneous Networks

by Zhihao Yu and Jia Hou

Electronics 2022, 11(11), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111700 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1531

Abstract

In order to comprehensively improve the performance of edge users in heterogeneous cellular networks and the fairness of network users, a downlink interference coordination optimization strategy in heterogeneous cellular networks with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based on the cell range expansion (CRE) and [...] Read more.

In order to comprehensively improve the performance of edge users in heterogeneous cellular networks and the fairness of network users, a downlink interference coordination optimization strategy in heterogeneous cellular networks with non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based on the cell range expansion (CRE) and the almost blank subframe (ABS) technology is proposed. Different from the traditional interference coordination strategy, a NOMA user pairing scheme combined with ABS technology and a dynamic NOMA power allocation scheme are designed to maximize the network fairness based on the optimized throughput of the edge users. The simulation results show that the proposed optimization strategy can balance the performance of network users more effectively to improve the throughput of edge users and network fairness than other NOMA user pairing and power allocation algorithms without the complexity being increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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17 pages, 12329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimized Load Balancing Using Firefly Algorithm in Flying Ad-Hoc Network

by Manjit Kaur, Deepak Prashar, Mamoon Rashid, Zeba Khanam, Sultan S. Alshamrani and Ahmed Saeed AlGhamdi

Electronics 2022, 11(2), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020252 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

In flying ad hoc networks (FANETs), load balancing is a vital issue. Numerous conventional routing protocols that have been created are ineffective at load balancing. The different scope of its applications has given it wide applicability, as well as the necessity for location [...] Read more.

In flying ad hoc networks (FANETs), load balancing is a vital issue. Numerous conventional routing protocols that have been created are ineffective at load balancing. The different scope of its applications has given it wide applicability, as well as the necessity for location assessment accuracy. Subsequently, implementing traffic congestion control based on the current connection status is difficult. To successfully tackle the above problem, we frame the traffic congestion control algorithm as a network utility optimization problem that takes different parameters of the network into account. For the location calculation of unknown nodes, the suggested approach distributes the computational load among flying nodes. Furthermore, the technique has been optimized in a FANET utilizing the firefly algorithm along with the traffic congestion control algorithm. The unknown nodes are located using the optimized backbone. Because the computational load is divided efficiently among the flying nodes, the simulation results show that our technique considerably enhances the network longevity and balanced traffic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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19 pages, 2426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proposal for a Localization System for an IoT Ecosystem

by Juraj Machaj, Peter Brida and Slavomir Matuska

Electronics 2021, 10(23), 3016; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10233016 - 2 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2077

Abstract

In the last decade, positioning using wireless signals has gained a lot of attention since it could open new opportunities for service providers. Localization is important, especially in indoor environments, where the widely used global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals suffer from high [...] Read more.

In the last decade, positioning using wireless signals has gained a lot of attention since it could open new opportunities for service providers. Localization is important, especially in indoor environments, where the widely used global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signals suffer from high signal attenuation and multipath propagation, resulting in poor accuracy or a loss of positioning service. Moreover, in an Internet of things (IoT) environment, the implementation of GNSS receivers into devices may result in higher demands on battery capacity, as well as increased cost of the hardware itself. Therefore, alternative localization systems that are based on wireless signals for the communication of IoT devices are gaining a lot of attention. In this paper, we provide a design of an IoT localization system, which consists of multiple localization modules that can be utilized for the positioning of IoT devices that are connected thru various wireless technologies. The proposed system can currently perform localization based on received signals from LoRaWAN, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, UWB and cellular technologies. The implemented pedestrian dead reckoning algorithm can process the data measured by a mobile device that is equipped with inertial sensors to construct a radio map and thus help with the deployment of the positioning services based on a fingerprinting approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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16 pages, 1956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Layer Intercept Probability in Wireless Sensor Networks over Fisher–Snedecor \({\mathcal{F}}\) Fading Channels

by Srđan Maričić, Nenad Milošević, Dejan Drajić, Dejan Milić and Jelena Anastasov

Electronics 2021, 10(12), 1368; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121368 - 8 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3112

Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the physical layer security (PLS) of an arbitrarily dimensioned wireless sensor network (WSN) in the presence of an unauthorized attacker. Various scheduling schemes have been exploited in order to enhance the secure transmission of reliable links impaired by [...] Read more.

In this paper, we analyze the physical layer security (PLS) of an arbitrarily dimensioned wireless sensor network (WSN) in the presence of an unauthorized attacker. Various scheduling schemes have been exploited in order to enhance the secure transmission of reliable links impaired by Fisher–Snedecor

F

fading. The path loss among active nodes is also considered. The exact intercept probability expressions are derived recalling an optimal scheduling scheme (OS), a scheduling policy based on a specific cumulative distribution function (CS), and round-robin scheduling as a baseline. The asymptotic behavior of the intercept metric is also presented in a simpler form with acceptable accuracy. The secrecy diversity orders are defined and the security–reliability tradeoff of WSN is specified. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the interplay of various main/wiretap channel conditions, the distances among nodes, the number of active sensors, and the average main-to-eavesdropper’s signal ratio in order to upgrade the quality of the WSN secrecy performance. Additionally, the impact of the outage probability on the intercept probability is defined for a variety of scenarios under which either the CS or OS scheme could be selected as suitable for PLS enhancement. The obtained results are verified by independent Monte Carlo simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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Review

Jump to: Research

30 pages, 1432 KiB

Open AccessReview

IoT-Based Wearable and Smart Health Device Solutions for Capnography: Analysis and Perspectives

by Davisson F. T. Morais, Gilberto Fernandes, Jr., Gildário D. Lima and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues

Electronics 2023, 12(5), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051169 - 28 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4313

Abstract

The potential of the Internet of Health Things (IoHT), also identified in the literature as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), is enormous, since it can generate expressive impacts on healthcare devices, such as the capnograph. When applied to mechanical ventilation, it provides [...] Read more.

The potential of the Internet of Health Things (IoHT), also identified in the literature as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), is enormous, since it can generate expressive impacts on healthcare devices, such as the capnograph. When applied to mechanical ventilation, it provides essential healthcare to the patient and helps save lives. This survey elaborates on a deep review of related literature about the most robust and effective innovative healthcare solutions using modern technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, Blynk, Bluetooth Low Energy, Robotics, and embedded systems. It emphasizes that IoT-based wearable and smart devices that work as integrated systems can be a faster response to other pandemic crises, respiratory diseases, and other problems that may occur in the future. It may also extend the performance of e-Health platforms used as monitoring systems. Therefore, this paper considers the state of the art to substantiate research about sensors, highlighting the relevance of new studies, strategies, approaches, and novelties in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems)

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