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5 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools—An Overview

by Małgorzata Łatuszyńska and Kesra Nermend

Energies 2022, 15(15), 5545; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155545 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1556

Abstract

Making decisions concerning the use of energy sources is a very difficult and complicated task [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

39 pages, 8344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Energy System of a Facility with Uncertainty about Future Internal Carbon Prices and Energy Carrier Costs Using Deterministic Optimisation and Two-Stage Stochastic Programming

by Oliver Gregor Gorbach and Jessica Thomsen

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3836; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103836 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1980

Abstract

For an organisation, one aspect on the path to a decarbonised future is the cost-optimal decarbonisation of their facilities’ energy systems. One method to guide the decarbonisation is internal carbon pricing. However, the design process of decarbonisation pathways, guided by internal carbon prices, [...] Read more.

For an organisation, one aspect on the path to a decarbonised future is the cost-optimal decarbonisation of their facilities’ energy systems. One method to guide the decarbonisation is internal carbon pricing. However, the design process of decarbonisation pathways, guided by internal carbon prices, can be challenging, since the energy system environment consists of many uncertainties. Despite the numerous uncertainties and existing methods to address uncertainties during the optimisation process, the optimisation of a facility’s energy system is often done by assuming perfect knowledge of all relevant input parameters (deterministic optimisation). Since real-world decisions can never be based on perfect knowledge and certain decisions might lead to path dependencies, it is important to consider the robustness of a solution in the context of developments that vary from the assumed scenarios. So far, no academic work has analysed the potential benefits of using an optimisation method that considers uncertainty about future CO₂ prices and energy carrier cost as two important input parameters during the optimisation process. This publication closes the knowledge gap by optimising a real-world energy system of a manufacturing site with two-stage stochastic programming and comparing it with methods of deterministic optimisation. The results show considerably more robust results for the solutions generated by stochastic programming. The total cost deviation does not exceed 52%, while the deviation of the deterministic results reaches up to 96%. The results also indicate that organisations should not analyse their energy systems by only considering uncertain internal carbon prices, but should examine the effects together with other important but uncertain parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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15 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Energy Self-Sufficiency of Municipalities on the Basis of National Legal Conditions in the Theoretical Perspective of the Polish Legal Experiences

by Szymon Słotwiński

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3000; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093000 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

In today’s social, economic, and political reality, it cannot be overlooked that the energy self-sufficiency of municipalities not only optimizes the lives of the inhabitants of the municipality but also, in a broader perspective, the services provided by the municipality. The sustainable development [...] Read more.

In today’s social, economic, and political reality, it cannot be overlooked that the energy self-sufficiency of municipalities not only optimizes the lives of the inhabitants of the municipality but also, in a broader perspective, the services provided by the municipality. The sustainable development of a municipality will therefore depend on its degree of self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Economic and technological considerations are not sufficient for the municipality to achieve optimal energy independence without normative conditions. The current (2021/2022) trends in electricity prices and in the development of national and international policies and strategies for electricity generation from renewable energy sources also make the change in the energy market structure toward distributed generation. The main objective of this paper is a theoretical analysis of the legal solutions in force in Poland that allow building energy self-sufficiency in municipalities and their adequacy to the current economic, technological, and political conditions. The scientific discussion will focus here on research problems related to the impact of the national regulations on the gradual assumption of control by municipalities over the generation and distribution of electricity with regard to energy produced in RES installations and the independence of municipalities from the national energy management and supply system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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19 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survey Results on Using Nudges for Choice of Green-Energy Supplier

by Danuta Miłaszewicz

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072679 - 6 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3644

Abstract

One of the most important climate change mitigation strategies is to exploit the potential of individual behavioral changes in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the insights of behavioral economics are proving helpful in this regard. This contributes to improving traditional [...] Read more.

One of the most important climate change mitigation strategies is to exploit the potential of individual behavioral changes in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the insights of behavioral economics are proving helpful in this regard. This contributes to improving traditional instruments, developing new ones related to choice architecture (nudges), and combining them within behavioral decarbonization intervention strategies. It is important, in terms of their effectiveness and efficiency, whether the instruments of such interventions are supported by citizens. This paper presents the results of a survey of Polish respondents’ (n = 1064) reactions to hypothetical nudges regarding the choice of a “green energy” supplier. The main research questions of the study are: how much civic support do these behavioral intervention tools have, and what is the importance of selected factors for their acceptance? The aim of the study is to present nudges as one of the strategies of pro-environmental behavioral change and to analyze selected factors of acceptance of these instruments by the Polish society. There are two main conclusions of the research: (1) Poles’ support for the green nudges analyzed is comparatively high, like in other European countries; (2) statistically significant differences in support for one of them are age and individual political party preferences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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15 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing a Decision Tree for Energy Policy Domain Based on Real-Life Data

by Mehmet Efe Biresselioglu and Muhittin Hakan Demir

Energies 2022, 15(7), 2420; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072420 - 25 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4383

Abstract

This manuscript aims to construct a decision support tool for the energy policymakers and energy providers to facilitate an analytical decision-making framework where the key drivers, motivators, and barriers are accounted for. The decision support system is designed in the format of a [...] Read more.

