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Energies
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Optimization and Control of PV and Modern Power Systems
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Optimization and Control of PV and Modern Power Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (12 March 2024) | Viewed by 6620

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Krzysztof Lowczowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of High Voltage and Electrotechnical Materials, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Interests: distributed energy resources; data analysis; power quality; sensing technology
Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Nadolny

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of High Voltage and Electrotechnical Materials, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Energy, Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
Interests: high voltage; insulation materials; transformer; electric and magnetic fields; insulation oil; heat transfer; thermal properties; thermal conductivity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The energy crisis is forcing us to optimize existing renewable energy sources to maximize electricity production, and at the same time to increase the share of new renewables to reduce dependency on fossil fuels. The optimization of renewables and power networks, as well as increasing the share of renewables is a big challenge because of many technical issues among which one can mention the high voltage level, asymmetry, overloading of the power network, power quality issues like voltage variation, negative consequences of harmonics etc. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to address many technical issues, including:

  • Active optimization of the coordination between volt/var and power flow control devices, which can adjust to new operating conditions faster and better than existing systems;
  • Effective utilization of novel functionalities and methods of integration of novel functionalities with the network (e.g., reactive power at night and other functionalities which often remain inactive);
  • Specification of new energy sources and auxiliary devices functionalities;
  • The adaptation of energy sources to the local conditions in the power network;
  • Development of the set of rules and control algorithms which in optimal network conditions would make it possible to reduce constraints put on renewables to maximize energy production;
  • Development and improvement of control strategies under emergency conditions;
  • Minimization of negative features of PV plants using different technical measures and the development of benchmarking systems for the comparative analysis of the different solutions;
  • Analysis of strategies for dealing with issues caused by PV systems developed in different countries.

To solve these issues, different specialists (e.g., protection, control, power, PV, network) need to work together to find optimal solutions.

Dr. Krzysztof Lowczowski
Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Nadolny
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • renewables coordination
  • planning
  • protection and control algorithms
  • SCADA
  • grid codes
  • optimization
  • orientation
  • tilt
  • harmonics
  • power quality
  • asymmetry

