Energies

Research

18 pages, 3652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Effects of Magnetic Saturation in Six-Phase Induction Machines with and without Cross Saturation of the Main Flux Path

by Marwa Ben Slimene and Mohamed Arbi Khlifi

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9412; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249412 - 12 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1543

Abstract

The operational characteristics during transients are significantly influenced by magnetic saturation in electrical equipment. For the computation of steady-state rated operation in multiphase induction machines, the assumption of linear magnetic behavior of the iron core in classical machine models may be sufficient. The [...] Read more.

The operational characteristics during transients are significantly influenced by magnetic saturation in electrical equipment. For the computation of steady-state rated operation in multiphase induction machines, the assumption of linear magnetic behavior of the iron core in classical machine models may be sufficient. The mathematical models of the considered models differ in terms of the existence or absence of dynamic cross-saturation effects. The approach that is most frequently used to examine the impact of magnetic saturation is based on the state-space variable representation of the mathematical model in dynamic axes (d–q). The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of magnetic saturation on six-phase induction machines. In this study, a d–q transformation-based model of a six-phase induction machine (SPIM), including the magnetic saturation effect, is developed. The cross-saturation and the common mutual leakage inductance between the two sets of stators’ windings are then developed and analyzed, and the developed models were simulated and results are compared with and without cross-saturation. The main and leakage flux saturation, as well as the mutual coupling between the two windings, are all accounted for in the model, which is based on the vector space decomposition method. A significant increase in currents and voltage results from the highly saturated magnetic paths of the leakage fluxes in six-phase induction machines. In order to investigate the impact of cross-saturation, inductances computed using analytical methods and those without taking cross-saturation into consideration were compared. These outcomes are then transformed into a condensed current depending on parameter functions for transient machine models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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29 pages, 32070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Fuzzy SMC with Adaptive Fuzzy PID for Sensorless Speed Control of Six-Phase Induction Motor

by Lelisa Wogi, Tadele Ayana, Marcin Morawiec and Andrzej Jąderko

Energies 2022, 15(21), 8183; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218183 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2147

Abstract

Multi-phase motors have recently replaced three-phase induction motors in a variety of applications due to the numerous benefits they provide, and the absence of speed sensors promotes induction motors with variable speed drives. Sensorless speed control minimizes unnecessary speed encoder cost, reduces maintenance, [...] Read more.

Multi-phase motors have recently replaced three-phase induction motors in a variety of applications due to the numerous benefits they provide, and the absence of speed sensors promotes induction motors with variable speed drives. Sensorless speed control minimizes unnecessary speed encoder cost, reduces maintenance, and improves the motor drive’s reliability. The performance comparison of the fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) with adaptive fuzzy proportional integral derivative (AFPID) control methods for sensorless speed control of six-phase induction motors was analyzed in this study, and the proposed control system has an advantage for multiphase machines, specifically six-phase induction motors (IMs) in this study, as they are the current active research area for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, aerospace, ship propulsion, and high-power applications. The speed control of a six-phase induction motor was performed by using an AFPID controller and FSMC. The comparative performance analysis was based on sensorless speed control of the six-phase induction motor. A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is commonly employed as it is used to eliminate oscillations, but it has several drawbacks, such as taking a long time to decrease the error and stabilize the system at constant speed. The fuzzy type-2 and PID controllers were hybridized so as to obtain the advantages of both to enhance the system performance. Finally, the comparison result revealed that the FSMC preforms significantly better by achieving good tracking performance. The control technique maintains the sliding mode approach’s robustness while providing reduced overshoots with a smooth control action, and the FSMC revealed good dynamic response under load variations when compared to the AFPID controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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21 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Particle Swarm Optimization Based Optimal Design of Six-Phase Induction Motor for Electric Propulsion of Submarines

by Lelisa Wogi, Amruth Thelkar, Tesfabirhan Tahiro, Tadele Ayana, Shabana Urooj and Samia Larguech

Energies 2022, 15(9), 2994; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15092994 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2454

Abstract

Recent research reveals that multi-phase motors in electric propulsion systems are highly recommended due to their improved reliability and efficiency over traditional three phase motors. This research presented a comparison of optimal model design of a six phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) [...] Read more.