This manuscript aims to construct a decision support tool for the energy policymakers and energy providers to facilitate an analytical decision-making framework where the key drivers, motivators, and barriers are accounted for. The decision support system is designed in the format of a decision tree algorithm, integrating information about the key drivers, motivators, and barriers derived from the results of the ECHOES project and input from decision-makers based on their perceptions regarding the relevance, importance, potential impact, and probability of occurrence for each parameter, in each phase of the process. The input relies on the analysis of 67 in-depth interviews, 15 focus groups, and 12 case studies conducted in seven countries in the energy policy domain. It is exploited to construct patterns, rules, and scenarios as inputs to the decision tree algorithm. The algorithm can be utilized for evaluating the likelihood of success for a particular process or endeavour, conducting scenario analysis concerning various projections of the system under consideration, deciding which projects to prioritize, which schemes to select for implementation, or how to improve the risk management, and assessing the return on the efforts or investments to improve particular key drivers or motivators and alleviate particular barriers. The proposed algorithm also contributes to the alleviation of challenges associated with the exploitation of qualitative data for energy-related decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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19 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Rule-Based Model of Negentropy for Increasing the Energy Efficiency of the City’s Digital Transformation Processes into a Smart City

by Cezary Orłowski, Piotr Cofta and Aleksander Orlowski

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041436 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

The aim of the article is to build a rule-based model (RMFDN) for increasing the energy efficiency of Smart Cities’ digital transformation processes. The problem that arises during the implementation of digital transformation processes concerns the measures that should be assigned to estimate [...] Read more.

The aim of the article is to build a rule-based model (RMFDN) for increasing the energy efficiency of Smart Cities’ digital transformation processes. The problem that arises during the implementation of digital transformation processes concerns the measures that should be assigned to estimate the duration of the digital transformation. Previous studies of digital transformation have been based on the analysis of design processes based on key performance indicators (KPIs), their place and role in the digital transformation processes, and their monitoring with the use of information architecture. The analysis of the digital transformation processes of cities into Smart Cities shows that they seem inappropriate to the complexity and uncertainty of the digital transformation carried out. The new approach presented in the article is based on three key aspects: rule-based description of the state of digital transformation processes enabling their energy assessment, introducing energy maturity capsules to describe the state of these processes and application of measures based on project negentropy increments for maturity capsules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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19 pages, 3492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Electricity-Saving Communication Campaigns: Neurophysiological Approach

by Anna Borawska, Mariusz Borawski and Małgorzata Łatuszyńska

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041263 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2285

Abstract

Public communication campaigns are among the tools for promoting electricity saving. A crucial task in the process of creating a campaign is to design a simple message to effectively reach the average consumer. It is a beneficial practice to create alternative messages and [...] Read more.

Public communication campaigns are among the tools for promoting electricity saving. A crucial task in the process of creating a campaign is to design a simple message to effectively reach the average consumer. It is a beneficial practice to create alternative messages and pretest them to find the most effective. The research methodology during pretesting includes both quantitative and qualitative methods. However, it is believed that the outcomes obtained with the use of conventional techniques are not fully reliable. Therefore, the following question arises: What additional research methods should be applied at the stage of testing the message of a communication campaign so that its effectiveness can be assessed more reliably and/or improved even before its broadcast? In this study, we aim to present the possibility of applying cognitive neuroscience methods in conjunction with a questionnaire to experimentally check the effectiveness of the message using the example of selected electricity-saving communication campaigns. The key results of this study indicate that merging conscious and subconscious reactions to media messages allows us to gain new knowledge that can be used in the future to improve the communication campaign effectiveness. Our investigation showed the benefits that can be obtained by synergizing traditional research methods with neuroscientific approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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13 pages, 3425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of New and Old Energy Labels on Consumer Judgements and Decisions about Household Appliances

by Katarzyna Stasiuk and Dominika Maison

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041260 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2405

Abstract

Energy efficiency is an increasingly important dimension of household appliances, which is why they are labeled to indicate their energy consumption. In 2020, the European Union countries changed the labeling system from the previous system: ranging from A+++ to D, to the new [...] Read more.

