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Optimization and Control for Power Grid with the Support of HVDC Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F6: High Voltage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2023) | Viewed by 5815

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Massimo Marzinotto

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Terna S.p.A., 00156 Rome, Italy
Interests: power grid; HVDC technologies; power cables; insulators; applied chemistry; applied statistics and reliability; insulation coordination and transients
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Araneo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energetic Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
Interests: electromagnetic compatibility; energy harvesting; graphene electrodynamics; numerical and analytical techniques for modeling high-speed printed circuit boards; shielding; transmission lines; periodic structures; devices based on graphene
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are currently in the middle of an energy transition to a sustainable energy system that will require a high penetration level of renewable energy sources. Sustainable systems will be possible only with strategic deployment of distributed energy resources and with the wide use of the smart grid technology and other digital technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchains) necessary to enable the integration of a higher share of variable sources in the grid, combined with increased use of green electricity in heat production and transport. The optimization and smart control of power distribution/transmission grids is mandatory to avoid congestion and bottlenecks and to improve the flexibility and resilience of power systems. In this framework, the well-proven HVDC technology will play an important role, especially in the connection of offshore wind farms as well as for future submarine transcontinental energy interconnections that will gain a crucial geopolitical role. Last but not least, the increasingly wider interest in DC transmission grids represents a timely topic for both academic and industrial research.

The topics of interest in this Special Issue include optimization, digitalization, and control strategies for power grids with particular focus on the support of HVDC systems; intelligent and flexible energy management strategies, concerning the dynamic heterogeneous nature of the grid; the simulation and prediction of the dynamic behavior of grids and their flexibility and resilience; novel solutions or operation strategies to prevent abnormal grid conditions; new technological solutions for transmission optimization; and prediction models for more reliable transmission operation.

Dr. Massimo Marzinotto
Prof. Dr. Rodolfo Araneo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • HVDC systems
  • LCC vs. VSC HVDC technologies
  • synchronous condensers
  • FACTS
  • DC grids
  • reliability