Recent research reveals that multi-phase motors in electric propulsion systems are highly recommended due to their improved reliability and efficiency over traditional three phase motors. This research presented a comparison of optimal model design of a six phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) for electric propulsion by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). A six phase squirrel cage induction motor is designed and simulated by ANSYS Motor-CAD. In order to find the best fit method, simulation results are compared and applied to the motors for electric propulsion, considering the influence of design upon the motor performance. The six-phase squirrel cage induction motor is more energy efficient, reliable and cost effective for the electric propulsion compared to the conventional three phase motor. In this study, first the initial parameters of the six phase squirrel cage induction motor have been determined and then these parameters have been compared with optimized values by Genetic Algorithm (GA) and PSO optimization. The motor designed is optimized using efficiency and power losses as the fitness function. The six phase squirrel cage induction motor is designed using ANSYS Motor-CAD and the simulation results were also presented along with two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometry. The result shows that the weight and power loss are reduced to 161 kg and 0.9359 Kw respectively, while the efficiency and power factor are increased to 0.95 and 0.87 respectively when PSO is used. This shows that the result is promising. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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24 pages, 8857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Rotor Bars Shape on the Single-Phase Induction Motors Performance: An Analysis toward Their Efficiency Improvement

by Ioannis D. Chasiotis, Yannis L. Karnavas and Franck Scuiller

Energies 2022, 15(3), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030717 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4245

Abstract

Mandatory regulations are published worldwide for the efficiency of line-operated electric motors. The small-sized single-phase induction motors (SPIMs) will not be off the hook in terms of efficiency, since new regulations are scheduled to be introduced regarding them no later than July 2023. [...] Read more.

Mandatory regulations are published worldwide for the efficiency of line-operated electric motors. The small-sized single-phase induction motors (SPIMs) will not be off the hook in terms of efficiency, since new regulations are scheduled to be introduced regarding them no later than July 2023. By doing so, the efficiency of capacitor-run SPIMs will be forced to exceed the (currently) typical ratings and comply with the requirements of the IE3 (i.e., premium) efficiency class. Since this task is challenging, the already published research works investigated several design, control, and manufacturing aspects. Nevertheless, less attention has been devoted to the study of the rotor bar’s shape impact, both on the SPIMs’ efficiency and starting capability. This gap is filled in this work by examining rotor squirrel-cage configurations with eight different bar shapes for the case of a four-pole/1.0 HP capacitor-run SPIM. A sensitivity analysis, which involves the simultaneous variation of the bar’s cross-sectional area, run-capacitor value, and auxiliary to main winding turns ratio, is performed. The motor’s electromagnetic behavior is estimated through finite element analysis. Through the acquired results, useful directions toward the SPIMs’ efficiency enhancement are provided, while simultaneously conclusions—not found elsewhere—are drawn concerning performance quantities, such as the motor’s starting current, currents shift angle, particular losses, breakdown torque, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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24 pages, 6068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltage Control of Multiphase Cage Induction Generators at a Speed Varying over a Wide Range

by Piotr Drozdowski and Dariusz Cholewa

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7080; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217080 - 29 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2068

Abstract

The subject of this publication is a method of controlling the DC voltage of a PWM rectifier supplied by a multiphase cage induction generator with the number of stator phases greater than three operating in a wide range of driving speeds. Voltage regulation [...] Read more.

The subject of this publication is a method of controlling the DC voltage of a PWM rectifier supplied by a multiphase cage induction generator with the number of stator phases greater than three operating in a wide range of driving speeds. Voltage regulation is performed by changing the frequency and amplitude of the stator voltages with simultaneous switching of the phase sequence of these voltages. The step change of the voltage sequence is made in the designated ranges of the generator speed, which enables the stabilization of the output voltage in a wide range from the minimum speed of about 25% of the rated speed. Such sequence switching changes the number of pole pairs produced by the winding for each supply sequence. The difference compared to multi-speed induction machines is that, in the presented solution, there is only one winding, not a few, which enables good use of the machine’s magnetic core in the same dimensions as for the three-phase machine of a similar power. Steady-state characteristics and dynamic operation were obtained using laboratory measurements of a standalone nine-phase induction generator. The automatic control system maintained the output voltage at the set level, regardless of the generator load and driving power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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14 pages, 1115 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Cost Function FCSMPC for 6-Phase IMs

by Manuel R. Arahal, Manuel G. Satué, Federico Barrero and Manuel G. Ortega

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5222; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175222 - 24 Aug 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1475

Abstract

In this paper, an adaptive cost function FCSMPC is derived from newly obtained results concerning the distribution of figures of merits used for the assessment of stator current model-based control of multi-phase induction machines. A parameter analysis of FCSMPC is carried out for [...] Read more.