Energy efficiency is an increasingly important dimension of household appliances, which is why they are labeled to indicate their energy consumption. In 2020, the European Union countries changed the labeling system from the previous system: ranging from A+++ to D, to the new system: ranging from A to G, assuming it would be more transparent for the consumer. The aim of the study was to find out the extent to which consumers are aware of the new labeling system, and the impact that the new labels have (compared to the previous ones) on the perception of household appliances and consumer decision-making. For this purpose, the survey was conducted on a nationwide representative Polish sample (n = 1054). The research was partly experimental, where the same appliances were presented with new and previous energy labels. The results showed that currently most people do not identify the new energy classes. Furthermore, products with the new labels are perceived as being less energy efficient in comparison with products with the previous labels, which shows that there is some confusion among consumers in terms of the new energy efficiency labeling system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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28 pages, 17612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Photovoltaic Panels at Public Transport Stops: 3D Spatial Analysis as a Tool to Strengthen Decision Making

by Anna Fijałkowska, Kamila Waksmundzka and Jerzy Chmiel

Energies 2022, 15(3), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031230 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2993

Abstract

The potential of solar energy encourages research into new applications of this technology. Access to renewable energy is an important element of modern urban policies aimed at sustainable development and the energy security of residents but also limits energy production from conventional sources [...] Read more.

The potential of solar energy encourages research into new applications of this technology. Access to renewable energy is an important element of modern urban policies aimed at sustainable development and the energy security of residents but also limits energy production from conventional sources due to the pollution associated with them. More and more often, projects of new urban infrastructure facilities include integrated photovoltaic panels. Assessing solar potential is an important step when planning the layout of solar panels, and the increasing number of high-rise buildings increases shaded areas, sometimes even for most of the day. Therefore, a detailed shading analysis can be important for city decision makers, investors and local communities. The results of the 3D spatial analysis presented in the article can be used to optimize the location and analyse the profitability of photovoltaic installations in a city. The aim of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness of photovoltaic panels on the shelters of public transport bus/tram stops. The proposed methodology for calculating the solar potential and shading may be a valuable extension of existing solutions in the field of planning installation power and the location of individual panels. The research methodology can be used in the future to support decision making and spatial planning related to the placement of photovoltaic panels. It was tested for bus shelters located in the centre of Warsaw (Poland). The results can also be used to assess the impact of alternatives to newly designed high-rise buildings and to plan the provision of photovoltaic panels to other city infrastructure facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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24 pages, 2420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Decision Process for Choosing the Wind Resource Assessment Workflow with the Best Compromise between Accuracy and Costs for a Given Project in Complex Terrain

by Sarah Barber, Alain Schubiger, Sara Koller, Dominik Eggli, Alexander Radi, Andreas Rumpf and Hermann Knaus

Energies 2022, 15(3), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031110 - 2 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2366

Abstract

In wind energy, the accuracy of the estimation of the wind resource has an enormous effect on the expected rate of return of a project. For a given project, the wind resource assessor is faced with a difficult choice of a wide range [...] Read more.

In wind energy, the accuracy of the estimation of the wind resource has an enormous effect on the expected rate of return of a project. For a given project, the wind resource assessor is faced with a difficult choice of a wide range of simulation tools and workflows with varying accuracies (or “skill”) and costs. There is currently no guideline or process available in the industry for helping with the decision of the most “optimal” choice—and this is particularly challenging in mountainous (or “complex”) terrain. In this work, a new decision process for selecting the Wind Resource Assessment (WRA) workflow that would expect to deliver the best compromise between skill and costs for a given wind energy project is developed, with a focus on complex terrain. This involves estimating the expected skill and cost scores using a set of pre-defined weighted parameters. The new process is designed and tested by applying seven different WRA workflows to five different complex terrain sites. The quality of the decision process is then assessed for all the sites by comparing the decision made (i.e., choice of optimal workflow) using the expected skill and cost scores with the decision made using the actual skill and cost scores (obtained by comparing measurements and simulations at a validation location). The results show that the decision process works well, but the accuracy decreases as the site complexity increases. It is therefore concluded that some of the parameter weightings should be dependent on site complexity. On-going work involves collecting more data from a large range of sites, implementing measures to reduce the subjectivity of the process and developing a reliable and robust automated decision tool for the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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33 pages, 10421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model to Predict Quality of Photovoltaic Panels Considering Customers’ Expectations

by Andrzej Pacana and Dominika Siwiec

Energies 2022, 15(3), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031101 - 2 Feb 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 2132

Abstract

The perspective of reducing negative climate changes in the area of production of electricity is beneficial mainly for photovoltaic panels (PV). In this case, qualitative–ecological interactions arise, which should be verified to properly select PV. It refers to the analysis of customers’ expectations [...] Read more.

