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Computational and Data-Driven Modeling of Combustion in Reciprocating Engines or Gas Turbines, Volume II

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 March 2025 | Viewed by 7677

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Maria Cristina Cameretti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: internal combustion engines; gas turbines; combustion modeling; CFD; thermodynamic solar plant; hybrid propulsion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Roberta De Robbio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: CFD; internal combustion engines; gas turbines; dual fuel; optical diagnostic; hydrogen; hybrid vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last decade, more stringent regulations have forced a significant reduction in the levels of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere; nevertheless, internal combustion engines and gas turbines still represent the most widely operated energy conversion systems. Experimental investigations play a fundamental role in allowing better understanding and limiting of the processes that are responsible for noxious species formation. Indeed, only experimental activities can provide basic data to deeply analyze the phenomena occurring inside combustion chambers.

On the other hand, experimental facilities require high cost of maintenance and operation and, therefore, the same data can be used in the validation of numerical models. The latter are helpful to predict the behavior of engines and gas turbines under a wide range of operating conditions or to test their operation in innovative combustion concepts.

For this Special Issue, we invite you to submit papers involving combustion computational models and their methodologies of validation, covering a wide range of applications and solutions.

Some of the topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Compression ignition engines
  • Spark ignition engines
  • Gas turbines
  • Experimental data processing and analysis
  • Combustion modeling
  • Model validation
  • Computational fluid dynamics
  • 0D/1D codes
  • Innovative fuels
  • Innovative combustion concepts

Papers submitted to this Special Issue will be selected after a rigorous peer review procedure with the aim of rapid and wide dissemination of research results, developments, and applications.

Prof. Dr. Maria Cristina Cameretti
Dr. Roberta De Robbio
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • modeling
  • experimental data
  • internal combustion engines
  • gas turbines
  • combustion
  • CFD
  • 0D/1D codes

