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Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 February 2022) | Viewed by 27599

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Dr. Afef Fekih

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
Interests: control theory and applications; nonlinear and robust control; fault-tolerant control; dynamic system modelling; applications of the developed control paradigms to complex systems such as aircraft systems; automotive vehicles; power systems; wind turbines and communication systems
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Dear Colleagues,

With more than half of the predicted global renewable electricity growth expected to come from wind power, wind energy conversion systems are playing a central role in the energy market. However, maximizing the availability of such complex and often remotely installed structures whilst minimizing downtime and extending the lifespan requires designing advanced control approaches capable of preventing faults from developing into failures and averting costly breakdowns and downtimes.

Fault-tolerant control systems are control strategies designed to maintain stability and acceptable performance under both faulty and fault-free conditions. Fault tolerance can be achieved by either implementing passive or active approaches. Active approaches rely on a fault detection and isolation algorithm to monitor the health of the system and a supervisory unit to modify the structure and/or parameters of the feedback controller to properly mitigate faults. Passive approaches, on the other hand, use a fixed robust control approach to maintain satisfacory performance and guarantee system stability when faults occur.

This Special Issue focuses on recent developments in fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control designs for wind energy conversion systems. It aims at drawing contributions in passive and active approaches, fault detection and isolation algorithms, condition monitoring techniques, fault ride through approaches, and observer designs for wind energy conversion systems.

Prof. Dr. Afef Fekih
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Fault-tolerant control
Fault detection and identification
Condition monitoring
Fault diagnosis
Fault accommodation
Observer design
Robust control
Wind turbines
Sensor faults
Actuator faults
Power Reliability
Power quality
Grid faults
Fault ride through
Power quality

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Type-2 Fuzzy Controller for Floating Tension-Leg Platforms in Wind Turbines

by Behnam Firouzi, Khalid A. Alattas, Mohsen Bakouri, Abdullah K. Alanazi, Ardashir Mohammadzadeh, Saleh Mobayen and Afef Fekih

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051705 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2755

Abstract

This paper proposes a type-2 fuzzy controller for floating tension-leg platforms in wind turbines. Its main objective is to stabilize and control offshore floating wind turbines exposed to oscillating motions. The proposed approach assumes that the dynamics of all units are completely unknown. The latter are approximated using the proposed Sugeno-based type-2 fuzzy approach. A nonlinear Kalman-based algorithm is developed for parameter optimization, and linear matrix inequalities are derived to analyze the system’s stability. For the fuzzy system, both rules and membership functions are optimized. Additionally, in the designed approach, the estimation error of the type-2 fuzzy approach is also considered in the stability analysis. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed approach is assessed using a simulation study of a tension leg platform subject to various disturbance modes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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16 pages, 3900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Wide-Area Fuzzy Control Design with Latency Compensation to Mitigate Sub-Synchronous Resonance in DFIG-Based Wind Farms

by Yaser Bostani, Saeid Jalilzadeh, Saleh Mobayen, Afef Fekih and Wudhichai Assawinchaichote

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041402 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1456

Abstract

This paper proposes an auxiliary damping control approach based on the wide-area measurement system (WAMS). Its main objective is to mitigate sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) in doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farms connected to a series capacitive compensated transmission network. To mitigate the delay in sending measurement signals, typically associated with wide-area measurement systems, a fuzzy logic wide-area damping controller (FLWADC) is considered to mitigate the time delay caused by the phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement. The FLWADC is a supplementary signal at the stator voltage of the grid-side converter (GSC) of the DFIG-based wind farms. The FLWADC was executed by using the voltage and capacitor voltage variations of the series capacitive compensated transmission network. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed auxiliary damping control was verified using a modified scheme of the IEEE first benchmark model via time-area simulation analysis using MATLAB/Simulink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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29 pages, 15434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault-Tolerant Cooperative Control of Large-Scale Wind Farms and Wind Farm Clusters

by Saeedreza Jadidi, Hamed Badihi and Youmin Zhang

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7436; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217436 - 8 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2439