The perspective of reducing negative climate changes in the area of production of electricity is beneficial mainly for photovoltaic panels (PV). In this case, qualitative–ecological interactions arise, which should be verified to properly select PV. It refers to the analysis of customers’ expectations of the utility of photovoltaic panels and their impact on the landscape (environments). Therefore, the purpose of the article was to propose a model to predict the quality of photovoltaic panels considering the expectations of the customers. According to the SMART(-ER) method, the purpose of the analysis was determined. Then, using brainstorming (BM), the criteria of PV were determined in groups: technical, utility, and aesthetic. The customer expectations were then obtained by questionnaire with the technique with the method of comparison in pairs and Likert scale. Customer expectations were initially verified using the AHP method, after which the key PV criteria of PV were selected. The relations between these criteria were then determined by the DEMATEL method. According to customer expectations, the quality of PV was calculated. The Weighted Product Model (WPM) was used this purpose. As a result, the best photovoltaic panel was predicted for the best PV for the customer by using the relative state scale. The developed model can be used by any entity for any photovoltaic panel and by individual personalized criteria for the customer and other interested parties. The originality of this model is the integration of selected techniques in such a way as to provide them with the greatest satisfaction after choosing a PV based on customer expectations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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25 pages, 1908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Empirical Analysis of Renewable Energy Contributions Considering Green Consumer Values—A Case Study of Poland

by Paweł Bartoszczuk, Uma Shankar Singh and Małgorzata Rutkowska

Energies 2022, 15(3), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031027 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3595

Abstract

This article examines the acceptance of renewable energy in the adoption of the climate package, taking into account the GREEN consumer values among consumers in Poland. The research problem addressed in this paper relates to the measurement of consumer values in terms of [...] Read more.

This article examines the acceptance of renewable energy in the adoption of the climate package, taking into account the GREEN consumer values among consumers in Poland. The research problem addressed in this paper relates to the measurement of consumer values in terms of the GREEN concept; specifically, consumer acceptance of the available offerings provided by real businesses. In addition, consumer needs are important in terms of ensuring the acceptance of renewable energy, which will create opportunities for its production in the context of the Fit 55 climate package. The study formulates some research questions and hypotheses to justify the concept with empirical data by applying statistical tests. The study is presented in several sections with a detailed presentation of secondary and primary data. The main outcome of the research is based on the primary data using a structured survey questionnaire administered in Poland and 557 collected samples. Nowadays, the responsibility also lies with consumers, as green consumption will entail green production. The research concludes that Poland’s consumers have a good level of acceptance of RES, based on the current green energy situation of Poland, which may lead to sustainability and will benefit policy makers in government, corporations and end consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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19 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Development Programming of Airports by Identification of Non-Efficient Units

by Elżbieta Szaruga and Elżbieta Załoga

Energies 2022, 15(3), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030932 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3180

Abstract

This article concerns the identification of inefficient airports and the exploration of spatial autocorrelation for programming sustainable development. The first research question was: do domestic airports cooperate by shifting passenger service and traffic to the geographically closest airport to respect the idea of [...] Read more.

This article concerns the identification of inefficient airports and the exploration of spatial autocorrelation for programming sustainable development. The first research question was: do domestic airports cooperate by shifting passenger service and traffic to the geographically closest airport to respect the idea of sustainable development (in view of the rationalization of energy consumption)? The second question was: do they excessively compete for passengers and the carriers serving them? The aim was to identify ineffective units (taking into account energy consumption, airplane traffic, and passenger movement) and to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation between national airports, which shows whether airports cooperate or compete with each other. The study was conducted on 12 airports. An innovative extension of the data envelopment analysis method using methods in the field of spatial econometrics (including two-dimensional Moran I statistics and local LISA statistics) and artificial intelligence was applied. It was verified that ineffective airports have a non-rationalized structure of inputs to outputs. Based on the map-graph of connections, airports have been identified to which part of airplane traffic service can be transferred. Based on Moran statistics and local LISA statistics, it was confirmed that airports compete with each other. There was a strong polarization of efficient airports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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23 pages, 2107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Multicriteria Analysis Methods for Ranking Sites for Solar Farm Deployment: A Case Study in Greece

by Dimitra G. Vagiona

Energies 2021, 14(24), 8371; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248371 - 12 Dec 2021

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3332

Abstract

This study investigated the prioritization and ranking problem of the appropriate locations at which to deploy solar photovoltaic (PV) farms. Although different Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods can be found in the literature to address this problem, a comparative analysis of those methods [...] Read more.