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 12501 KiB  
Article
The Enhancement of Machine Learning-Based Engine Models Through the Integration of Analytical Functions
by Alessandro Brusa, Fenil Panalal Shethia, Boris Petrone, Nicolò Cavina, Davide Moro, Giovanni Galasso and Ioannis Kitsopanidis
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5398; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215398 - 30 Oct 2024
Viewed by 527
Abstract
The integration of analytical functions into machine learning-based engine models represents a significant advancement in predictive performance and operational efficiency. This paper focuses on the development of hybrid approaches to model engine combustion and temperature indices and on the synergistic effects of combining [...] Read more.
The integration of analytical functions into machine learning-based engine models represents a significant advancement in predictive performance and operational efficiency. This paper focuses on the development of hybrid approaches to model engine combustion and temperature indices and on the synergistic effects of combining traditional analytical methods with modern machine learning techniques (such as artificial neural networks) to enhance the accuracy and robustness of such models. The main innovative contribution of this paper is the integration of analytical functions to improve the extrapolation capabilities of the data-driven models. In this work, it is demonstrated that the integrated models achieve superior predictive accuracy and generalization performance across dynamic engine operating conditions, with respect to purely neural network-based models. Furthermore, the analytical corrective functions force the output of the complete model to follow a physical trend and to assume consistent values also outside the domain of values assumed by the input features during the training procedure of the neural networks. This study highlights the potential of this integrative approach based on the implementation of the effects superposition principle. Such an approach also allows us to solve one of the intrinsic issues of data-driven modeling, without increasing the complexity of the training data’s collection and pre-processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Data-Driven Modeling of Combustion in Reciprocating Engines or Gas Turbines, Volume II)
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21 pages, 11896 KiB  
Article
Composition and Injection Angle Effects on Combustion of an NH3/H2/N2 Jet in an Air Crossflow
by Donato Cecere, Matteo Cimini, Simone Carpenella, Jan Caldarelli and Eugenio Giacomazzi
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5032; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205032 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 745
Abstract
This study explores the combined effects of fuel composition and injection angle on the combustion behavior of an NH3/H2/N2 jet in an air crossflow by means of high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LESs). Four distinct fuel mixtures [...] Read more.
This study explores the combined effects of fuel composition and injection angle on the combustion behavior of an NH3/H2/N2 jet in an air crossflow by means of high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LESs). Four distinct fuel mixtures derived from ammonia partial decomposition, with hydrogen concentrations ranging from 15% to 60% by volume, are injected at angles of 90° and 75° relative to the crossflow, and at operating conditions frequently encountered in micro-gas turbines. The influence of strain on peak flame temperature and NO formation in non-premixed, counter-flow laminar flames is first examined. Then, the instantaneous flow features of each configuration are analyzed focusing on key turbulent structures, and time-averaged spatial distributions of temperature and NO in the reacting region are provided. In addition, statistical analysis on the formation pathways of NO and H2 is performed, revealing unexpected trends: in particular, the lowest hydrogen content flame yields higher temperatures and NO production due to the enhancement of the ammonia-to-hydrogen conversion chemical mechanism, thus promoting flame stability. As the hydrogen concentration increases, this conversion decreases, leading to lower NO emissions and unburned fuel, particularly at the 75° injection angle. Flames with a 90° injection angle exhibit a more pronounced high-temperature recirculation zone, further driving NO production compared with the 75° cases. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing ammonia–hydrogen fuel blends for high-efficiency, low-emission combustion in gas turbines and other applications, highlighting the need for a careful balance between fuel composition and injection angle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Data-Driven Modeling of Combustion in Reciprocating Engines or Gas Turbines, Volume II)
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28 pages, 10200 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Fuel Efficiency and Environmental Performance of Spark-Ignition Engines through Advancements in the Combined Power Regulation Method
by Jonas Matijošius, Sergiy Rychok, Yurii Gutarevych, Yevhenii Shuba, Oleksander Syrota, Alfredas Rimkus and Dmitrij Trifonov
Energies 2024, 17(14), 3563; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143563 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1057
Abstract
A major issue with spark-ignition engines is their fuel inefficiency and negative environmental effects, especially in urban driving situations. This topic is of utmost importance considering the increasing apprehension over environmental contamination and the need for enhanced energy efficiency. The research’s originality resides [...] Read more.
A major issue with spark-ignition engines is their fuel inefficiency and negative environmental effects, especially in urban driving situations. This topic is of utmost importance considering the increasing apprehension over environmental contamination and the need for enhanced energy efficiency. The research’s originality resides in its strategy to tackling this issue without necessitating intricate engine changes, a manner not commonly used. The research uses a dual strategy that integrates both theoretical and experimental approaches. The theoretical component entails developing models to forecast the effects of different cylinder deactivation strategies on fuel consumption and emissions. Important factors to address in this theoretical model are the introduction of air into cylinders that are not in use and the stopping of fuel supply. The experimental component involves conducting bench experiments on a modified spark-ignition engine to verify the theoretical conclusions. These tests assess performance metrics, such as fuel economy and environmental effect, under different load situations. The study’s findings are encouraging. The study reveals that disabling a specific group of cylinders while permitting unrestricted air intake might result in significant improvements in fuel economy, anywhere from 1.5% to 10.5%, depending on the engine’s workload. Bench testing revealed a maximum improvement of 10.8%, which demonstrates the efficacy of this strategy. The study’s findings indicate that the use of the integrated power regulation approach greatly improves fuel efficiency and decreases the impact of the environmental consequences of spark-ignition engines, especially in situations of low load and idling. This technology demonstrates its feasibility as a solution that can be seamlessly incorporated into current engine designs with few adjustments, providing a practical and environmentally responsible option for enhancing vehicle performance. The results indicate that this approach has wide-ranging potential uses in the automotive sector, particularly for urban cars that often function in situations with modest levels of demand. By using this approach, manufacturers may attain enhanced fuel efficiency and diminish emissions, this contributing to the development of more sustainable urban transportation options. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Data-Driven Modeling of Combustion in Reciprocating Engines or Gas Turbines, Volume II)
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17 pages, 4094 KiB  
Article
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Combustion Process in Hydrogen-Fueled Engines with EGR
by Stanislaw Szwaja, Andrzej Piotrowski, Magdalena Szwaja and Dorota Musial
Energies 2024, 17(12), 2833; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122833 - 8 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1219
Abstract
This article presents a novel approach to the analysis of heat release in a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion spark-ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). It also discusses aspects of thermodynamic analysis common to modeling and empirical analysis. This new approach concerns a novel [...] Read more.