Abstract

Large-scale wind farms and wind farm clusters with many installed wind turbines are increasingly built around the world, and especially in offshore regions. The reliability and availability of these assets are critically important for cost-effective wind power generation. This requires effective solutions for online fault detection, diagnosis and fault accommodation to improve the overall reliability and availability of wind turbines and entire wind farms. To meet this requirement, this paper proposes a novel active fault-tolerant cooperative control (FTCC) scheme for large-scale wind farms and wind farm clusters (WFCs). The proposed scheme is based on a signal correction method at wind turbine level that is augmented with two innovative “control reallocation” mechanisms at wind farm and network operator levels. Applied to a WFC, this scheme detects, identifies and accommodates the effects of both mild and severe power-loss faults in wind turbines. Various simulation studies on an advanced WFC benchmark indicate the high efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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16 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximum Power Extraction from Wind Turbines Using a Fault-Tolerant Fractional-Order Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Controller

by Yashar Mousavi, Geraint Bevan, Ibrahim Beklan Küçükdemiral and Afef Fekih

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5887; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185887 - 17 Sep 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2935

Abstract

This work presents a nonlinear control approach to maximise the power extraction of wind energy conversion systems (WECSs) operating below their rated wind speeds. Due to nonlinearities associated with the dynamics of WECSs, the stochastic nature of wind, and the inevitable presence of faults in practice, developing reliable fault-tolerant control strategies to guarantee maximum power production of WECSs has always been considered important. A fault-tolerant fractional-order nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (FNTSMC) strategy to maximize the captured power of wind turbines (WT) subjected to actuator faults is developed. A nonsingular terminal sliding surface is proposed to ensure fast finite-time convergence, whereas the incorporation of fractional calculus in the controller enhances the convergence speed of system states and simultaneously suppresses chattering, resulting in extracted power maximisation by precisely tracking the optimum rotor speed. Closed-loop stability is analysed and validated through the Lyapunov stability criterion. Comparative numerical simulation analysis is carried out on a two-mass WT, and superior power production performance of the proposed method over other methods is demonstrated, both in fault-free and faulty situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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16 pages, 3102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wind Farm Power Optimization and Fault Ride-Through under Inter-Turn Short-Circuit Fault

by Kuichao Ma, Mohsen Soltani, Amin Hajizadeh, Jiangsheng Zhu and Zhe Chen

Energies 2021, 14(11), 3072; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113072 - 25 May 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1875

Abstract

Inter-Turn Short Circuit (ITSC) fault in stator winding is a common fault in Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based Wind Turbines (WTs). Improper measures in the ITSC fault affect the safety of the faulty WT and the power output of the Wind Farm (WF). This paper combines derating WTs and the power optimization of the WF to diminish the fault effect. At the turbine level, switching the derating strategy and the ITSC Fault Ride-Through (FRT) strategy is adopted to ensure that WTs safely operate under fault. At the farm level, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based active power dispatch strategy is used to address proper power references in all of the WTs. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Switching the derating strategy can increase the power limit of the faulty WT, and the ITSC FRT strategy can ensure that the WT operates without excessive faulty current. The PSO-based power optimization can improve the power of the WF to compensate for the power loss caused by the faulty WT. With the proposed method, the competitiveness and the operational capacity of offshore WFs can be upgraded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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13 pages, 1474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Robust Fault-Tolerant Control Design for Wind Turbines Subject to Pitch Actuator Faults

by Afef Fekih, Saleh Mobayen and Chih-Chiang Chen

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061791 - 23 Mar 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2747

Abstract

This paper proposes an adaptive fault tolerant control (FTC) design for a variable speed wind turbine (WT) operating in the high wind speeds region. It aims at mitigating pitch actuator faults and regulating the generator power to its rated value, thereby reducing the mechanical stress in the high wind speeds region. The proposed FTC design implements a sliding mode control (SMC) approach with an adaptation law that estimates the upper bounds of the uncertainties. System stability and uniform boundedness of the outputs was proven using the Lyapunov stability theory. The proposed approach was validated on a 5 MW three-blade wind turbine modeled using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures and Turbulence (FAST) wind turbine simulator. The controller’s performance was assessed in the presence of several pitch actuator faults and turbulent wind conditions. Its performance was also compared to that of a standard SMC approach. Mitigation of blade pitch actuator faults, generation of uniform power, smoother pitching actions and reduced chattering compared to standard SMC approach are among the main features of the proposed design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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12 pages, 886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Global Sliding Mode Controller Design for Perturbed DC-DC Buck Converters

