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2 pages, 167 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modeling, and Expansion Planning

by Javier Contreras and Gregorio Muñoz-Delgado

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7757; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227757 - 19 Nov 2021

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Abstract

This volume contains the successful invited submissions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

Research

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22 pages, 2781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relieving Tensions on Battery Energy Sources Utilization among TSO, DSO, and Service Providers with Multi-Objective Optimization

by Gianni Celli, Fabrizio Pilo, Giuditta Pisano, Simona Ruggeri and Gian Giuseppe Soma

Energies 2021, 14(1), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010239 - 5 Jan 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2466

Abstract

The European strategic long-term vision underlined the importance of a smarter and flexible system for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Distributed energy resources (DERs) could provide the required flexibility products. Distribution system operators (DSOs) cooperating with TSO (transmission system operators) are [...] Read more.

The European strategic long-term vision underlined the importance of a smarter and flexible system for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Distributed energy resources (DERs) could provide the required flexibility products. Distribution system operators (DSOs) cooperating with TSO (transmission system operators) are committed to procuring these flexibility products through market-based procedures. Among all DERs, battery energy storage systems (BESS) are a promising technology since they can be potentially exploited for a broad range of purposes. However, since their cost is still high, their size and location should be optimized with a view of maximizing the revenues for their owners. Intending to provide an instrument for the assessment of flexibility products to be shared between DSO and TSO to ensure a safe and secure operation of the system, the paper proposes a planning methodology based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Contrasting objectives, as the maximization of the BESS owners’ revenue and the minimization of the DSO risk inherent in the use of the innovative solutions, can be considered by identifying trade-off solutions. The proposed model is validated by applying the methodology to a real Italian medium voltage (MV) distribution network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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20 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Economic Emission Dispatch with Environment-Based Demand Response Using WU-ABC Algorithm

by Ho-Sung Ryu and Mun-Kyeom Kim

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6450; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236450 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

Owing to the growing interest in environmental problems worldwide, it is essential to schedule power generation considering the effects of pollutants. To address this, we propose an optimal approach that solves the combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) with maximum emission constraints by considering [...] Read more.

Owing to the growing interest in environmental problems worldwide, it is essential to schedule power generation considering the effects of pollutants. To address this, we propose an optimal approach that solves the combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) with maximum emission constraints by considering demand response (DR) program. The CEED consists of the sum of operation costs for each generator and the pollutant emissions. An environment-based demand response (EBDR) program is used to implement pollutant emission reduction and facilitate economic improvement. Through the weighting update artificial bee colony (WU-ABC) algorithm, the penalty factor that determines the weighting of the two objective functions is adjusted, and an optimal operation solution for a microgrid (MG) is then determined to resolve the CEED problem. The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach are demonstrated via comparative analyses at a modified grid-connected MG test system. The results confirm that the proposed approach not only satisfies emission constraints but also ensures an economically superior performance compared to other approaches. These results present a useful solution for microgrid operators considered environment issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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13 pages, 2482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between Inflexible and Flexible Charging of Electric Vehicles—A Study from the Perspective of an Aggregator

by Isaias Gomes, Rui Melicio and Victor Mendes

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5443; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205443 - 19 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1558

Abstract

This paper is about the problem of the management of an aggregator of electric vehicles participating in an electricity market environment. The problem consists in the maximization of the expected profit through a formulation given by a stochastic programming problem to consider the [...] Read more.

This paper is about the problem of the management of an aggregator of electric vehicles participating in an electricity market environment. The problem consists in the maximization of the expected profit through a formulation given by a stochastic programming problem to consider the uncertainty faced by the aggregator. This uncertainty is due to the day-ahead market prices and the driving requirements of the owners of the vehicles. Depending on the consent of the owners, inflexible charging to flexible charging is considered. Thus, the aggregator can propose different profiles and charging periods to the owners of electric vehicles. Qualitatively, as expected, the more flexible the vehicle owners, the higher the expected profit. The formulation, however, offers more to the aggregator and provides the ability to quantify the influence of consent of favorable driving requirements in the expected profit, allowing the aggregator to consider rewarding the owners of vehicles with more flexibility. Case studies addressed are for comparison of the influence of owners having inflexibility, partial flexibility, or flexibility in the expected profit of the aggregator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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17 pages, 3810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maximization of Distribution Network Hosting Capacity through Optimal Grid Reconfiguration and Distributed Generation Capacity Allocation/Control

by Rade Čađenović and Damir Jakus

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5315; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205315 - 13 Oct 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2414

Abstract

High penetration of small-scale distributed energy sources into the distribution network increase negative impacts related to power quality causing adverse conditions. This paper presents a mathematical model that maximizes distribution network hosting capacity through optimal distributed generation capacity allocation and control and grid [...] Read more.

High penetration of small-scale distributed energy sources into the distribution network increase negative impacts related to power quality causing adverse conditions. This paper presents a mathematical model that maximizes distribution network hosting capacity through optimal distributed generation capacity allocation and control and grid reconfiguration. In addition to this, the model includes on-load tap changer control for stabilization of grid voltage conditions primarily in grid operating conditions related to voltage rise problems, which can limit grid hosting capacity. Moreover, the objective function allows the possibility of energy transfer between distribution and transmission grids. The proposed model considers alternative grid connection points for distributed generation and determines optimal connection points as well as install capacity while considering network operating limits. The model is cast as a multiperiod second-order cone linear program and involves aspects of active power management. The model is tested on a modified IEEE 33 bus test network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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20 pages, 4531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Use of Energy Storages and Energy Curtailment as an Addition to the Allocation of Renewable Energy in the Distribution System in Order to Minimize Development Costs

by Mateusz Andrychowicz

Energies 2020, 13(14), 3746; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143746 - 21 Jul 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2572