In this paper, an adaptive cost function FCSMPC is derived from newly obtained results concerning the distribution of figures of merits used for the assessment of stator current model-based control of multi-phase induction machines. A parameter analysis of FCSMPC is carried out for the case of a six-phase motor. After extensive simulation and Pareto screening, a new structure has been discovered linking several figures of merit. This structure provides an simple explanation for previously reported results concerning the difficulty of cost function tuning for FCSMPC. In addition, the newly discovered link among figures of merit provides valuable insight that can be used for control design. As an application, a new cost function design scheme is derived and tested. This new method avoids the usual and cumbersome procedure of testing many different controller parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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15 pages, 4412 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proportional Usage of Low-Level Actions in Model Predictive Control for Six-Phase Electric Drives

by Angel Gonzalez-Prieto, Ignacio Gonzalez-Prieto, Mario J. Duran, Juan Carrillo-Rios, Juan J. Aciego and Pedro Salas-Biedma

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4358; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144358 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

Finite Control-Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) appears as an interesting alternative to regulate multiphase electric drives, thanks to inherent advantages such as its capability to include new restrictions and fast-transient response. Nevertheless, in industrial applications, FCS-MPC is typically discarded to control multiphase motors [...] Read more.

Finite Control-Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) appears as an interesting alternative to regulate multiphase electric drives, thanks to inherent advantages such as its capability to include new restrictions and fast-transient response. Nevertheless, in industrial applications, FCS-MPC is typically discarded to control multiphase motors because the absence of a modulation stage produces a high harmonic content. In this regard, multi-vectorial approaches are an innovative solution to improve the electric drive performance taking advantage of the implicit modulator flexibility of Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategies. This work proposes the definition of a new multi-vectorial set of control actions formed by a couple of adjacent large voltage vectors and a null voltage vector with an adaptative application ratio. The combination of two large voltage vectors provides minimum x-y current injection whereas the application of a null voltage vector reduces the active voltage production. Moreover, the optimum selection of the null voltage vector for each couple of large voltage vectors permits reducing the switching frequency. On the other hand, the active application time for this couple is estimated through an analytic function based on the operating point. This procedure avoids the use of an iterative process to define the duty cycles, hence significatively decreasing the computational burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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15 pages, 2725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithm for Implementation of Optimal Vector Combinations in Model Predictive Current Control of Six-Phase Induction Machines

by Carlos Romero, Larizza Delorme, Osvaldo Gonzalez, Magno Ayala, Jorge Rodas and Raul Gregor

Energies 2021, 14(13), 3857; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133857 - 26 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1997

Abstract

The development of new control techniques for multiphase induction machines (IMs) has become a point of great interest to exploit the advantages of these machines compared to three-phase topology, for example, the reduced phase currents and lower harmonic contents. One of the most [...] Read more.

The development of new control techniques for multiphase induction machines (IMs) has become a point of great interest to exploit the advantages of these machines compared to three-phase topology, for example, the reduced phase currents and lower harmonic contents. One of the most analyzed techniques is the model-based predictive current control (MPC) with a finite control set. This technique presents high x–y currents because of the application of one switching state throughout the whole sampling period. Nevertheless, it is one of the most used due to its excellent dynamic response. To overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, new techniques called virtual vectors have been developed, but although there are several articles with experimental results, the algorithm for implementing the technique has not been appropriately described. This document provides a clear and detailed explanation for algorithm implementation of virtual vectors through two proposed variants VV4 and VV11, in a six-phase machine drive. The first entails lower computational cost and the second lower loss in the x–y plane. According to performance indicators such as the total harmonic distortion and the mean square error for both case studies, experimental tests were evaluated to determine the implementation’s behaviour. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control, Operation and Protection of Multiphase Machines and Drives)

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