by Saleh Mobayen, Farhad Bayat, Chun-Chi Lai, Asghar Taheri and Afef Fekih

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051249 - 25 Feb 2021

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 2944

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel adaptive intelligent global sliding mode control for the tracking control of a DC-DC buck converter with time-varying uncertainties/disturbances. The proposed control law is formulated using a switching surface that eliminates the reaching phase and ensures the existence of the sliding action from the start. The control law is derived based on the Lyapunov stability theory. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated via high-fidelity simulations by means of Simscape simulation environment in MATLAB. Satisfactory tracking accuracy, efficient suppression of the chattering phenomenon in the control input, and high robustness against uncertainties/disturbances are among the attributes of the proposed control approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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18 pages, 4955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small-Signal Modeling of PMSG-Based Wind Turbine for Low Voltage Ride-Through and Artificial Intelligent Studies

by Mojtaba Nasiri, Saleh Mobayen, Behdad Faridpak, Afef Fekih and Arthur Chang

Energies 2020, 13(24), 6685; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13246685 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3465

Abstract

In recent years, due to the several advantages of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), the number of wind farms utilizing this technology has been significantly grown. The determination of the failure mechanism in these devices is the major challenge which has been addressed in many studies. Particularly, response to grid code compliance by wind power in the voltage drop situation needs to be comprehensively analyzed. In this paper, a small signal model of a PMSG-based wind turbine for low voltage ride-through (LVRT) and suitable for stability and artificial intelligent studies is presented. Accordingly, the generator side converter controls the dc-link voltage, and the maximum power point tracking is performed by the grid side converter. Given the proposed model, the speed of the simulation for stability analysis studies can be significantly increased by intelligent methods. Furthermore, the simplified approach can be achieved for calculating the optimal coefficients of the proportionality-integral controller by intelligent methods in a short time. By simulating the proposed small-signal model and comparing it with the block-based simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the appropriate accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model are confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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14 pages, 3565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dynamic Multi-Cell FCL to Improve the Fault Ride through Capability of DFIG-Based Wind Farms

by M. R. Shafiee, H. Shahbabaei Kartijkolaie, M. Firouzi, S. Mobayen and A. Fekih

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6071; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226071 - 20 Nov 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

Endowing wind farms (WFs) with fault ride through (FRT) capability is crucial to their continuous availability under various operating conditions. This paper proposes a dynamic adaptive multi-cell fault current limiter (MCFCL) topology to enhance the FRT capability of grid connected WFs. The proposed MCFCL consists of one transient cell (TC) and multi resistive cells (RCs) directly connected to the grid’s high voltage without using any series injection transformers nor any series connection of semiconductor switches. The transient cell of the MCFCL includes two transient limiting reactors (TLRs) to mitigate the transient fault current and limit the rate of change of the currents of the semiconductor switches during fault occurrence. The number of RCs in the MCFCL is determined based on voltage sag level. These latter are inserted in the fault path to provide an adaptive voltage sag compensation mechanism according to the voltage sag level. Assessment of the MCFCL under various sag conditions, showed that the MCFCL is able to effectively compensate for a wide range of voltage sags without any over voltage at the WF’s terminal. Comparison analysis with the conventional single-cell bridge-type FCL (SBFCL) showed the superior performance of the proposed MCFCL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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Review

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21 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fault Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Turbines: An Overview

by Afef Fekih, Hamed Habibi and Silvio Simani

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7186; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197186 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3115

Abstract

Wind turbines are playing an increasingly important role in renewable power generation. Their complex and large-scale structure, however, and operation in remote locations with harsh environmental conditions and highly variable stochastic loads make fault occurrence inevitable. Early detection and location of faults are vital for maintaining a high degree of availability and reducing maintenance costs. Hence, the deployment of algorithms capable of continuously monitoring and diagnosing potential faults and mitigating their effects before they evolve into failures is crucial. Fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control designs have been the subject of intensive research in the past decades. Significant progress has been made and several methods and control algorithms have been proposed in the literature. This paper provides an overview of the most recent fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control techniques for wind turbines. Following a brief discussion of the typical faults, the most commonly used model-based, data-driven and signal-based approaches are discussed. Passive and active fault tolerant control approaches are also highlighted and relevant publications are discussed. Future development tendencies in fault diagnosis and fault tolerant control of wind turbines are also briefly stated. The paper is written in a tutorial manner to provide a comprehensive overview of this research topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Fault Tolerant Control of Wind Energy Conversion Systems)

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