This study investigated the prioritization and ranking problem of the appropriate locations at which to deploy solar photovoltaic (PV) farms. Although different Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods can be found in the literature to address this problem, a comparative analysis of those methods is missing. The aim of this study is to compare four different MCDM approaches to evaluate and rank suitable areas for the deployment of solar PV farms, with the island of Rhodes (Greece) being used as an example. Feasible areas for the location of such facilities were identified with the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), by applying certain exclusion criteria found either in the national legislative framework or in the international literature. Data were obtained from Greek open geospatial data. The feasible sites were evaluated and ranked using four different MCDM methods: the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), the VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), and the PROMETHEE II (Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations) method. The best alternative rated according to three TOPSIS, VIKOR and PROMETHEE is site (S2). The second-best alternative in the above three methods is site (S1), while the worst is site (S3). The best alternative rated according to AHP (S4) is in sixth position according to TOPSIS and in fifth position VIKOR and PROMETHEE. The comparison demonstrated that different MCDM techniques may generate different ranks. The simultaneous use of several MCDM methods in energy siting problems is considered advantageous as it can help decision makers to select the most sustainable sites, avoiding the disadvantages and availing the advantages of each method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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29 pages, 3643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Prospect Theory for Energy Sustainable Industry 4.0

by Aldona Kluczek, Patrycja Żegleń and Daniela Matušíková

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7694; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227694 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3935

Abstract

Industry 4.0 challenges facilities entrepreneurs to be competitive in the market in terms of energy by rational decision making. The goal of the paper is aimed at introducing Prospect Theory (PT) in Industry 4.0 for making decisions in order to select an optimal [...] Read more.

Industry 4.0 challenges facilities entrepreneurs to be competitive in the market in terms of energy by rational decision making. The goal of the paper is aimed at introducing Prospect Theory (PT) in Industry 4.0 for making decisions in order to select an optimal energy technology. To reach this goal, an approach for decision making on energy investment has been developed. In this paper, the authors have also provided a new opportunity to apply the new decision making method for strengthening Industry 4.0 by addressing energy concerns based on which rational decisions have been made. The study uses a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process for weighting the evaluation sub-criteria of energy technologies and a modified PT for making decisions related to the selection of one of the investigated technologies. The results show that it is possible to implement PT in Industry 4.0 via a decision making model for energy sustainability. Decision probability was achieved using a behavioral approach akin to Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) for the considered technology options. More specifically, the probability has created the same threshold-based decision possibilities. The authors used the case study method based on a company located in North America which produces hardwood lumber. The company uses a heating system containing natural gas-fired boilers. This study has also contributed to the literature on energy sustainable Industry 4.0 by demonstrating a new phenomenon/paradigm for energy sustainability-based Industry 4.0 through using PT. In this context, the main motivation of writing the article has been to promote energy sustainability via complex mechanisms and systems that involve interrelated functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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20 pages, 1612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Attribute Rating Method for Selecting a Clean Coal Energy Generation Technology

by Wioletta Lipka and Cezary Szwed

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7228; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217228 - 2 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2016

Abstract

The process of technology management contains various stages, such as the identification, selection, acquisition, implementation, and maintenance of technologies. In the case of power generation companies, a key aspect of the selection stage is the choice of generation technologies for newly commissioned units. [...] Read more.

The process of technology management contains various stages, such as the identification, selection, acquisition, implementation, and maintenance of technologies. In the case of power generation companies, a key aspect of the selection stage is the choice of generation technologies for newly commissioned units. The investment decision depends on many factors, primarily economic, environmental, social, technological, and legal, and represents a complex multi-criteria problem. Currently, the decision is further complicated by the often unpredictable tightening of environmental standards, forcing the closure of conventional sources, on which many countries have so far based their energy security. The paper analyzes the problem of choosing one of the so-called clean coal technologies to be implemented in conditions of transformation of the power sector. In this paper, five selected clean coal technologies are characterized, and the SMART method is adopted to technology selection. The following technologies were considered: supercritical coal-fired power plant (with and without CCS), IGCC power plant (with and without CCS), and IGCC power plant with CCS and integrated hydrogen production. Nine practical criteria (in three main groups: environmental, technological, economic) for comparing technologies are defined, computational experiments performed, and conclusions from the research presented. The work was based on the literature study of multi-criteria decision support and an analysis of power sector needs based on the example of the Polish power sector. The conducted research, apart from the technology recommendation, led to the conclusion that the chosen method may be applied to decision-making in the field of power generation technology management. The study also indicated the potential direction of the development of a power generation structure in a situation where a component of ensuring energy security is the use of available coal fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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20 pages, 1945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ratio Selection between Six Sectors in the Visegrad Group Using Parametric and Nonparametric ANOVA

by Sebastian Klaudiusz Tomczak

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7120; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217120 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

The changes that have been triggered in market economies by COVID-19 have increased the importance of assessing the financial standing of companies and sectors. It is essential for managers, lenders, and investors to properly evaluate the financial condition of companies. Therefore, it is [...] Read more.