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4311 KiB  
Article
Determination of Estimation Accuracy of Voltage Profiles Required for Proper Voltage Control by On-Load Tap Changer in Distribution Systems
by Riku Akasaka, Ryoichi Hara, Hiroyuki Kita, Shuhei Sugimura and Toshiharu Kurihara
Energies 2024, 17(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17010084 - 22 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 844
Abstract
The introduction of a large number of photovoltaic systems to distribution systems has increased the complexity of the voltage profile. It is thus necessary to manage voltage at a higher system level. For this purpose, the voltage profile of the distribution system can [...] Read more.
The introduction of a large number of photovoltaic systems to distribution systems has increased the complexity of the voltage profile. It is thus necessary to manage voltage at a higher system level. For this purpose, the voltage profile of the distribution system can be calculated using state estimation and the voltage can be controlled based on the estimated values. Many methods for estimating voltage profiles using state estimation have been developed. However, the estimation accuracy of voltage profiles required for proper voltage control has not been discussed. If the assumed required estimation accuracy is too high, then more meters than necessary will be installed, unnecessarily increasing costs. Conversely, if the assumed required estimation accuracy is too low, voltage control equipment will not operate properly, and voltage violations may occur. Thus, it is important to determine the required estimation accuracy of voltage profiles for proper voltage control. In this paper, the estimation error of the voltage profile is expressed using a probability density function, and the estimation accuracy of voltage profiles required for proper voltage control is examined. A numerical case study was performed on a distribution network model with 2160 consumers, and revealed the following. To prevent voltage violations, an estimation accuracy of voltage profile that is approximately 10 times lower than that of the estimation accuracy based on current measurement equipment data is sufficient. To minimize the number of tap operations, an estimation accuracy needs to be improved by 70% compared with the estimation accuracy based on current measurement equipment data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control of PV and Modern Power Systems)
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27 pages, 1157 KiB  
Article
Convex Stochastic Approaches for the Optimal Allocation of Distributed Energy Resources in AC Distribution Networks with Measurements Fitted to a Continuous Probability Distribution Function
by Diego Mendoza Osorio and Javier Rosero Garcia
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5566; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145566 - 23 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1070
Abstract
This paper addresses the optimal stochastic allocation of distributed energy resources in distribution networks. Typically, uncertain problems are analyzed in multistage formulations, including case generation routines, resulting in computationally exhaustive programs. In this article, two probabilistic approaches are proposed–range probability optimization (RPO) and [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the optimal stochastic allocation of distributed energy resources in distribution networks. Typically, uncertain problems are analyzed in multistage formulations, including case generation routines, resulting in computationally exhaustive programs. In this article, two probabilistic approaches are proposed–range probability optimization (RPO) and value probability optimization (VPO)–resulting in a single-stage, convex, stochastic optimal power flow problem. RPO maximizes probabilities within a range of uncertainty, whilst VPO optimizes the values of random variables and maximizes their probabilities. Random variables were modeled with hourly measurements fitted to the logistic distribution. These formulations were tested on two systems and compared against the deterministic case built from expected values. The results indicate that assuming deterministic conditions ends in highly underestimated losses. RPO showed that by including ±10% uncertainty, losses can be increased up to 40% with up to −72% photovoltaic capacity, depending on the system, whereas VPO resulted in up to 85% increases in power losses despite PV installations, with 20% greater probabilities on average. By implementing any of the proposed approaches, it was possible to obtain more probable upper envelopes in the objective, avoiding case generation stages and heuristic methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control of PV and Modern Power Systems)
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16 pages, 19485 KiB  
Article
Lightning Protection of Floating Photovoltaic Power Plants—Simulation Analysis of Sample Solutions
by Konrad Sobolewski and Emilia Sobieska
Energies 2023, 16(10), 4222; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16104222 - 20 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2371
Abstract
Photovoltaic power plants are gaining in popularity and availability every year, resulting in a massive increase in their number and size. However, each such investment involves allocating large land areas, the cost of which may be high. For this reason, there has been [...] Read more.
Photovoltaic power plants are gaining in popularity and availability every year, resulting in a massive increase in their number and size. However, each such investment involves allocating large land areas, the cost of which may be high. For this reason, there has been an increasing interest in the use of post-industrial wastelands in the form of artificial water reservoirs which often occupy large areas. Because their use as places of recreation can be dangerous for people, it is a cheap alternative for the foundation of a floating photovoltaic power plant. In addition, it has an advantage over the land version in that it is possible to produce a more significant amount of energy by using the sun’s rays reflected from the water’s surface. Despite these undeniable advantages, such a structure poses several technological challenges. This article focuses on the aspect of lightning protection, which is particularly important due to the structure’s location in the open, and also a specific ground type with noticeably different mechanical and electrical characteristics than typical soil. Aspects such as the lightning hazard, arrangement of lightning rods, down conductors, lightning equipotential bonding, and various earthing configurations are discussed. The presented analysis is based on geometric models and simulations made in the Ansys/Maxwell 3D environment and is supplemented with calculations in Matlab/Simulink. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control of PV and Modern Power Systems)
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Review

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19 pages, 1936 KiB  
Review
Progress and Challenges Connected with the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Railway Distribution Networks
by Valeriy Kuznetsov, Petro Hubskyi, Artur Rojek, Magdalena Udzik and Krzysztof Lowczowski
Energies 2024, 17(2), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020489 - 19 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1674
Abstract
Rail is the most efficient and low carbon means of transport, but efforts are still being made to improve the energy efficiency of this sector. In Poland, one of the elements of the implementation of the energy transformation in rail is the “Green [...] Read more.
Rail is the most efficient and low carbon means of transport, but efforts are still being made to improve the energy efficiency of this sector. In Poland, one of the elements of the implementation of the energy transformation in rail is the “Green Railway” program, which assumes an increase in the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power supply structure of the sector to 50% in 2025 and 85% in 2030, and ultimately, to 100%. An increase in energy efficiency leads to a reduction in financial costs, and also contributes to improving the environment and, consequently, to enhancing the economic and social benefit through a cost–benefit analysis. Energy consumption in railway operations is characterized (unlike in construction) by being repetitive. This energy consumption is produced in four areas: in the movement of trains; in auxiliary systems in the trains; in auxiliary systems in the infrastructure (lighting consumption of tunnels or sections of track, point heating systems, the signaling and communication systems, etc.); and in stations, workshops and by other consumers. The aim of this article was to review modern technologies using renewable energy sources in rail transport for traction and non-traction customers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control of PV and Modern Power Systems)
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