This article presents a novel approach to the analysis of heat release in a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion spark-ignition engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). It also discusses aspects of thermodynamic analysis common to modeling and empirical analysis. This new approach concerns a novel method of calculating the specific heat ratio (cp/cv) and takes into account the reduction in the number of moles during combustion, which is characteristic of hydrogen combustion. This reduction in the number of moles was designated as a molar contraction. This is particularly crucial when calculating the average temperature during combustion. Subsequently, the outcomes of experimental tests, including the heat-release rate, the initial combustion phase (denoted CA0-10) and the main combustion phase (CA10-90), are presented. Furthermore, the impact of exhaust gas recirculation on the combustion process in the engine is also discussed. The efficacy of the proposed measures was validated by analyzing the heat-release rate and calculating the mean combustion temperature in the engine. The application of EGR in the range 0-40% resulted in a notable prolongation of both the initial and main combustion phases, which consequently influenced the mean combustion temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Data-Driven Modeling of Combustion in Reciprocating Engines or Gas Turbines, Volume II)
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22 pages, 8738 KiB  
Article
Energetic, Economic and Environmental Performance Analysis of a Micro-Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) System Based on Biomass Gasification
by Diego Perrone, Teresa Castiglione, Pietropaolo Morrone, Ferdinando Pantano and Sergio Bova
Energies 2023, 16(19), 6911; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16196911 - 30 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1198
Abstract
In this paper, the performance of an innovative micro-combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, based on an internal combustion engine fueled with syngas from woody biomass, is analyzed. In particular, a numerical model, which considers a direct coupling between the internal combustion [...] Read more.
In this paper, the performance of an innovative micro-combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) system, based on an internal combustion engine fueled with syngas from woody biomass, is analyzed. In particular, a numerical model, which considers a direct coupling between the internal combustion engine and the gasifier as a novel aspect, was developed, validated and applied to three different case studies to perform an energetic, economic and environmental analysis. For each considered case, the CCHP system was equipped with a reversible electric air–water pump and a back-up boiler. The energy analysis shows that the user characterized by a high uniformity of the thermal load exploits the CCHP system in the optimal way as it allows for the highest thermal self-consumption rate. On the contrary, for the cases in which the thermal request is not uniform, a high electric surplus is recorded. In this case, the adoption of the heat pump allows to compensate for this disadvantage by recovering the electric surplus, thus achieving a thermal integration and CO2 emissions reduction of about 15.8% with respect to the case in which no heat pump is used. Overall, the results demonstrate the affordability of the biomass-based CCHP system, which is of increasing importance in this period of contingent international political crisis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Data-Driven Modeling of Combustion in Reciprocating Engines or Gas Turbines, Volume II)
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22 pages, 10800 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of Dual Fuel Combustion in a Medium Speed Marine Engine Supplied with Methane/Hydrogen Blends
by Maria Cristina Cameretti, Roberta De Robbio and Marco Palomba
Energies 2023, 16(18), 6651; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186651 - 16 Sep 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1833
Abstract
Compression ignition engines will still be predominant in the naval sector: their high efficiency, high torque, and heavy weight perfectly suit the demands and architecture of ships. Nevertheless, recent emission legislations impose limitations to the pollutant emissions levels in this sector as well. [...] Read more.
Compression ignition engines will still be predominant in the naval sector: their high efficiency, high torque, and heavy weight perfectly suit the demands and architecture of ships. Nevertheless, recent emission legislations impose limitations to the pollutant emissions levels in this sector as well. In addition to post-treatment systems, it is necessary to reduce some pollutant species, and, therefore, the study of combustion strategies and new fuels can represent valid paths for limiting environmental harmful emissions such as CO2. The use of methane in dual fuel mode has already been implemented on existent vessels, but the progressive decarbonization will lead to the utilization of carbon-neutral or carbon-free fuels such as, in the last case, hydrogen. Thanks to its high reactivity nature, it can be helpful in the reduction of exhaust CH4. On the contrary, together with the high temperatures achieved by its oxidation, hydrogen could cause uncontrolled ignition of the premixed charge and high emissions of NOx. As a matter of fact, a source of ignition is still necessary to have better control on the whole combustion development. To this end, an optimal and specific injection strategy can help to overcome all the before-mentioned issues. In this study, three-dimensional numerical simulations have been performed with the ANSYS Forte® software (version 19.2) in an 8.8 L dual fuel engine cylinder supplied with methane, hydrogen, or hydrogen–methane blends with reference to experimental tests from the literature. A new kinetic mechanism has been used for the description of diesel fuel surrogate oxidation with a set of reactions specifically addressed for the low temperatures together with the GRIMECH 3.0 for CH4 and H2. This kinetics scheme allowed for the adequate reproduction of the ignition timing for the various mixtures used. Preliminary calculations with a one-dimensional commercial code were performed to retrieve the initial conditions of CFD calculations in the cylinder. The used approach demonstrated to be quite a reliable tool to predict the performance of a marine engine working under dual fuel mode with hydrogen-based blends at medium load. As a result, the system modelling shows that using hydrogen as fuel in the engine can achieve the same performance as diesel/natural gas, but when hydrogen totally replaces methane, CO2 is decreased up to 54% at the expense of the increase of about 76% of NOx emissions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational and Data-Driven Modeling of Combustion in Reciprocating Engines or Gas Turbines, Volume II)
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Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Experimental and numerical analyses of exhaust emissions in a low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine
Authors: Branko Lalić; Petar Vrvilo; Zdeslav Jurić
Affiliation: 1. Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, University of Split, Split, Croatia 2. Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, University of Split, Split, Croatia 3. Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, University of Split, Split, Croatia
Abstract: Abstract: Knowing the process of generating exhaust emissions and determining influential parameters are important factors in improving two-stroke slow-speed marine engines, particularly for further fuel consumption reduction and stringent regulations on the limitation of harmful emissions. So far, research in techniques and emissions reduction methods has revealed that there are economic and technical problems with the application of the developed technologies to marine propulsion engines, which calls implementation and fulfillment of strict legal regulations into question.       A model of a marine slow-speed two-stroke diesel engine has been developed and experimental and numerical analyses of the emission gasses formations were carried out. The model fuels and combustion stoichiometry, kinematics of the piston mechanism, developed temperature in the cylinder, change release heat and formation of nitrogen monoxide have been thoroughly elaborated. The most significant parameters for the formation of emissions such as nitrogen monoxide have been determined. Model validation was performed based on measured combustion pressures, engine power and concentrations of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide carbon dioxide at different engine loads. The possibilities of fuel consumption optimization and reduction of nitrogen monoxide emissions by correcting the most significant influencing parameters were examined. The developed model can be used to determine the exhaust emissions of engines operating with different fuels.

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