The changes that have been triggered in market economies by COVID-19 have increased the importance of assessing the financial standing of companies and sectors. It is essential for managers, lenders, and investors to properly evaluate the financial condition of companies. Therefore, it is crucial to select indicators that show the differences in the values of market sectors before, and during, the COVID-19 pandemic (checking the stability of ratios over time). We used parametric and nonparametric analyses of variance (ANOVA) to single out indicators. The sample consists of listed companies in six sectors from the Visegrad group: manufacturing, construction, retail, wholesale trade, transportation and warehousing, and energy. We applied yearly and quarterly analyses in the periods from Q1 2017–Q1 2021. The analyses take into account 82 indicators. The results of the parametric ANOVA indicate that only the ratio of the company size shows the differences between the sectors in most of the periods of quarterly analysis. In comparison, the results of the nonparametric ANOVA demonstrate that five ratios show differences between the sectors in the quarterly analysis, and nine show differences in the yearly analysis. On the basis of the results, the construction and energy sectors are the least effective in managing their assets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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17 pages, 685 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Green Consumer Values in Renewable Energy Sources and Eco Innovation in India

by Małgorzata Rutkowska, Paweł Bartoszczuk and Uma Shankar Singh

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7061; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217061 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2828

Abstract

Renewable energy sources are ecological and sustainable solutions accepted with a common consensus under the sustainable development goals. Energy source exploration has enforced the human race to think about sustainable energy production as fossil fuels are non-renewable and are having a negative impact [...] Read more.

Renewable energy sources are ecological and sustainable solutions accepted with a common consensus under the sustainable development goals. Energy source exploration has enforced the human race to think about sustainable energy production as fossil fuels are non-renewable and are having a negative impact on ecosystem. Consumer needs and wants are the key for acceptance of renewable energy and making production a possibility. The real challenge is with the consumer market for the acceptance of green energy. The current research is based on the concept of GREEN consumer values synergizing with renewable energy sources, and eco innovation for sustainability in India. The crucial point of study is assessing GREEN consumer values which are the determining factor for consumption. All five renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass) have received a higher level of acceptance by respondents which shows that India is on its way to enhancing its capacity for renewable energy. Indian consumer values are very much aligned with eco sustainability, and the market is ready to consume renewable energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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15 pages, 20275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Simulated Biogas Compositions (CH₄ and CO₂) on Vibration, Sound Pressure and Performance of a Spark Ignition Engine

by Donatas Kriaučiūnas, Tadas Žvirblis, Kristina Kilikevičienė, Artūras Kilikevičius, Jonas Matijošius, Alfredas Rimkus and Darius Vainorius

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7037; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217037 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1897

Abstract

Biogas has increasingly been used as an alternative to fossil fuels in the world due to a number of factors, including the availability of raw materials, extensive resources, relatively cheap production and sufficient energy efficiency in internal combustion engines. Tightening environmental and renewable [...] Read more.

Biogas has increasingly been used as an alternative to fossil fuels in the world due to a number of factors, including the availability of raw materials, extensive resources, relatively cheap production and sufficient energy efficiency in internal combustion engines. Tightening environmental and renewable energy requirements create excellent prospects for biogas (BG) as a fuel. A study was conducted on a 1.6-L spark ignition (SI) engine (HR16DE), testing simulated biogas with different methane and carbon dioxide contents (100CH₄, 80CH₄_20CO₂, 60CH₄_40CO₂, and 50CH₄_50CO₂) as fuel. The rate of heat release (ROHR) was calculated for each fuel. Vibration acceleration time, sound pressure and spectrum characteristics were also analyzed. The results of the study revealed which vibration of the engine correlates with combustion intensity, which is directly related to the main measure of engine energy efficiency—break thermal efficiency (BTE). Increasing vibrations have a negative correlation with carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, but a positive correlation with nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions. Sound pressure also relates to the combustion process, but, in contrast to vibration, had a negative correlation with BTE and NO_x, and a positive correlation with emissions of incomplete combustion products (CO, HC). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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32 pages, 3207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model of Choice Photovoltaic Panels Considering Customers’ Expectations

by Dominika Siwiec and Andrzej Pacana

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5977; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185977 - 20 Sep 2021

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 2825

Abstract

Photovoltaic electricity generation is key to achieving deep decarbonization with a high degree of electrification. It is predicted that the energy sector will reduce carbon dioxide by producing electricity mainly from photovoltaic (PV) power. Although dynamic development of the implementation of photovoltaic panels [...] Read more.