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 3660 KiB  
Article
Bilinear Quadratic Feedback Control of Modular Multilevel Converters
by Guacira Costa de Oliveira, Renato Machado Monaro, Gilney Damm, Filipe Perez and Miguel Jimenez Carrizosa
Energies 2023, 16(18), 6713; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186713 - 19 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1102
Abstract
The present paper introduces the formulation and development of a bilinear quadratic control algorithm for Modular Multilevel Converter (MMCs), with a specific emphasis on achieving internal energy stabilization and balance within the converter. A bilinear average model of the MMC is employed, enabling [...] Read more.
The present paper introduces the formulation and development of a bilinear quadratic control algorithm for Modular Multilevel Converter (MMCs), with a specific emphasis on achieving internal energy stabilization and balance within the converter. A bilinear average model of the MMC is employed, enabling the separation between the DC voltage and the voltage generated by submodules. The algorithm proposed in this study is formulated using bilinear theory and is founded on quadratic feedback control principles. The stability of the suggested controller is scrutinized using a meticulous mathematical approach based on Lyapunov theory. Subsequently, the theoretical findings are assessed using a comprehensive MMC switching model implemented in Matlab Simscape Electrical. The utilization of a phase-shift PWM technique, accompanied by a sorting algorithm, is considered in the study. Additionally, a comparison between the proposed bilinear controller and a standard PI controller is conducted. The outcomes demonstrate that the proposed controller effectively facilitates the regulation of circulating and AC currents, along with managing the internal energy of MMCs. Consequently, this achievement makes a noteworthy contribution to the field, as it introduces an innovative bilinear control approach capable of stabilizing all the state variables of MMCs converters using a single control law. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control for Power Grid with the Support of HVDC Systems)
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20 pages, 1001 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Converter Performance in Hybrid AC-DC Power System under Optimal Power Flow with Minimum Number of DC Link Control Variables
by Chintan Patel, Tanmoy Malakar and S. Sreejith
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5800; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155800 - 4 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 944
Abstract
This paper presents a strategy to evaluate the performances of converter stations under the optimized operating points of hybrid AC-DC power systems with a reduced number of DC link variables. Compared to previous works reported with five DC-side control variables (CVs), the uniqueness [...] Read more.
This paper presents a strategy to evaluate the performances of converter stations under the optimized operating points of hybrid AC-DC power systems with a reduced number of DC link variables. Compared to previous works reported with five DC-side control variables (CVs), the uniqueness of the presented optimal power flow (OPF) formulation lies within the selection of only two DC-side control variables (CVs), such as the inverter voltage and current in the DC link, apart from the conventional AC-side variables. Previous research has mainly been focused on optimizing hybrid power system performance through OPF-based formulations, but has mostly ignored the associated converter performances. Hence, in this study, converter performance, in terms of ripple and harmonics in DC voltage and AC current and the utilization of the converter infrastructure, is evaluated. The minimization of active power loss is taken as an objective function, and the problem is solved for a modified IEEE 30 bus system using a recently developed and very efficient Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA). Case studies are performed to assess the efficacy of the presented OPF model in power systems, as well as converter performance. Furthermore, the results are extended to assess the applicability of the proposed model to the allocation of photovoltaic (PV)-type distributed generations (DGs) in hybrid AC-DC systems. The average improvement in power loss is found to be around 7.5% compared to the reported results. Furthermore, an approximate 10% improvement in converter power factor and an approximate 50% reduction in ripple factor are achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control for Power Grid with the Support of HVDC Systems)
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11 pages, 9254 KiB  
Article
The Cluster Method of Heterogeneous Distributed Units in a Low Voltage Distribution Network
by Tao Wang, Hongshan Li, Huihui Song, Meng Liu and Hongchen Liu
Energies 2022, 15(13), 4754; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134754 - 28 Jun 2022
Viewed by 1217
Abstract
With the large amounts of small capacity and heterogeneous distributed electricity units connected to the distribution power network, there exist increasingly complex management challenges. In this paper, a new management scheme that can classify and divide the distributed units according to their adjustable [...] Read more.
With the large amounts of small capacity and heterogeneous distributed electricity units connected to the distribution power network, there exist increasingly complex management challenges. In this paper, a new management scheme that can classify and divide the distributed units according to their adjustable characteristics is proposed, which consequently forms an effective collection of fragmented adjustable ability and promotes the utilization of micropower resources. Inspired by the social division of labor in the biological community, the approach is based on a logical aggregation with the division of labor. A feature extraction method was acquired on the basis of the daily output curve, which reduces the data dimension and, subsequently, clusters the output feature points by the K-means algorithm. The simulation is performed by taking the measured output curve of low voltage distributed units on the low voltage side. The experimental results analyze the characteristics of seven classes of distributed units, allocate two main features, and reorganize them into a cluster; so, the “5-dimensional feature array” is reduced to “2-dimensional feature points”. The results demonstrate that the proposed cluster method can enable the power grid to identify and classify the distributed units automatically. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control for Power Grid with the Support of HVDC Systems)
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Review

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14 pages, 10328 KiB  
Review
An Overview on Reversible Sea Return Electrodes for HVDC Links
by Massimo Brignone, Massimo Marzinotto, Daniele Mestriner, Mario Nervi and Paolo Molfino
Energies 2023, 16(14), 5349; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145349 - 13 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1799
Abstract
HVDC electrodes are usually implemented in HVDC links to avoid the installation of a metallic return. Submarine cables, especially those dealing with lengths of thousands of kilometers, are expensive, and high costs of laying are normally expected. Due to the high number of [...] Read more.
HVDC electrodes are usually implemented in HVDC links to avoid the installation of a metallic return. Submarine cables, especially those dealing with lengths of thousands of kilometers, are expensive, and high costs of laying are normally expected. Due to the high number of reversible HVDC links, the marine electrodes must be able to withstand both anodic and cathodic operations, which leads to careful considerations in terms of the material to be used. This paper shows the state of the art of the currently installed reversible sea return electrodes, focusing on the type of installation (sea, shore or pond electrodes) and on the material used, from the first plant installed in 1954 up to the more recent ones established during the XXI century. All reported data derive from publicly available sources. Moreover, since nowadays environmental issues are among the most important topics, for each material and for each type of installation, a guideline on the possible interferences caused by marine electrodes with the surrounding environment is proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization and Control for Power Grid with the Support of HVDC Systems)
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