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison of the efficiency of energy storage and energy curtailment as an addition to the allocation of renewable energy in the distribution system in order to minimize development costs using a Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP). Energy sources and energy [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comparison of the efficiency of energy storage and energy curtailment as an addition to the allocation of renewable energy in the distribution system in order to minimize development costs using a Mixed Integer-Linear Programming (MILP). Energy sources and energy storages are selected, sized and allocated under operational circumstances such as grid congestions and weather conditions. Loads and power units are modeled by daily consumption and generation profiles respectively, to reflect the intermittent character of renewable generation and consumption of energy. The optimization is carried out for a one-year time horizon using twenty-four representative days. The method is verified on three main simulation scenarios and three sub-scenarios for each of them, allowing for the comparison of the efficiency of each used tool. The main scenarios differ in their share of energy from renewable energy sources (RES) in total consumption. In the sub-scenarios, different tools (RES sizing and allocation, energy storages (ES) sizing and allocation and energy curtailment) are used. The results of this research confirm that energy curtailment is a more efficient additional tool for RES sizing and allocation than energy storages. This method can find practical application for Distribution System Operators in elaborating grid development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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23 pages, 3385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Hierarchical Consensus-Based Economic Dispatch for Isolated AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid

by Ke Jiang, Feng Wu, Linjun Shi and Keman Lin

Energies 2020, 13(12), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123209 - 20 Jun 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1894

Abstract

In this paper, a distributed hierarchical consensus algorithm is proposed to solve the economic dispatch (ED) problem for the isolated AC/DC hybrid microgrid. At first, the whole nodes of the AC/DC hybrid microgrid are divided into two parts, that is, the leadership layer [...] Read more.

In this paper, a distributed hierarchical consensus algorithm is proposed to solve the economic dispatch (ED) problem for the isolated AC/DC hybrid microgrid. At first, the whole nodes of the AC/DC hybrid microgrid are divided into two parts, that is, the leadership layer nodes and the tracking layer nodes. The leadership layer nodes update the data through their own feedback elements, while the tracking layer nodes receive the information from the leadership layer nodes and update the data. After several iterations, the two different layer nodes obtain the same state, which realizes the dynamic active power balance of the whole AC/DC microgrid. Besides, the AC sub-grid and DC sub-grid can also realize the power balance by the proposed algorithm, and the energy storage units will absorb or release active power to meet the power demand in the respective section. In addition, the constraints of the nodes are also taken into account to guarantee that the power nodes in the AC/DC hybrid microgrid should operate within their own limitations, which is necessary to realize the ED for the considered hybrid microgrid. Finally, case study and simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed hierarchal method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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19 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Benders’ Decomposition Approach for Renewable Generation Investment in Distribution Systems

by Sergio Montoya-Bueno, Jose Ignacio Muñoz-Hernandez, Javier Contreras and Luis Baringo

Energies 2020, 13(5), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13051225 - 6 Mar 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2980

Abstract

A model suitable to obtain where and when renewable energy sources (RES) should be allocated as part of generation planning in distribution systems is formulated. The proposed model starts from an existing two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem including investment and scenario-dependent [...] Read more.

A model suitable to obtain where and when renewable energy sources (RES) should be allocated as part of generation planning in distribution systems is formulated. The proposed model starts from an existing two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem including investment and scenario-dependent operation decisions. The aim is to minimize photovoltaic and wind investment costs, operation costs, as well as total substation costs including the cost of the energy bought from substations and energy losses. A new Benders’ decomposition framework is used to decouple the problem between investment and operation decisions, where the latter can be further decomposed into a set of smaller problems per scenario and planning period. The model is applied to a 34-bus system and a comparison with a MILP model is presented to show the advantages of the model proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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Review

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21 pages, 2208 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Survey on Enhanced Smart Micro-Grid Management System with Modern Wireless Technology Contribution

by Lilia Tightiz, Hyosik Yang and Mohammad Jalil Piran

Energies 2020, 13(9), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092258 - 4 May 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4845

Abstract

Micro-grid (MG) deployment has dramatically become more popular with the high penetration of renewable energy resources (RER). This trend brings with it the merits of independent power grid clean energy resource-based systems, and simultaneously the demerits of an unstable grid due to the [...] Read more.

Micro-grid (MG) deployment has dramatically become more popular with the high penetration of renewable energy resources (RER). This trend brings with it the merits of independent power grid clean energy resource-based systems, and simultaneously the demerits of an unstable grid due to the intermittent nature of RER. Control and monitoring of MG through robust and ubiquitous communication system infrastructure is the solution to overcoming this intermittency. There has been an increasing focus in recent years on using wireless communication technologies as a prominent candidate in holistic proposal for the micro-grid management system (MGMS). The MGMS has been developed using the multi-agent system (MAS), multi-micro-grid (multi-MG), Internet of things (IoT) integration, and cloud concepts requiring new communication specifications, which can be satisfied by next-generation wireless technologies. There is, however, a lack of comprehensive corresponding investigation into management levels of MG interaction requirements and applied communication technologies, as well as a roadmap for wireless communication deployment, especially for the next generation. In this paper, we investigate communication technology applications in the MG and focus on their classification in a way that determines standard gaps when applying wireless for MG control levels. We also explore and categorize the literature that has applied wireless technologies to MG. Moreover, since MGMS has been revolutionized by attaching new technologies and applications to make it an active element of the power system, we address future trends for MGMS and offer a roadmap for applying new enhancements in wireless technologies, especially the fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks with its exclusive characteristics, to implement this novel approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Distributed Power Generation Scheduling, Modelling and Expansion Planning)

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