Photovoltaic electricity generation is key to achieving deep decarbonization with a high degree of electrification. It is predicted that the energy sector will reduce carbon dioxide by producing electricity mainly from photovoltaic (PV) power. Although dynamic development of the implementation of photovoltaic panels has been observed, their choice considering customer specificity is still a problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose the model of choice photovoltaic panels considering customers’ expectations. It can support the choice of a photovoltaic panel of a certain quality (satisfaction of concrete customer) in combination with the cost of its purchase. The proposed model includes acquiring and then processing customers’ expectations into technical criteria, while simultaneously considering the weighting of these criteria. It is realized in a standardized way, i.e., the zero-unitarization method (MUZ), after which normalized values of the quality of the photovoltaic panels’ criteria are obtained. In turn, the quality of these products is estimated by the weighted sum model (WSM) and then integrated with purchase cost in qualitative cost analysis (AKJ). As a result, using the scale of relative states, it is possible to categorize customer satisfaction from indicating qualitative cost and selecting the photovoltaic panel expected by customers (the most satisfactory). The effectiveness of the model was demonstrated by a sensitivity analysis, after which the key PV criteria were indicated. The proposed model is intended for any entity who selects a photovoltaic panel for customers. The computerization of calculations may contribute to its utilitarian dissemination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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24 pages, 4911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Problem of Non-Typical Objects in the Multidimensional Comparative Analysis of the Level of Renewable Energy Development

by Mateusz Piwowarski, Mariusz Borawski and Kesra Nermend

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5803; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185803 - 14 Sep 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 1967

Abstract

The development of energy from renewable sources is one of the most important aspects of today’s energy industry. The level of this development (production of green energy) is determined by the use of a variety of methods, e.g., the methods of multicriteria and [...] Read more.

The development of energy from renewable sources is one of the most important aspects of today’s energy industry. The level of this development (production of green energy) is determined by the use of a variety of methods, e.g., the methods of multicriteria and multivariate analysis. The effectiveness of these methods is affected by many factors, and one of them is the appearance of non-typical objects (outliers). This paper investigates the effectiveness of selected methods (TOPSIS, VIKOR, VMCM) in terms of computational robustness to outlier objects. The most effective method in this respect (VMCM) is then applied to study the level of development of renewable energy sources in European countries. The presented research provides the opportunity to carry out a dynamic analysis (for selected base years) of the level of energy generation from diverse renewable sources in reference to the adopted patterns and anti-patterns (European countries). The obtained results are discussed, thus confirming the effectiveness of the proposed methodological approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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17 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decline in Share Prices of Energy and Fuel Companies on the Warsaw Stock Exchange as a Reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Beata Bieszk-Stolorz and Iwona Markowicz

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5412; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175412 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2107

Abstract

Many factors influence the prices of energy commodities and the value of energy and fuel companies. Among them there are the following factors: economic, social, environmental and political, and recently also the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the paper is to examine what [...] Read more.

Many factors influence the prices of energy commodities and the value of energy and fuel companies. Among them there are the following factors: economic, social, environmental and political, and recently also the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the paper is to examine what the probability and intensity of a decrease in the prices of shares of energy and fuel companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (Poland) was during the first wave of the pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. The study used the survival analysis methods: the Kaplan-Meier estimator, the test of equality of duration curves and the Cox non-proportional hazards model. The analysis showed that the probability and intensity of price decline of energy and fuel companies in the initial period was the same as that of other companies. The differences become apparent only after 50 days from the established maximum of their value. The risk of price declines in energy and fuel companies increased significantly. This situation was related both to a temporary reduction in demand for energy and fuels, pandemic restrictions introduced in individual countries and the behaviour of stock market investors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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12 pages, 282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Production Security in Times of a Long-Term Energy Shortage Crisis: The Example of Poland

by Jacek Buko, Jarosław Duda and Adam Makowski

Energies 2021, 14(16), 4725; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164725 - 4 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2473

Abstract

In countries with industrialized agriculture, the contribution of fossil energy equals or exceeds the energy provided to society in food. Poland is one of the countries which, in the absence of its own sufficient oil and gas resources, is forced to import these [...] Read more.

In countries with industrialized agriculture, the contribution of fossil energy equals or exceeds the energy provided to society in food. Poland is one of the countries which, in the absence of its own sufficient oil and gas resources, is forced to import these fossil fuels in order to benefit from modern solutions in the field of food production and distribution. This situation poses a serious threat to food security if there is a prolonged shortage of energy from such sources. Using the example of Poland, the following were identified: the causes and level of agricultural dependence on fossil fuels, energy threats to agriculture and energy source alternative to fossil fuels. The results of these considerations indicate that Poland is not a country that has irretrievably lost its ability to restore its food self-sufficiency in the event of loss of access to external sources of fossil fuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

17 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Preferences of Active Final Purchasers Regarding the Environment of Cooperation with Offerors and Benefits Achieved Thanks to Such Cooperation

by Agnieszka Izabela Baruk

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4631; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154631 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1786

Abstract

The aim of this study was to identify the preferences of final purchasers regarding the environment of cooperation with offerors and the benefits of cooperation, as well as to identify dependencies between two groups of preferences, taking into account the age of purchasers. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to identify the preferences of final purchasers regarding the environment of cooperation with offerors and the benefits of cooperation, as well as to identify dependencies between two groups of preferences, taking into account the age of purchasers. The results of an analysis of the global literature on the subject indicate that so far these issues have not been studied, either in relation to the energy market or other areas of the consumer market. Therefore, we can talk about a cognitive and research gap in this area. In order to reduce the gap, seven research hypotheses were formulated and primary research was carried out on 1196 adult representatives of final purchasers in Poland to verify the hypotheses. The collected data were subjected to quantitative analysis, the results of which made it possible to state that most respondents preferred the parallel use of the online and offline environments as a place of interaction with offerors. More than half of the respondents stated that a combination of material and non-material benefits achieved through cooperation with offerors effectively encourages purchasers to undertake this cooperation. Non-material benefits such as the possibility of gaining new knowledge, the possibility of gaining new skills, and the possibility of establishing relationships with new people turned out to be particularly important. Statistically significant dependencies were identified between the preferences regarding the environment of cooperation and preferences regarding the benefits of cooperation. Moreover, dependencies were identified between age and the general specificity of benefits of cooperation with offerors, and between age and twelve specific benefits of cooperation. Conclusions drawn from the results obtained have great cognitive and application value, enriching knowledge of the behavior of final purchasers and making it easier for offerors, including companies operating on the consumer energy market, to make effective decisions about encouraging recipients to cooperate in the process of creating a marketing offer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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61 pages, 2410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linkages between Energy Delivery and Economic Growth from the Point of View of Sustainable Development and Seaports

by Elżbieta Szaruga, Zuzanna Kłos-Adamkiewicz, Agnieszka Gozdek and Elżbieta Załoga

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144255 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3071

Abstract

This paper presents the synchronisation of economic cycles of GDP and crude oil and oil products cargo volumes in major Polish seaports. On the one hand, this issue fits into the concept of sustainable development including decoupling; on the other hand, the synchronisation [...] Read more.

This paper presents the synchronisation of economic cycles of GDP and crude oil and oil products cargo volumes in major Polish seaports. On the one hand, this issue fits into the concept of sustainable development including decoupling; on the other hand, the synchronisation may be an early warning tool. Crude oil and oil products cargo volumes are a specific barometer that predicts the next economic cycle, especially as they are primary sources of energy production. The research study applies a number of TRAMO/SEATS methods, the Hodrick–Prescott filter, spectral analysis, correlation and cross-correlation function. Noteworthy is the modern approach of using synchronisation of economic cycles as a tool, which was described in the paper. According to the study results, the cyclical components of the cargo traffic and GDP were affected by the leakage of other short-term cycles. However, based on the cross-correlation, it was proved that changes in crude oil and oil products cargo volumes preceded changes in GDP by 1–3 quarters, which may be valuable information for decision-makers and economic development planners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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15 pages, 297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Final Purchasers and Offerors in the Context of Their Perception by Final Purchasers

by Agnieszka Izabela Baruk

Energies 2021, 14(11), 3271; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113271 - 3 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1935

Abstract

The aim of this article was to identify the role of good mutual relationships with offerors for final purchasers, as well as define the meaning of the perception of offerors in the scope of listening to purchasers’ opinions and profiting from purchasers’ readiness [...] Read more.

The aim of this article was to identify the role of good mutual relationships with offerors for final purchasers, as well as define the meaning of the perception of offerors in the scope of listening to purchasers’ opinions and profiting from purchasers’ readiness to cooperate for the specificities of the prosumeric activity. A deep analysis of the world literature was used to prepare the theoretical part of this paper. The results of this analysis confirm the existing cognitive gap and research gap regarding mentioned aspects, including energy market. Empirical studies were conducted to reduce identified gaps. The survey method was used to collect primary data. The collected data were subjected to quantitative analysis, during which statistical analysis methods and tests were applied (Pearson chi-square independence test, V-Cramer factor analysis, Kruskal–Wallis test (KW), and exploratory factor analysis). The results of the statistical analysis and testing allowed the three research hypotheses formulated to be checked. Between the significance of good relationships with offerors and their perception, a statistically significant dependence was identified for all groups of offerors. The perception of offerors was a feature differentiating respondents’ opinions about the significance of good relationships with offerors for the two following groups: producers and traders. Additionally, the perception of offerors was a feature differentiating forms of prosumeric activity of respondents only for three interpurchase behaviors. The results obtained have a visible cognitive and applicability value. They contribute to the theory of marketing, as well as possibly facilitating the formation of good mutual relationships between offerors (including offerors of energy) and final purchasers as key partners cooperating with offerors in the marketing process. The approach presented in this paper has not been studied and analyzed so far, either in theoretical or in practical terms. This fact confirms its originality and value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Decision Making: Problems, Methods, and Tools)

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